الماس چگونه درست می شود انیمیشنی

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Normal Matter is composed of....... 

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Butnot al atoms ae the same! Atoms differ in the number of “pieces” ( Protons, Neutrons and Electrons) that they have inside of them. 

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Atoms with certain consistent characteristics are Elements 

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An Elements... matter that is made up of atoms.(or one atom) that have the same number of Protons in their 

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But!!! Not all atoms of the same element are the same, either. 

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Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei are called.... Isotopes 

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The Nuclei of the Three Isotopes of Hydrogen Protium Deuterium Tritium 1 proton 1 proton 1 proton 1 neutron 2 neutrons 

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Certain isotopes of elements are unstable, or radioactive. (example: Carbon-14 and Uranium-238) These radioactive isotopes of elements allow us to do absolute- age dating! 

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Most substances on Earth are not pure elements but rather.... 99° Compounds 

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Compound? 

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5 ta Compound is... RNY A substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically 

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A Mixture, on the other hand, is... A substance made from two or more different elements that have not been chemically combined, and which can be separated by nhrroiral moana 

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ادا )نا themselves are much less common than Compounds, because they tend to combine with each other to form Compounds. Ve) 

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Elements and Compounds in their solid form make 

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۱ 

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occurring Inorganic Solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. 7 . | ۱ ع 

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...أقطا كعتدجع22 أهط ۱ *It can’t be organic in origin *It can’t be a liquid and.. *It has to have a crystal structure 

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Lets put that in a list format. 1. Minerals are a naturally occurring substance. 2. Minerals are solids. 3. Minerals have a definite chemical composition. 

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4. The atoms that make up minerals are arranged in an oe aan (They form ‎are inorganic.‏ 0 لمزم ‎(They were never alive.)‏ 

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| Answefbout 4,000 

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the minerals in the Earth’ 5 Crust, however, are made up of compounds containing Silicon and Oxygen, the two most abundant elements on 

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And..... The percent composition of Silicate Minerals in an igneous rock determine a lot of the characteristics of that rock and the magma that formed it. 

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WV. jimbardio.com: 

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1-1 | لح 7 نو ‎Ande eta 2-۹‏ 

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Magma Mineral grains Residual cramer setting ‘magma fa crromte ٩ ‏سس‎ 

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Basalts & Gabbros Andesites & Diorites Rhyolites & Granites Bowen's Reaction Series Ca-tich Plagioclase Na-rich Plagioclase Alkali Feldspar Quartz Olivine aunjesadway Buiseaisag spinbr Jo Sols Buiseasau| 

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Biotite Photo Cavin College 

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Hornblende Photo: Tarbuck and Lutgens 

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Plagioclase 

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Andesite- Horblend and Biotite? and Plagioclase 1 Feldsp ar 

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PétassiuthiFeldspar 3 ۲ ‏ی‎ 2 ۳ ‏كن‎ 9 دصي 

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Feldspar Biotite (mineral) (mineral) (0 Beats Tein era 

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مس Mineral Fractionalization in a Magma Chamber 

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a. ۲۷16۶104111001 ۱1816/ Minerals: Some minerals occur as the result of Recrystallisation and Reaction within existing rocks which produces new minerals in Peginesentn}fbayises 

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IGNEOUS ROCK 

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‘Orientation of platy minerals ۳ ۳ وا COMPRESSIVE STRESS Schistose texture COMPRESSIVE STRESS 

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3. Some types of minerals form as water agontaining dissolved ly evaporates; 

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* Minerals in solution in water can form relatively quickly when the water evaporates. * Minerals in magma can form as quickly as the magma/lava can crystallize (lava can cool in minutes, while magma can take thousands of years). 

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A Crystal is.... yf “A regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces 

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6 0۳06۳۲ 0 of ions, molecules, or atoms, in any mineral determines the shape of 

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۳۳ of different types of minerals, their crystals come in six 

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C axis f ۲ Ah 8 4 Octahedron Dodecahedron 

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Prism 

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Hexagonal Prism Hexagonal Dipyramid 

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Physical Properites of Minerals 

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With all of the different types of minerals, 1۱۱/۱۹ 17 

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Hardness uster L Mineral$ GAY @Entined aa k classified by visual inspection, and by performing simple tests to determine their physical properties Color Fracture Spectic Gray 

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0010۵ 

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These 30 minerals are knowiecesoriig Minerals. 

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Rocks that have a high percentage of Silicates are light in color, and are c ‏جالعك‎ ۲ 

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۱۱00168 1۵1 1۱۵۲۷۵ * ۷ percentage of Silicates are dark in color, and are called 

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یتست PON Ce RUM ena Re 

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Minerals are most often identified by inspecting ۳۷۷۵۱6۵۱ ۰. 8 properties. 

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Types of Luster 

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Mineral Luster Metallic earthy hematite e lull limon earthy limonite specular hematite 

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۱۱0۷-۷۲ Shine 

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تا ۱ 

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Kaolinite Renate is earthy 

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777 

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Streak Streak is the color of the powder left on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on ‎is much more‏ دما ‎reliable than color‏ ‎because, although the‏ ‎color of a mineral‏ ‎changes, its streak does‏ 

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تسیر Pa ۳ Streak = Gray-black 

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Cleavage Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to split ina particular direction. 

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Mineral Cleavage and Crystal Form one Octahedral Dodecaledral (3 6 3 (6 12 9 ‏جو سس سس و‎ 70 Basal (1 cleavage, 2 faces; e.g. (2 deavages, 4 faces of many possible biotite, muscovite, chlorite) angles; third side fractures irregularly; e.g. pyroxene, amphibole, fekispar) 

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Figure 1-2. Cleavage. ‎Sheety” Cleavage‏ کب ‎00 ‎The simplest type of cleavage Is exhibited by the micas. 

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Fluorite—crystal form Fluorite-—cleavage sample 

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Feldspar ‎near right a‏ 0 غ2 19ن0دع عتحوعة01© 2156935 كتتد مكل 

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Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to break in directions other than along crystal faces or cleavage surfaces. 

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Hardness 1s Ev a0 0012) 0 mineral to being scratched. _. Mohs Hardness Scale — one of the most effective tool for identifying minerals. 

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MINERAL HARDNESS Moh’s Approximate Hardness Scale Hardness of Common Objects Tale Gypsum 21 Fingernail (2.5) Calcite Hel Copper penny (3.5) Fluorite Iron nail (4.5) Apatite Glass (5.5) Feldspar Steel file (6.5) Quartz Streak plate (7.0) Topaz Corundum Diamond 

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Sample scratches glass-hardness greater than 5.5 on Mohs Scale Glass (hardness 5.5) 

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Fingernail (hardness 2.5) 5 1م537 ‎scratched by‏ ‎fingernail-hardness‏ ‏او ‎SB‏ Mohs Scale