صفحه 1:
صفحه 2:
Fermentation process and
technology diversity and
application
sugar
Fermentation 5 9
fermentation —> ethanol (alcohol) 0
+ 60 + ٩25 vf
yeast
cell energy (ATP)
sugar yeast (alcohol & co2)
صفحه 3:
* تعریف تخیر
* تاریخچه
* مرور مسیر های بیوشیمیایی
انواع تخمیر
SY ial (Scar gS
س اسي 3
* سوپسترای های تخمیر
*رمحصولات تسیز
انواع کشت و فرمانتور
+ كينتيك کت سنولن
* انواع مخمر
صفحه 4:
Pervectaios
* Buy harge-sode wirrvbid provess porate wits or witout عه
صفحه 5:
وببو لورت
وبپولوزی تخمیر فرآیند متابوليسمي
در علم ميكر, ولينسمي
منجر ليد 418 ميشود و در أن فرآورده 5
Fermentation : است کت به توا 7
یره ۲۳۷۹ حاصل RRS on ol «oll ob Sos J
همچنین پذیرنده هیدروزن ee
يكاكل أي لقاب ات میکند.آی كسيزت در فرآیند های تخمیری واکنش گر o>
ديدكاه ييونفيمى: توليد انرزى در فرآيند كاتابوليسم 'قندها
4 وك ay
i, 1 2 استفاده شود - as
sls pute | که در آن از كشت يك ميكرواركانيسم براى توليد محصولى شو 7 ba
1 تیه اي ابجا
۱
تاریخ تکنولوژی تخمیر: 5200-6
oh? با
* ستتی:هزاران سال پیش 3
. مبنای فرآیند های تخمبری: 150 سال پیش cr
بررمی علیمی مبنای فرا a
157 پاستور: ۱ و 4 ۳
مبنای میکروبیفریندهای تولید آبجو و مشروب 34 wie
مبنای میکروبی فساد مواد غذایی ی
"توسعه فرآین onlin yl ی
صفحه 6:
9 5
تاريخجه
تولید فرآثرده های تخمیری در آسیا (۱۰ هزار سال پیش در ایران و ترکیه فعلی)
* آفریقا (۶ هزار سال پیش دو مصر )
* ۸0۵0 در انجیل ذکر شده است
* الکل از لغت عربی کهل به معنای پودر خیلی نرم می باشد.
* سال ۱۵۰۰ کامل شدن اطلاعات تقطیر
۸ ساخته شدن اولین دستگاه مشروب سازی در فرانسه
* جنگ وافزایش
الكل به طريق صنعتى غير تخميرى
صفحه 7:
Strain ها
Wooden upto 1500 Use of- Pure Yeast
barrels capacity, Thermometer, cultures.
Hydrometer
Stage-1 and Heat
Pre 1900 exchangers
Vinegar Barrels, Shallow Inoculated with
trays, trickle filters: {good Vinegar.
Baker's yeast, Air Spragers for PH Electrodes, Pure Cultures.
Glycerol, Citic Baker's Yeast, Temperature
Stage-2: acid, Lactic Steel vessels for control
1900-1940 acid and Acetone,
‘Acetone Mechanical Stiring
Used in small vessels
Penicilin, Mechanically aerated PH and02 Mutation and
Stage-3: Streptomycin vessels, operated Electrodes, _ selection
Gibberelin, _aseptically-True Use of control programs
Amino acids _ Fermenters. essential
Stage-4: Single cell Pressure cycle Use of Genetic
1964-prese proteins and pressure jet computer linked Engineering of,
vessels contro! loops producer
strains.
Introduction of
Stage-5: Heterologous Fermenters Control and foreign genes
1970-presnt_ proteins, developed in sensors. into microbial
Monoclonal Stages 3&4 developed in and animal cell
antibodies stages 384 hosts.
صفحه 8:
Yeast and sugars
Aerobic Fermentation
Simple Sugar + Oxygen — Carbon Dioxide + Water
C,H, 0,+ 60, > 6CO, + 6H,O
Anaerobic Fermentation
Simple Sugar — Ethyl Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide
C, Hy, 0, > 2C H, CH, OH + 2C0,
صفحه 9:
صفحه 10:
glucose Glycolysis starts with
2 the phosphorylation of
[App _slucose («6 earbon
glucose G-phosphate
fructese-Sphasphate
(are) {.- 5
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Each of the steps below
occurs twice for each
PGAL <> DHAP Molecule ot atucose being
صفحه 11:
ی
© كوكز
هه اه
NADIE oO اكز ۳ co; DP. «oO.
NADH nap"
sty os
WGN el
ایکولیز| - | ۲ | ۲ | -
زتجیره تال رون
۳9
ATP PPAR opr nar ليه
صفحه 12:
۱۱: five ۱ Of
60014 ii اا 0 iene
1. Microbial Biomass
2. Microbial Enzymes
3. Microbial Metabolites
4. Recombinant Products
5. Transformation processes
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۳ 1 = 2 ۳ 5 2
ره Microbial Biomass
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Microbial Enzymes
group 2
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Microbial Metabolites
group 3
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Recombinant Products
group 4
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Transformation process
group 5
صفحه 18:
Voble 1 Wistory ond origins oP وی Perwecied Poods
Reyou
Chica
Chia, (Korea, Jape
Work Pris, Burope
0 Bost
0 Bost
Works @Prica, Chir
Cur, Curve
0 Bost
Cure
Goukeut Osta, Dorts دخا
Chia, Burope
ما
year و6
OP irk
۳000 0
90000 0
90000 0
90000 0
90000 0
SOOO CC
9000 60
49080 0
4000 0
4000 0
4000 0
900 60
Pood
مه
oy sane
One
(Pesta srs
Cheese
eer
®recd
erected Deus
Gourd bread
eh sae
و ات
Dea
صفحه 19:
اس و
Curbokydrote Cutaboisa
Pathway Eukaryote Prokaryote
Glycolysis Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Intermediate step Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Krebs cycle Mitochondrial matrix Cytoplasm
ETC Mitochondrial inner membrane Plasma membrane
صفحه 20:
صفحه 21:
(Crabtree effect):.s, اثر کراب
* بدیده ای است که وفنگ 9( غلظت.ویاد لوگ اشپومیتوند در شراب هوازی به مقدار زیاد
آتاتول (الکلهلتولید کند و از جگویین امتتناقو نکتاا
* این پدیده در بیشتر Sle aigS :
* ساكارومايسسن
* شیزو ساکارومایشسس
Debaryomyces *
Brettanomyces +
Torulopsis ٠
,Nematospora ٠
12944 exo 0249 Nadsonia *
صفحه 22:
تهع تخمیر مختلف داریم گه ۵ تای تک ۳۲5۱5۳۹۵
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
3. Propionic Acid Fermentation
4. Butyric Acid — Butanol Fermentation
صفحه 23:
j 1 3 glycolysis
2NADH + 2H* 1
<< 2 4TP
2 pyruvate Pac 2 acetaldehyde
2 CO,
صفحه 24:
صفحه 25:
Glucose.
1 2 +
Giycolysis {
۷ oly 1 anor (NADA
2۸0
(nek)
4 Pyruvate
NADt ۴ 9 “aa
Regeneration 2NAO*
Z Lactote
صفحه 26:
۱ ae a"
Glucose
۳ are
ADP =p ADP
Glucose--P nap
“Ae NADH
4
Fructose-6-P 6-Phosphogluconate
ATP [> NAD
SS NADH
ADP y= C0,
Fructose=1,6-bisP Xylulose-5-P
N\ هد عه
۳۳ -P <> Dihydroxyacetone-P_ Glyceraldchyde-3-P Acetyl-P
1 دام NAD! ~~~ ADP NADIE
۱ ۸ خر arr a
2NADII هو NADH Yue no | NADA
2 Pyruvate Pyruvate Acetaldehyde
= 2NADH - NADH اماد سر
ae 0
~2NAD ym NAD yn NAD’
2 Lactate Lactate Ethanol
صفحه 27:
ane! ug tog
© =
acetoin phosphoenolpyruvate A oxaloacetate
w+ ADP NADH +H
5 م PYK oe
Cor ره APY منم NAO
= eracetolactate 42 pyruvate lactate malate
A PFL FUM
p< 3 یه مه 5
حطس fumarat
- 2 ae acetyl-CoA ۲ ره
—< FRD
— ‘CoA + NAD" ADH ۸ ی هه
مه عاقطمومطم اوه acetaldehyde
NADH +H ADP
ADH ACK
NAD aw
ethanol acetate
صفحه 28:
FIG. 26.14, Propionic acid fermentation by
Proplonibactertum.
صفحه 29:
i
i
1
2
i
i
:
5
FG.
صفحه 30:
(Bad-Products oP Percweutaioc
Streptococcus, Saccharomyces Propionibacterium Clostridium Escherichia, Enterobacter
هار (yeast) Salmonella
! | | لب لا طم
Lactic acid Ethanol Propionic acid, — Butyric acid, Ethanol, Ethanol, lactic
and CO, acetic acid, butanol,acetone, lactic acid, acid, formic acid,
CO,, and Hy isopropyl alcohol, succinic acid, butanediol, acetoin,
and CO, acetic acid, CO,,andH,
00
سک
صفحه 31:
Perveced
‘Youkun, cheese
سس
One
و6
ai, povkw cede
Ow sane
read
Coch, soverhront
War de coor
0۳۵ ov, Voto
Qvidophius yooburt
0
One
Rav
Ok
(Dost rxtertis)
اجه Bevelite of لك
لو
صفحه 32:
Table 5.4 Some Industrial Uses for Different Types of Fermentations*
Fermentation Industrial or
End-Product(s) Commercial Use Starting Material Microorganism
Propionic Acid and Swiss cheese Lactic acid Propionibacterium freudenreichii
Carbon Dioxide
Acetone and Butanol Pharmaceutical, Molasses Clostridium acetobutylicum
industrial uses
Glycerol Pharmaceutical, industrial Molasses Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
uses
Citric Acid Flavoring Molasses Aspergillus (fungus)
Methane Fuel Acetic acid Methanosarcina
Sorbose Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Sorbitol Gluconobacter
“Unless otherwise noted, the microorganisms listed are bacteria.
صفحه 33:
ال اك
ا ل ا
‘Fermentation Industrial or ۲ 000
End-Product(s) Commercial Use ‘Starting Material
Ethanol Beer Malt extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(yeast, a fungus)
Wine Grape or other fruit juices Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
Fuel Agricultural wastes Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
Acetic Acid Vinegar Ethanol Acetobacter
Lactic Acid Cheese, yogurt Milk Lactobacillus, Streptococcus
Rye bread Grain, sugar Lactobacillus delbruckit
Sauerkraut Cabbage Lactobacillus plantarum
‘Summer sausage Meat Pediococcus
*Uniess otherwise noted, the microorganisms listed are bacteria.
صفحه 34:
دسته سندی غذاهای زج
صفحه 35:
Fermented food/iood product Raw material Fermenting organism(s)
(country) (substrate)
Dairy products
Cheese (worldwide) Milk ‘Streptococcus sp ۱
Penicilium roqueforti, ۴
۰ P. camemberti
Yogurt (worldwide) Milk Streptococcus thermophilus
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Kefir (Russia) Milk Lactobacillus sp, Candida sp
صفحه 36:
Vegetarian products
Cocoa beans (worldwide) Cocoa fruit Candida krusei, Geotrichum sp
Coltee beans (worldwide) Cotfee cherries Edwinia dissolvens,
Saccharomyces sp
Tempeh (Indonesia) Soy beans Rhizopus oryzae, Lactobacillus
delbrveckia
Soy sauce (worldwide) Soy beans Aspergillus orzyae, A. soyae
Savekraut (Europe) Cabbage Leuconostoc mesenteroides,
L. plantarum
Breads (worldwide) ‘Wheat flour Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Rolls, cakes (worldwide) ‘Wheat flour Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Rice and black gram Leuconotoc mesenteroides (0۵8) ۵ ء
صفحه 37:
Non-vegetarian products
Dry sausages (worldwide) Beef, pork Pedicoccus cerevisiae
Fish sauces (worldwide) ‘Small fish Halophilic sp, Bacillus sp
Country-cured hams (worldwide) Pork, hams Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp
)
f Fish
sali
صفحه 38:
Novel fermented foods and beverages
Lactic fermented vegetable mixes
Traditional fermented foods and beverages
bn
sauerkraut kimchi
tempeh
Soy sauce
kombucha
صفحه 39:
۷
LL Vinegar: ce by ermont
ing wine, elder, or beer, vinegar
os 0 ی pace crevasse
5
4 Miso: savory complex Fish sauce, tamarind
soon io aay imp paste: ound ho
بهترین مواد غذایی
read its tanay favor — andmake
easier to aigast than waeltlonal
‘yeast breads مادم دا رم yu
2
یره مه
تاولص
صفحه 40:
Tedividual poosucpicn oF sowe Perected Poods: 9 وه
WERKE Per Persvu per yeu
مه ۲
Pood مج
927 )1 بمب 90
عنه )1( Atty, Portus وه
تم 0
سوب )٩( اس eo
ماه( es
ماس )( Korea ee
Devopek (ey) erdowesia ao
Gov sue (1) مرول ao
Cheese (hu) ۳ 0
a ول () م۲
صفحه 41:
0
~\
6
صفحه 42:
پالاپردن قدرت سيستم ايمثى يدن
صفحه 43:
‘Tsubo Vinegar’ Tsubo Vinegar is a production method
which makes vinegar at one time in a jar.
1
It progresses maturing
and vinegar is made.
Unrefined sake is
precipitated at a bottom.
When acetic acid
fermentation
progresses, the
koji on the water
surface sinks.
s 4
The koji on the
water surface serves
as a lid, and
saccharification and
alcoholic
fermentation is
happen.
Koji, the steamed
rice, and water are
put in from bottom
up, and koji is
sprinkled from
over.
صفحه 44:
صفحه 45:
ترکیبات سلولزی
چوب غلات
ضایعات کشاورزی
ضایعات جنگل ها
زباله های جامد شهری
كاغذ بازيافتى
تركيبات نشاسته دار
سيب زمينى
apy
دیگر محصولات
ترکیبات قند دار
ملاس نیشکر
ملاس چفندرقند
میوه و سر درختی ها
خرما
هندوانه
صفحه 46:
صفحه 47:
صفحه 48:
نشاسته و شربت (corn liquir)wys
صفحه 49:
صفحه 50:
صفحه 51:
تولید گا ز(02ع) در تخمیر
پف کردن خمیر و سوراخ دار شدن پنیرو...
=) | =
صفحه 52:
Lactic Acid
Bacteria
* Major group of Fermentative organisms.
٠ This group is comprised of 11 genera of gram-
positive bacteria:
* Carnobacterium, Oenococcus, Enterococcus,
Pediococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus,
Lactobacillus, Vagococcus, Lactosphaera,
Weissells and Lecconostoc
* Related to this group are genera such as
Aerococcus, Microbacterium, and
Praninnhacterilim
صفحه 53:
] 3611 660 3163
* While this is a loosely defined group
with no precise boundaries all
members share the property of
producing lactic acid from hexoses.
As fermenting organisms, they lack
functional heme-linked electron
transport Systems or cytochromes,
they do not havera functional Krebs
cycle.
e Enarny ic nhtained hy cithectrate_laevel
صفحه 54:
۳۵6۲۱ ۸۶۱9 18
The lactic acid bacteria can be divided into
two groups based on the end products of
glucose metabolism.
Those that produce lactic acid as the major
or sole product of glucose fermentation are
designated homofermentative.
Those that produce equal amounts of lactic
acid, ethanol and COsare termed
heterofermentative.
The homolactics are able to extract about
twice ac mich anaray from a aiven aiantityv
صفحه 55:
Lactic Acid Bacteria
All members of Pediococcus, Lactococcus,
Streptococcus, Vagococcus, along with
some lactobacilli are homofermenters.
Carnobacterium, Oenococcus,
Enterococcus, Lactosphaera, Weissells and
Lecconostoc and some Lactobacilli are
heterofermenters
The heterolactics are more important than
the homolactics in producing flavour and
aroma components such as
acetvlaldehyde and diacetyl.
صفحه 56:
Lactic Acid: Bacteria. -
Growth
:The lactic acid bacteria are mesophiles -
they generally grow over a temperature —
range of about 10 to 40°C
اه optimum between 25 and 35°C —
Some can grow below 5 and as high as —
.45
Most.cangrow in ۲06 ۵۳۲۲۵۵96 ۲۲۵۴۴ 4 to8=Though +
«some as low as 3.2 and as high as. 9.6
صفحه 57:
Starter Culturés
Traditionally the fermenting organisms came from the -
natural microflora or a portion of the previous
fermentation
In many cases the natural microflora is either ٠
inefficient, uncontrollable, and unpredictable, or is
destroyed during preparation of the sample prior to
.fermentation (eg pasteurisation)
A starter culture can provide particular characteristics. *
.in a more controlled and predictable fermentation
صفحه 58:
Starter Cultures
Lactic starters always include bacteria that ٠
:convert sugars to lactic acid, usually
, Lactococcus /actis subsp. lactis —
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris or —
Lactococccus lactis subsp. lactis biovar —
.diacetylactis
Where flavour and aroma compounds such as
diacetyl are desiredsthe lactic acid.starter will
:include heterofermentative organisms such as
Leuconostoc citrovorum or —
.Leuconostoc dextranicum —
صفحه 59:
Starter.Cultures
* The primary function of lactic
starters is the production of lactic
acid from sugars
* Other functions of starter cultures
may include the following:
* flavour, aroma, and alcohol
production
* proteolytic and lipolytic
activities
صفحه 60:
: 21660 5378617 6۱0۱10۳۴۴ will
٠ Convert most of the sugars to
lactic acid
* Increase the lactic acid
concentration to 0.8 to 1.2 %
(Titratable acidity)
« Drop the pH to between 4.3 to
4.5
صفحه 61:
لاكتوباسيلوس
*لاکتوباسیلوسها باکتریهای تخمیر کننده
است مهدح دارای خاصیّت ۳2
هستند بنابراین؛ لاکتوباسیلوس کازئی_یکی از
ye Myre: See. AG
پروبیوئیکی ۱ cule دارد. لاکتوباسیلوسها
اكثرا به عنوان عامل درمان عفونت استفاده
می شود Mio در ca aaa اسهال ماست مصرف
صفحه 62:
views oP staced barteri مشسجسمی()
Pee 1 ۳ 22
که
صفحه 63: