Cloud Computing – An overview

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CLOUD COMPUTING - AN OVERVIEW ReddyRaja 8652۲6 6۵۳05۱۱۲۵0۲, ۱۱۳۲ ۷۵۲۵۵۵0 ۱۷۵5۱06۷ ۵ Associated Professor, IIIT Hyderabad 

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۳۹ Cloud Computing - Some 6 ‏للللصسصسصسصسي‎ © Term cloud is used as a metaphor for internet " Concept generally incorporates combinations of the following * Infrastructure as a service (laaS) * Platform as a service (PaaS) * Software as a service(SaaS) 8 Not to be confused with Grid Computing - a form of distributed computing = Cluster of loosely coupled, networked computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks * Utility Computing - packaging of computing resources such as computing power, storage, also a metered services » Autonomic computing - self managed 

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& Grid Computing Share Computers and data Evolved to hamess inexpensive computers in Data center to solve variety of problems Harness power of loosely coupled computers to solve a technical or mathematical problem Used in commercial applications for drug discovery, economic forecasting, se analysis and back-office Small to big Can be confined to a corporation Large public collaboration across many companies and networks Most grid solutions are built on Computer Agents Resource Manager Scheduler Compute grids Batch up jobs Submit the job to the scheduler, specifiying requirements and SLA(specs) required for running the job Scheduler matches specs with available resources and schedules the job to be run Farms could be as large as 10K cpus Most financial firms has grids like this Grids lack automation, agility, sim 1 and SLA guarantees 

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4 ‏ان‎ Computing 5 More related to cloud computing » Applications, storage, computing power and network 5 Requires cloud like infrastructure | Pay by the drink model * Similar to electric service at home 5 Pay for extra resources when needed * To handle expected surge in demand » Unanticipated surges in demand ۲۶ Better economics 

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4 Cloud computing - History © Evolved over a period of time © Roots traced back to Application Service Providers in the 1990’s 5 Parallels to SaaS 5 Evolved from Utility computing and is a broader concept 

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6 Cloud computing Much more broader concept Encompasses IAS, PAAS, SAAS Dynamic provision of services/resource pools in a co-ordinated fashion On demand computing - No waiting period Location of resource is irrelevant * May be relevant from performance(network latency) perspective, data locality Applications run somewhere on the cloud Web applications fulfill these for end user However, for application developers and IT © Allows develop, deploy and run applications that can easily grow capacity(scalability), work fast(performance), and offer good reliability ® Without concern for the nature and location of underlying infrastructure Activate, retire resources Dynamically update infrastructure elements without affecting the business| 

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Me Clouds Versus Grids — " Clouds and Grids are distinct ۲ Cloud » Full private cluster is provisioned Individual user can only get a tiny fraction of the total resource poo * No support for cloud federation except through the client interface * Opaque with respect to resources = Grid * Built so that individual users can get most, if not all of the resources in a single request * Middleware approach takes federation as a first principle » Resources are exposed, often as bare metal © These differences mandate different architectures for each 

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Me Cloud Mythologies = Cloud computing infrastructure is just a web service interface to operating system virtualization. > “I'm running Xen in my data center - I’m running a private cloud.” © Cloud computing imposes a significant performance penalty over “bare metal” provisioning. » “| won't be able to run a private cloud because my users will not tolerate the performance hit.” © Clouds and Grids are equivalent » “In the mid 1990s, the term grid was coined to describe technologies that would allow consumers to obtain computing power on demand.” 

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Me Commercial clouds 71 (6) vmware — 5:9 ۰ ‘layers im ~MOSSO @b-hive © ‏"مغدم‎ a} <zcyciecomeuine ‏هسنا‎ ny Eneine VERIO Yard Sun \ POWER OF NETWORK.COM 5۳۳ ‏]ده‎ 

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4 010۱۱0 ۷ = Application Services(services on demand) Gmail, GoogleCalender Payroll, HR, CRM etc Sugarm CRM, IBM Lotus Live “Platform Services (resources on demand) Middleware, Intergation, Messaging, Information, connectivity etc AWS, IBM Virtual images, Boomi, Castlron, Google Appengine “ Infrastructure as services(physical assets as services) IBM Blue house, VMWare, Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Platform, Sun Parascale and more 

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4 Cloud Computing - layers Services | Application Platform Storage Infrastructure Layers Architecture 

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Me What is a Cloud? Individuals \corporations Non-Commercial Cloud Middle Ware Resources 

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M Why cloud computing " Data centers are notoriously underutilized, often idle 85% of the time * Over provisioning * Insufficient capacity planning and sizing * Improper understanding of scalability requirements etc © including (0 leaders from Gartner, Forrester, and IDC—agree that this new model offers significant advantages for fast-paced startups, SMBs and enterprises alike. " Cost effective solutions to key business demands |" Move workloads to improve efficiency 

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M® How do they work? © Public clouds are opaque * What applications will work well in a cloud? “ Many of the advantages offered by Public Clouds appear useful for “on premise” IT * Self-service provisioning * Legacy support * Flexible resource allocation “ What extensions or modifications are required to support a wider variety of services and applications? * Data assimilation * Multiplayer gaming * Mobile devices 

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ie Cloud computing - we LACES TST CS ‏للسل‎ 3 Agility - On demand computing infrastructure Linearly scalable - challenge “ Reliability and fault tolerance Self healing - Hot backups, etc SLA driven - Policies on how quickly requests are processed “ Multi-tenancy - Several customers share infrastructure, without compromising privacy and security of each of the customer's data “ Service-oriented - compose applications out of loosely coupled services. One service failure will not disrupt other services. Expose these services as API’s Virtualized - decoupled from underlying hardware. Multiple applications can run in one computer Data, Data, Data Distributing, partitioning, security, and synchronization 

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Public, Private and Hybrid Enterprise firewall 

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M Public clouds ©" Open for use by general public * Exist beyond firewall, fully hosted and managed by the vendor * Individuals, corporations and others * Amazon's Web Services and Google appEngine are examples ° Offers startups and SMB’s quick setup, scalability, flexibility and automated management. Pay as you ge model helps startups to start small and go big © Security and compliance? © Reliability concerns hinder the adoption of cloud * Amazon S3 services were down for 6 hours 

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Me Public Clouds (Now) ~ Large scale infrastructure available on a rental basis * Operating System virtualization (e.g. Xen, kvm) provides CPU isolation “Roll-your-own” network provisioning provides network isolation Locally specific storage abstractions ~ Fully customer self-service * Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are advertized Requests are accepted and resources granted via web services » Customers access resources remotely via the Internet = Accountability is e-commerce based * Web-based transaction “Pay-as-you-go” and flat-rate subscription * Customer service, refunds, etc. 

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M Private Clouds Within the boundaries(firewall) of the organization All advantages of public cloud with one major difference * Reduce operation costs * Has to be managed by the enterprise + Fine grained control over resources More secure as they are internal to org Schedule and reshuffle resources based on business demands Ideal for apps related to tight security and regulatory concerns / Development requires hardware investments and in- house expertise 3 Cost could be prohibitive and cost might exceed public clouds ‎ff a a‏ اقا 

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M Clouds and SOA ] < ‘Services. ‘Software platforms as a service {optimized middleware - application servers, database servers, portal servers, etc. ) Infrastructure as a (virtualized servers, stora ice , networking) ~ SOA Enabled cloud computing to what is today “ Physical infrastructure like SOA must be discoverable, manageable and governable ~ REST Protocol widely used(Representational State Transfer) 

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4 Clouds for Developers 5 Ability to acquire, deploy, configure and host environments © Perform development unit testing, prototyping and full product testing 

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Open Source Cloud Infrastructure =a 1 Simple * Transparent => need to “see” into the cloud * Scalable => complexity often limits scalability ٠ Secure => limits adoptability © Extensible * New application classes and service classes may require new features * Clouds are new => need to extend while retaining useful features “ Commodity-based » Must leverage extensive catalog of open source software offerings * New, unstable, and unsupported infrastructure design is a barrier to uptake, experimentation, and adoption 1 Easy * To install => system administration time is expensive * To maintain => system administration time is really expensive 

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Microsoft and Amazon face 4 challenges 2 Globus/Nimbus Client-side cloud-computing interface to Globus-enabled TeraPort ‏مت مساك‎ Based on GT4 and the Globus Virtual Workspace Service Shares upsides and downsides of Globus-based grid technologies Enomalism (now called ECP) Start-up company distributing open source REST APIS. ENOMALISM 7:1 eva RESERVOIR Open Nebulous Joyent ‏اس‎ Based on Java Script and Git ‏روز«‎ 

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Open Source Cloud Ecosystem - Tools 2 عاه كغطونته وك ‎Startup focused on providing client tools as‏ * ‎SaaS hosted in AWS‏ ‎Uses the REST interface‏ » ‎Canonical‏ ° ‎Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)‏ * ‎Includes KVM and Xen Hypervisors‏ * 

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Me Open Source Cloud Anatomy Extensibility * Simple architecture and open internal APIs Client-side interface » Amazon's AWS interface and functionality (familiar and testable) © Networking * Virtual private network per cloud * Must function as an overlay => cannot supplant local networking © Security » Must be compatible with local security policies © Packaging, installation, maintenance * system administration staff is an important constituency for uptake o 

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Open Source Cloud Anatomy .. cntd 2 © Private clouds are really hybrid clouds » Users want private clouds to export the same APIs as the public clouds © In the Enterprise, the storage model is key ٠. ‏ی‎ “blob” storage doesn’t quite fit the notion of “data le.” © Cloud Federation is a policy mediation problem » No good way to translate SLAs in a cloud allocation chain * “Cloud Bursting” will only work if SLAs are congruent ©" Customer SLAs allow applications to consider cost as first-class principle * Buy the computational, network, and storage capabilities that are required 

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M® Open Source Clouds contd. سم ‎Cloud Computing at UCSB‏ اس ‘Open-source implementations of popular cloud systems 7 Eucalyptus 2۱۳ + Infrastructure-as-a-service (IAS) framework | | + Platform-as-a-service (PAAS) framework + Web services based implementation of + Web services based implementation of elastc/utility/cloud computing infrastructure | | Google AppEngine APIs + Linux image hosting via vietwalzation + Runs over Eucalyptus, Amazon EC2, and + Emulates the Amazon AWS interface ~ Virtualization layers (Xen/KVM} applications and tools cart tell the difference | | + implements multiple database backends ‘+ Real use, real users, real impact (base, Hypertable, Cassandra, MySQL...) + Distributed with Ubuntu + Real use, real users, eal impact + Large international user community + International user community hntp://eucalyptus.cs.ucsb.edu hetp://appscale.cs.ucsb.edu Lead: Rich Wol Lead: Chandra krintz + Open, extensible, easy to install/use/maintain, transparent, scalable + Enables investigation of and experimentation with * Real applications in real settings + IAS + PAAS interoperation and integration + Frameworks for investigation the next generation of energy efficient distributed systems technologies, languages, applications, and services UCSB 

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2 ‏ع‎ uca ly ptu Stetastic utiity Computing Architecture Linking Your Programs To Useful Systems) Eucalyptus Architecture: WS-Cloud Amazon EC2 Interface elas It Translator عاام مهن يمانت Cluster Controller Node Controller 

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Me Clouds and Virtualization 8 90 System virtualization (Xen, KVM, VMWare, HyperV) is only apparent for laaS * AppEngine = BigTable © Hypervisors virtualize CPU, Memory, and local device access as a single virtual machine (VM) laaS Cloud allocation is * Set of VMs * Set of storage resources * Private network Allocation is atomic 2 SLA Monitoring 

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46 Cloud Performance 5 Extensive performance study using HPC applications and benchmarks ° Two questions: * Performance impact of virtualization * Performance impact of cloud infrastructure © Observations: * Random access disk is slower with Xen * CPU bound can be faster with Xen -> depends on configuration * Kernel version is far more important * No statistically detectable overhead * AWS small appears to throttle network bandwidth and (maybe) disk bandwidth -> $0.10 / CPU hour 

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4 Cloud Infrastructure = © Network operations center 

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4 Cloud Infrastructure ..contd = © Physical Security = Cooling 

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46 Cloud Infrastructure ..contd ] " Power infrastructure, Network Cabling, Fire safety 

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Clouds - open for innovation 

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Cloud computing open Governance Security, Privacy and control SLA guarantees ‘Ownership and contro! Compliance and auditing Sarbanes and Oxley Act Reliability Good servive provider with 99,999% availabilty Cloud independence - Vendor lockin? Cloud provider goes out of business Data Security Cloud lockin and Loss of control Plan for moving data along with Cloud provider Cost? plicity? Tools Controls on sensitive data? ut of business Big and small Scalability and cost outweigh reliably for smal Big businesses may have a problem a 

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46 Cloud articles 2 © http://blogs.zdnet.com/Hinchcliffe/? p=488&tag=btxcsim © http://blogs.zdnet.com/Howlett/? p=558&tag=btxcsim © http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=9560&tag=btxcsim © http://www.businessweek.com/technology/ content/aug2008/tc2008082_445669_page_3.htm © http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/ techjournal/0904_amrhein/0904_amrhein.html © http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/ 

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& Battle in the cloud 5 Amazon Web Services " Google App Engine * Free upto 500 MB, = Free for small scale applications? ™ Universities? * Pay when you scale 5 GoGrid "| ,, Some more Hosting companies " Where is HP, IBM, Oracle(+sun) and Dell?