(Hardware and Software in the Enterprise (Chapter 6

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5 Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise 6.1 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd od . What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business transactions? . What arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organization? . What kinds of software and software tools do we need to run our business? What criteria should we use to select our software technology? ©0006 by Prevace “I 6.2 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd سوه What new software technologies are available? How would they benefit our organization? How should we acquire and manage the firm’s hardware and software assets? ©0006 by Prevace “I 6.3 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Oe Ola ree 1. The centralization versus decentralization debate. 2. The application backlog. 6.4 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd ‎ee Rae ec een eee‏ و۱9 ‎ ‎herdwore vowpouris oP a pomp uier soe ‎ ‎Storage ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Prue 4 65 ©0008 by Preece Wd ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a Bit ° Binary digit * Represents 0 or 1 Byte * String of eight bits * Stores one number, symbol, character, part of picture 6.6 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a ts wad bytes 0| or |! | One bit Characters are represented by one byte for each letter. 0۱۱۱0۱ 0۰ One byte for character A مهو سب 67 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a ۳۶ ‏م6 م0‎ The Central Processing Unit (CPU) * Controls other parts of computer ٠ Arithmetic-logic unit performs principle logical/mathematical operations * Control unit coordinates other parts, such as reading a stored program 68 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a ۳۶ ‏م6 م0‎ Primary Storage * Located near CPU * Stores all or part of active software program * Stores operating system software * Stores data the program is using 62 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a ۲۶ 00 6 Primary Storage * Composed of semi-conductors ° RAM (random access memory): Used for short-term, temporary storage * ROM (read-only memory): Semiconductor memory chips with program instructions 6.10 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd ‎ee Rae ec een eee‏ و۱9 ‎ ‏مه روم وه ‎The CPO‏ ‎‘AxichmetiLogc Une ‎ ‎ ‎neta ‎910 ‎ ‎4 |= Primary storage address ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Diab ‎ ‎address Bus ‘Control Bue ‎ ‎Prue ‏موه‎ ‎6.11 ©0008 by Preece Wd ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a Orroputer Provesstery Microprocessors * Semiconductor chips integrate memory, logic, and control circuits for entire CPU ¢ Speed depends on number of bits processed at one time; amount of data that can be moved between devices; and cycle speed (MHz) ¢ RISC (reduced instruction set computing) increases speed; used for scientific, workstation computing 6.12 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a Cowper Provesstey Parallel processing ¢ Multiple CPUs work simultaneously on same problem * More than one instruction processed at a time ° Massively parallel computers: use hundreds, thousands of processing chips 6.13 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a Gequeutd vad pardlel provevstay SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING PARALLEL PROCESSING Task | Result که Prue O-F 6.14 ©0008 by Preece Wd 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a ‎Techobqy‏ نف ‎Top, vod‏ ,رصم ‎Secondary Storage Technology‏ ‎* Used for relatively long-term storage of data outside CPU ‎٠ Magnetic disk: floppies, hard disks, RAID * Optical disk: CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD * Magnetic tape ‎* Storage networking: direct-attached storage; network-attached storage; storage area networks ‎6.15 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ها مود و مت ‎ee eet‏ ۱ ‎ee Rae ec een eee‏ و۱9 ‎ ‎© verne wea weiumrk (GOO) ‎z Tape Library ‎ ‎6.16 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a Goran, Teput, wd Ouput Teckobq Input Devices * Keyboard and mouse * Touch screen * Optical character recognition * Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) * Pen-based input * Digital scanner + Audio input * Sensors * Radio-frequency identification (RFID) 6.17 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a ‎Techobqy‏ نف ‎Top, vod‏ ,رصم ‎Output Devices‏ ‎Cathode-ray tube (CRT)‏ * ‎¢ Printers * Audio output ‎6.18 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a Goran, Teput, wd Ouput Teckobq Batch Processing ¢ Accumulates and stores transactions in group or batch until time to process them * Found primarily in older systems for occasional reporting * Use tape storage Online Processing * Transactions processed immediately * Use disk storage 6.19 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Coren nad rene Waren nner ed eee ad nee ate a ‎Techobqy‏ نف ‎Top, vod‏ ,رصم ‎Interactive Multimedia‏ ‎* Integrates sound, video or animation, graphics, text into computer-based application ‎* Streaming technology ‎* New compression standards: MP3 (MPEG3) ‎6.20 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Cateyories oF Oowputers and Computer Gystews Chee P rr Oowputers ٠ Mainframe: Largest computer; handles massive amounts of data; used for large business, scientific, military applications ¢ Midrange computer: Smaller, less expensive minicomputers or servers; used for smaller organizations or managing networks * Minicomputers: Used in systems for universities, factories, research labs * Servers: Manage internal company networks or Web sites 6.21 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd ۱ م0 بسن * Personal computer: Portable or desktop microcomputer * Workstation: More powerful desktop computer used for computation-intense tasks ¢ Supercomputer: Sophisticated, powerful computer used for tasks requiring rapid, complex calculations; weapons research, weather forecasting 822 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd ۱ Ovwputer Detworks oad Ole! Gerver Orwputag * Distributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computers * Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computer * Client/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 6.23 

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ها مود و مت ‎ee eet‏ ۱ ‎ee each‏ حول اه وس( ‎ ‎Server ‎Client ‎ ‎"(0 ys ‎Data and services ‎ ‎+ User — * Data + Application function + Application function + Network resources ‏مهو سب ‎by Previce Wd‏ 0008© 6.24 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd ۱9 ‏مت هت‎ MO Ae el ad Types oP chealserver cocoputery 7) a 0 3 oo _—— Sa rue 0-7 6.25 ©0008 by Preece Wd 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd ۱ Ortwork Oowputers wed Prerto-Prer Oowputay * Network computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanently * Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networks * Grid computing: Applies computational resources of many networked computers to solve a large, complex problem 6.26 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd 00 ad * Software program: A series of statements or instructions to the computer * Two major types of software: System software and application software * System software: Generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources * Application software: Programs written for or by users to perform a specific task ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 6.27 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a ۳ ‏ی‎ es oP ooPwore SYSTEM SOFTWARE Operating System Schedules computer events Allocates computer resources. Monicors events Language Translators Incerpreters Compiters Utility Programs Routine operations (eg, Sor, list, print) ‘Manage data (eg. creat fils, merge es) APPLICATION SOFTWARE Programming languages ‘Assembly language FORTRAN PASCAL 0 ct VISUAL BASIC Fourth-generation languages and PC software tools مهو سب 6.28 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a ‎OrPwor wad PO Operctry Opstews‏ حار ‎* Operating system software: Manages the computer system, resources; controls memory, input, output, and task scheduling ‎* Computer language translation programs: Compiles source code of high-level language programs (C, FORTRAN) into object code - machine language the computer can execute ‎* Utility programs: Perform routine, repetitive ‎tasks such as copying, clearing primary storage ‎6.29 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a ‎OrPwor wad PO Operctry Opstews‏ حار ‎Operating System Capabilities ‎* Multiprogramming: Concurrent use of CPU by multiple programs ‎* Virtual storage: Breaks programs into smaller portions to read as needed ‎¢ Time-sharing: Allows many users to share CPU time ‎¢ Multi-processing: Links two or more CPUs to work in parallel in single computer system ‎6.30 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a ‎OrPwor wad PO Operctry Opstews‏ حار ‎PC Operating Systems ‎* Software written for one OS generally cannot run on another ‎* Graphical User Interface (GUD: Dominant model for user interface for operating systems and applications ‎6.31 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a ‎OrPwor wad PO Operctry Opstews‏ حار ‎Leading PC Operating Systems ‎Windows XP Windows 2000 Windows Server 2003 Windows 98/ME Windows CE ‎Unix ‎Linux ‎Mac OS ‎DOS ‎6.32 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a Orndow va Oucngeoet The Case for Linux Should a company select Linux as an operating system for its major business applications? What are the management benefits Linux provides? What are the business as well as the technology issues that should be addressed when making that decision? ©0006 by Prevace “I 6.33 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a ‎Programming boone‏ شوم ‎Machine /|1** generation; binary ‎language ‎6 Operating systems; application software ‎Cre Object-oriented; application software ‎COBOL Business administration; alphanumeric processing Visual Visual tool; Windows applications Basic ‎ ‎ ‎ ‏ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 5.34 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a ‎Programming boone‏ شوم ‎FORTRAN | Processing numeric data; scientific, engineering programs ‎BASIC Used for teaching ‎Pascal Used primarily for teaching programming ‎Assembly |Second generation; close to language |machine language; system software ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6.35 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd 00 ad ‎Tooke‏ مسرا ‎eed Ordewporay‏ و ‎Fourth generation languages: Enable end users‏ ¢ ‎to develop applications with minimal or no‏ ‎assistance; less procedural‏ ‎Procedural languages: Require sequence of steps‏ * ‎* Nonprocedural languages: Specify tasks but not details on sequence ‎* Natural languages: Nonprocedural languages resembling human speech ‎* Query languages: Software tools for providing online answers to information requests ‏ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 6.36 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a مها م۳۲ ۴و من PC software tools | General-purpose packages WordPerfect, Microsoft Access Query language _ | Retrieve data stored in databases or files SQL Report generator | Retrieve data, more formatting control; Crystal Reports Graphics Retrieve data, graphics format language SAS Graph; Systat 6.37 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a مها م۳۲ ۴و من Application Preprogrammed modules generator FOCUS, Microsoft FrontPage Application Commercial software replacing software package |need for custom, in-house software PeopleSoft HCM, SAP R/3 Very high-level Generate code with fewer programming instructions; productivity tool language for programmers APL, Nomad2 6.38 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a Proqrawotay Looquages oad Oociewporay OrPiwar Took Object-Oriented Programming ٠ Combine data and methods (procedures) into one object * Objects are independent, reusable building blocks ٠ Based on concepts of class and inheritance 6.39 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a 6.40 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a Proqrawotay Looquages oad Oociewporay OrPiwar Took Java * Object-oriented ¢ Platform-independent * Robust; handles data, graphics, video, sound * Can create “applets”; often used on Web * Java applications tend to run slower than “native” programs 6.41 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a Proqrawotay Looquages oad Oociewporay OrPiwar Took * Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language; creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents * XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes the structure of a document; provides standard format for data exchange ۰ XHTML: Reformulates HTML with XML document-type definitions 6.42 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd 00 ad وه رال ‎GoPivare Packages aod‏ ماو * Word processing software: Create, format, print documents * Desktop publishing software: Produce professional-quality documents with greater formatting, design capabilities ¢ Spreadsheets: Display data in grid for recalculating numerical data * Data management software: Store, manipulate data in lists and databases Gao ©0008 by ‏ما سم‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a Tend wad the spebchechiay option ts Dirrosoht Dord [The failed mariage and split family are ۳1 levidence enough of life that is abig let down =) compared to a dream. Ignore All toDitionary Shonge change Al 6.44 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a iE if Prue O- ©0008 by Previce Wd 6.45 

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ها مود و مت ‎ee eet‏ ۱ ۱۷۱۱ 6.46 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a وه رال ‎GoPivare Packages aod‏ ماو * Presentation graphics: Create professional-quality graphics and multimedia presentations Integrated Software Packages and Suites: Combine two or more applications; easy data transfer ¢ E-mail software: Computer exchange of messages ٠ Web browsers: Access and display Web, Internet resources * Groupware: Support activities of workgroups 6.47 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a GoPware Por Guterprive Inteqratoa ond ‏و21‎ * Enterprise software: Integrates multiple business processes ¢ Legacy system: System in place for long time * Middleware: Software that connects two disparate systems ¢ Enterprise application integration (EAI) software: Middleware to create hub connecting applications and application clusters 6.48 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a ‎hiequics (B01) soPiwer verses trodicad tieqruica‏ مشاب ومع ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎‘Application ‎2 ‎ ‎ ‎Application ‎0 ‎ ‎ ‎Application ‎3 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Prue 9 6.49 ©0008 by Preece Wd ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd 00 ad GoPware Por Guterprive Inteqratoa ond ‏و21‎ ٠ Web services: Universal standards using Internet technology for exchanging data between systems * Web server: Manages requests for Web pages on computer where they are stored ¢ Application server: Middleware software handling application operations between user and back-end business systems 6.50 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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ها مود و مت ‎ee eet‏ ۱ 00 ad تلاق Server 3 Back-End Systems & Data Prue OP 6.51 ©0008 by Preece Wd 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd Dee a Ondow va Teck Application Integration to the Rescue * How can enterprise application integration and Web services technology provide value for organizations? * What management, organization, and technology issues should be addressed when making the decision about whether to use these technologies? 6.52 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd One eas Ceane Cr ay eek aad erdwoe Terhkwby Requrewecis or Clevtroue Oowwerve und te Ongd Pra * Capacity planning: Process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated * Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down 6.53 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd One eas Ceane Cr ay eek aad ‘Dotd Oost oP Owsership (TOO) of Teckuby ‏یه‎ * Includes both direct and indirect costs ° Hardware and software acquisitions account for only 20% of TCO * TCO for a PC may run to three times original purchase price ¢ Hidden costs can make distributed architecture more expensive than centralized mainframes 6.54 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd One eas Ceane Cr ay eek aad ‘Tord Ovst oP Ouxershiy (TOO) Onst Oowpocrts * Hardware acquisition * Software acquisition * Installation ° Training * Support ¢ Maintenance ¢ Infrastructure ¢ Downtime ¢ Space and energy 6.55 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd One eas Ceane Cr ay eek aad Rect or ‏بو( :مس ال‎ Techuky Service Providers * Storage service provider: Provides online access to storage devices and storage area network technology ¢ Application service provider: Delivers applications over networks on subscription basis * Management service provider: Manages applications, systems, security, storage, Web sites, system performance 6.56 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd ©0006 by Prevace “I Dee a Switch ASP rue O19 6.57 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd One eas Ceane Cr ay eek aad Rect or Ould Oevetow: Ostay (9۵ ‏روواهه‎ Geruice Providers: * Business continuity provider: Defines procedures for recovery from system malfunctions, disaster recovery * Utility computing: Model in which companies pay only for resources used in a specific time period 6.58 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۱ hem Creag LO eM a RG Se Dd ‎Cure Onnhy‏ © جاجد ‎ ‎Tartck Dork Owerica Tinie Oowa Ie IT Boor ‎Evaluate Zurich North America Canada usin: the value chain and competitive forces models. Why did IT asset management become so important to this company? ‎Why did Zurich North America have problems managing its hardware and software assets? How serious were these problems? What management, organization, and technology factors were responsible for those problems? ‎How did Zurich North America solve its asset management problem? What managerial and technology tools did it use? ‎©0006 by Prevace “I ‎6.59