Medicinal Plants 2
اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir
اسلاید 2: Medicinal PlantsReading: Textbook, Chapter 11
اسلاید 3: Margarine – made from fats- originally from animal fats- white in color, so yellow dye added to create appearance of butterAdvantage: Stores better than butterDairy Industry – fought against use of margarine- Taxes Regulations against sale; against use of dyesWisconsin – prohibited sale of colored margarine– Repealed 1967; + heavy tax on uncolored (white) margarine (people would buy and mix their own coloring agent)
اسلاید 4: Quiz
اسلاید 5: QuizName two of the four major vegetable oil crops.Name a medicinal plant, and tell what medicine is obtained from it and a disease it is used to treatWhat does soap have to do with vegetable oil?
اسلاید 6: History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppyFig. 11.2, p. 263
اسلاید 7: History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plantsFig. 11.2, p. 263
اسلاید 8: History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulasFig. 11.2, p. 263
اسلاید 9: History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in AthensFig. 11.2, p. 263
اسلاید 10: History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens77 AD – Dioscorides, De Materia MedicaFig. 11.2, p. 263
اسلاید 11: History - Highlights2500 BC – Sumerian use of opium poppy1770 BC – Code of Hammurabi in Babylon – mentions plants1550 BC – Ebers papyrus in Egypt – 700+ medicinal formulas400 BC – Hippocrates (Greece) – “Father of Medicine”300 BC – Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in Athens77 AD – Dioscorides, De Materia MedicaFig. 11.2, p. 263
اسلاید 12: History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures
اسلاید 13: History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts
اسلاید 14: History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants
اسلاید 15: History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants1900s – advent of “scientific medicine”
اسلاید 16: History – Highlights II1500 AD – Age of herbalism, Paracelsus – Doctrine of Signatures1775 AD – Dr. William Withering – Foxglove extracts1900 AD – Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still derived directly from plants1900s – advent of “scientific medicine”2000 – Alternative medicine; concern for biodiversity
اسلاید 17: Plant-Derived MedicinesMajor Classes of Compounds:Steroids
اسلاید 18: Plant-Derived MedicinesMajor Classes of Compounds:SteroidsAlkaloids
اسلاید 19: Plant-Derived MedicinesMajor Classes of Compounds:SteroidsAlkaloidsUseful terms:“Secondary Compound”“Glycoside”
اسلاید 20: Steroids - ChemistryFig. 11.5, p. 271
اسلاید 21: Steroids - ChemistryFig. 11.5, p. 271
اسلاید 22: Steroids - Chemistry
اسلاید 23: Alkaloids - ChemistryOrganic compound, with N, usually in ring structureFig. 11.7, p. 272
اسلاید 24: Alkaloids - ChemistryOrganic compound, with N, usually in ring structurePhysiologically active on vertebrate nervous systemsFig. 11.7, p. 272
اسلاید 25: Alkaloids - ChemistryOrganic compound, with N, usually in ring structurePhysiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems Diverse class of compoundsFig. 11.7, p. 272
اسلاید 26: Alkaloids - ChemistryOrganic compound, with N, usually in ring structurePhysiologically active on vertebrate nervous systems Diverse class of compoundsFig. 11.7, p. 272
اسلاید 27: Examples of Plant MedicinesFig. 11.12, p. 2761900 – over half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants2001 – about 25% of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia from plants, but many synthetic compounds are based on plant-produced structures, or start with plant materialsAnasthetics, analgesics, heart medicines, laxatives, muscle relaxants etc.
اسلاید 28: Chaulmoogra Oil - HydnocarpusLeprosy – bacterial disease, affects sensitive individualsChaulmoogra oil – first effective treatmentActive ingredient – seed oilNow replaced with antibioticsFig. 11.8, p. 273
اسلاید 29: Malaria - CinchonaFig. 11.9, p. 274Malaria – caused by protozoanCinchona = “Jesuit’s Bark”
اسلاید 30: Cinchona - “bark of Peru”; ”yellow bark”About 40 species - Andean area of South AmericaNativeGrown“Stolen” by British, Dutch
اسلاید 31: Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain
اسلاید 32: Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain1897 – Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist – synthesizes, names aspirin
اسلاید 33: Salix - AspirinHippocrates (Greece) – used willow bark to treat pain1897 – Bayer Co. (Germany) Chemist – synthesizes, names aspirin
اسلاید 34: Dioscorea steroidsWild Yam – convenient source for steroidal saponins which can be converted into synthetic hormones for use in contraceptivesFig. 11.13, p. 277
اسلاید 35: Papaver AlkaloidsFig. 11.6, p. 279
اسلاید 36: Catharanthus – poster child for plant-derived medicinesEffective drugs vs. lymphomas (Hodgkin’s disease)Fig. 11.22, p. 282
اسلاید 37: New Drug Developmentaverage to develop a new drug in U.S. - $231 million/12 years-> many not developed, if patent protection not available, or if market not assuredComparison:Germany - reasonable certainty of safety and effectivenessU.S. - absolute proof -> some modern herbal preparations coming from Europe, sold as dietary supplements in U.S.Examples: St. Johns Wort, Echinacea, Gingko
اسلاید 38: Looking for new drugs - General parameters:1 in 10,000 chemicals screened -> new drug productDevelopment of new drug in U.S. - 12 years/$231 million (average)Many drugs/diseases - not pursued because of lack of profitability
اسلاید 39: Development of Phy 906 – PhytoceuticaHerbal medicineBased on Chinese Traditional MedicineMixture of herbs: scutellaria (skullcap), glycyrrhiza (licorice), ziziphus (jujube), Paeonia (peony)Application: treat nausea and pain associated with cancer chemotherapy regimesInitial results: not only effective against side effects, but also appears to increase efficacy of chemotherapy for certain cancers
اسلاید 40: Problems in Development of Rain Forest DrugsInternational Agreements(1) Discovery - by pharmaceutical companies - preceded by traditional healersWho discovered/Who should benefit financially?(2) Ownership - seeds, genes, chemicalscycle:Gene poor country, has scientific expertise-> Gene rich country, has genetic diversity but lacks science-> development of chemical by gene poor country-> now sell back to gene rich/economically poor country
اسلاید 41: Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and Poisonous PlantsReading: Textbook, Chapter 12
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