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اسلاید 1: Redesigning the Organization with Information SystemsChapter 13
اسلاید 2: ObjectivesHow could building a new system change the way an organization works?How can a company make sure that the new information systems it builds fit its business plan? What are the steps required to build a new information system?
اسلاید 3: ObjectivesWhat alternative methods for building information systems are available? Are there any techniques or system-building approaches to help us build e-commerce and e-business applications more rapidly?
اسلاید 4: Management ChallengesMajor risks and uncertainties in systems developmentDetermining when new systems and business processes can have the greatest strategic impact
اسلاید 5: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeInformation Systems PlanRoad map indicating direction of systems development: the rationale, the current situation, the management strategy, the implementation plan, and the budgetLinking Information Systems to the Business Plan
اسلاید 6: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeEnterprise Analysis(Business Systems Planning)Analysis of organization-wide information requirementsIdentifies key entities and attributesEstablishing Organizational Information Requirements
اسلاید 7: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeProcess/data class matrixFigure 13-1
اسلاید 8: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeStrategic Analysis or Critical Success FactorsCritical Success Factors (CSFs): A small number of easily identifiable operational goals shaped by industry, firm, manager, and broader environment. Used to determine information requirements of organizationEstablishing Organizational Information Requirements
اسلاید 9: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeUsing CSFs to develop systemsFigure 13-2
اسلاید 10: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeThe Spectrum of Organizational ChangeAutomation: Speeding up performanceRationalization of procedures: Streamlining of operating proceduresSystems Development and Organizational Change
اسلاید 11: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeThe Spectrum of Organizational ChangeBusiness process reengineering: Radical design of business processesParadigm shift: Radical reconceptualizationSystems Development and Organizational Change
اسلاید 12: Systems as Planned Organizational ChangeOrganizational change carries risks and rewardsFigure 13-3
اسلاید 13: Business Process Reengineering and Process ImprovementWorkflow ManagementThe process of streamlining business procedures so that documents can be moved easily and efficiently from one location to anotherBusiness Process Reengineering
اسلاید 14: Business Process Reengineering and Process ImprovementSenior management needs to develop broad strategic vision Management must understand and measure performance of existing processes as baselineInformation technology should be allowed to influence process design from startIT infrastructure should be able to support business process changes Steps in Effective Reengineering
اسلاید 15: Business Process Reengineering and Process ImprovementRedesigning mortgage processing in the United StatesFigure 13-4
اسلاید 16: Business Process Reengineering and Process ImprovementBusiness Process Management (BPM): Enables organizations to manage incremental process changes required simultaneously in many areas of business. Provides a methodology for dealing with the organization’s need to optimize numerous internal business processes and processes shared with other companiesProcess Improvement: Business Process Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Six Sigma
اسلاید 17: Business Process Reengineering and Process ImprovementTotal Quality Management (TQM): A concept that makes quality control a responsibility to be shared by all people in an organizationSix Sigma: A specific measure of quality representing 3.4 defects per million opportunitiesProcess Improvement: Business Process Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Six Sigma
اسلاید 18: Business Process Reengineering and Process ImprovementHow Information Systems Contributeto Total Quality ManagementSimplify product or production processEnable benchmarkingUse customer demands as guide to improve products and servicesProcess Improvement: Business Process Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Six Sigma
اسلاید 19: Business Process Reengineering and Process ImprovementHow Information Systems Contributeto Total Quality ManagementReduce cycle timeImprove the quality and precision of the designIncrease the precision of productionProcess Improvement: Business Process Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Six Sigma
اسلاید 20: Overview of Systems DevelopmentSystems Development: Activities that go into producing an information system solution to an organizational problem of opportunitySystems Analysis: Analysis of a problem that the organization will try to resolve with an information systemOverview
اسلاید 21: Overview of Systems DevelopmentThe systems development processFigure 13-5
اسلاید 22: Overview of Systems DevelopmentFeasibility Study: As part of the systems analysis process, the way to determine whether the solution is achievable, given the organization’s resources and constraintsSystems Analysis
اسلاید 23: Overview of Systems DevelopmentEstablishing Information RequirementsStating information needs that new system must satisfyIdentifying who, when, where, and how components of informationSystems Analysis
اسلاید 24: Overview of Systems DevelopmentSystems Design: Details how a system will meet information requirements as determined by the systems analysisSystems Design
اسلاید 25: Overview of Systems DevelopmentProgramming: Process of translating system specifications prepared during the design stage into program codeTesting: Process that determines whether the system produces desired results under known conditionsCompleting the Systems Development Process
اسلاید 26: Overview of Systems DevelopmentUnit Testing: Process of testing each program separatelySystems Testing: Tests functioning of the information system as a wholeAcceptance Testing: Provides final certification that system is ready to be used in production settingTest Plan: Prepared by development team. Includes preparations for the series of tests to be performedCompleting the Systems Development Process
اسلاید 27: Overview of Systems DevelopmentConversionConversion: Process of changing from the old system to the new systemParallel Strategy: Conservative conversion approach where both the old system and the potential replacement are run togetherCompleting the Systems Development Process
اسلاید 28: Overview of Systems DevelopmentConversionDirect Cutover: Risky conversion approach whereby the new system replaces the old system on an appointed dayPilot Study: Strategy to introduce the new system to a limited area of the organization until it is proven to be fully functionalCompleting the Systems Development Process
اسلاید 29: Overview of Systems DevelopmentConversionPhased Approach: Introduces new system replacement in stagesDocumentation: Descriptions of how an information system works from both a technical and end-user standpointCompleting the Systems Development Process
اسلاید 30: Overview of Systems DevelopmentProduction and MaintenanceProduction: Stage after new system is installed and the conversion is completePostimplementation Audit: Formal review process conducted after a system has been placed in productionMaintenance: Changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures of production system to correct errorsCompleting the Systems Development Process
اسلاید 31: Overview of Systems DevelopmentA sample test plan to test a record changeFigure 13-6
اسلاید 32: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesSystems LifecycleTraditional methodology for developing information system that partitions the systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentiallyTraditional Systems Lifecycle
اسلاید 33: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesPrototyping: Process of building experimental system quickly and inexpensively for demonstration and evaluation so that users can better determine information requirementsPrototype: Preliminary working version of information system for demonstration and evaluation purposesPrototyping
اسلاید 34: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesIterative: A process of repeating over and over again the steps to build systemPrototyping
اسلاید 35: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesSteps in PrototypingIdentify the user’s basic requirementsDevelop initial prototypeUse the prototypeRevising and enhancing the prototypePrototyping
اسلاید 36: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesThe prototyping processFigure 13-7
اسلاید 37: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesAdvantageUseful in designing information system’s end-user interfaceDisadvantageRapid prototyping can gloss over essential steps in systems developmentAdvantages and Disadvantages of Prototyping
اسلاید 38: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesApplication software packages: Set of prewritten, precoded application software programs commercially available for sale or leaseCustomization: Modification of software package to meet organization’s unique requirements without destroying the software’s integrityApplication Software Packages
اسلاید 39: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesRequest for Proposal (RFP): Detailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software or other services to determine how well vendor’s product can meet organization’s specific requirementsApplication Software Packages
اسلاید 40: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesThe effects of customizing a software package on total implementation costsFigure 13-8
اسلاید 41: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesDevelopment of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialistsAllows users to specify their own business needsEnd-User Development
اسلاید 42: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesManaging End-User DevelopmentInformation Center: A special facility within an organization that provides training and support for end-user computingEnd-User Development
اسلاید 43: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesEnd user versus systems lifecycle developmentFigure 13-9
اسلاید 44: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesPractice of contracting computer center operations, telecommunications networks, or applications development to external vendorsOutsourcing
اسلاید 45: Alternative Systems-Building ApproachesOutsourcing Moves into High GearWhat are the management benefits of outsourcing?What management, organization, and technology issues must be addressed when deciding whether to outsource systems development?Window on Management
اسلاید 46: Application Development for the Digital FirmObject-Oriented Development: Approach to systems development that uses the object as the basic unit of systems analysis and design. Component-Based Development: Building large software systems by combining pre-existing software componentsObject-Oriented Development and Component-Based Development
اسلاید 47: Application Development for the Digital FirmObject-oriented developmentFigure 13-10
اسلاید 48: Application Development for the Digital FirmProcess for developing systems in a short time period Uses prototyping, fourth-generation tools, and close teamwork among users and systems specialistsRapid Application Development (RAD)
اسلاید 49: Application Development for the Digital FirmProcess to accelerate the generation of information requirements by having end users and information systems specialists work together in intensive design sessionsJoint Application Design (JAD)
اسلاید 50: Application Development for the Digital FirmSoftware components deliverable over Internet Enable one application to communicate with another with no translation requiredStandards and protocols: XML, SOAP, WSDL, UDDIWeb Services and Service-Oriented Computing
اسلاید 51: Application Development for the Digital FirmHow Dollar Rent A Car uses Web servicesFigure 13-11
اسلاید 52: Application Development for the Digital FirmThe Web services architectureFigure 13-12
اسلاید 53: Application Development for the Digital FirmWeb Services at WorkWhat are the benefits of using Web services technology? How can it provide value to firms?What management, organization, and technology issues must be addressed when implementing Web services?Window on Technology
اسلاید 54: Chapter 13 Case StudyAnalyze Celanese using the competitive forces and value chain models.How important is Celanese’s centralized enterprise system to its business strategy? Why? What is its business value to the company?Celanese Recentralizes with a New Enterprise System
اسلاید 55: Chapter 13 Case StudyWhat management, organization, and technology challenges did Celanese face as it tried to implement OneSAP? Which were the most difficult? Why?How successful was Celanese in meeting these challenges? What problems did it solve? How? Which problems remained unsolved?Celanese Recentralizes with a New Enterprise System
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