صفحه 1:
Elizabethan Drama
صفحه 2:
+ Itis generally agreed that the period began at the commencement
of the reign of Queen Elizabeth | in 1558, the ending date is not as
.ع مقع
+ Some consider the age to have ended at the queen's death in 1603,
whereas others place the end of Elizabethan Drama at the closing of
the theaters in 1642.
تسرد
returned England to Protestantism
quelled a great deal of internal turmoil
unified the nation
ععغأدعط Molalla a amen | وت وت
>
+ During Elizabeth's reign, some playwrights were able to make a
comfortable living by receiving royal patronage.
٠ لاضقط یت رگ ی أه اهعل غدع2و 2 كهنيا عرعط1
public theaters were also built on the outskirts of London.
+ Elizabethan tragedy dealt with heroic themes, usually centering on
a great personality who is destroyed by his own passion and
ambition.
صفحه 3:
+ Theater was a popular pastime, and people of all walks of life
attended.
+ The theater also drew many unsavory characters, including
pickpockets, cutpurses, and prostitutes.
+ Because of the perceived bad influence of the theaters, the Puritans
were vocally opposed to them and succeeded in shutting them down
in 1642.
+ Some of the most important playwrights
¥ William Shakespeare
Ben Jonson
Christopher Marlowe
+ >
+ The plays were modeled on previous plays, such as:
Y Greek tragedy
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¥ English miracle plays
¥ morality plays and interludes
صفحه 4:
REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORS
George Chapman (c. 1559-1634)
+ He was born around 1559 in the town of Hitchin in Hertfordshire, near
London.
+ He attended Oxford in 1574 but left before completing his degree.
+ From 1583 through 1585, he was in the household of Sir Ralph Sadler
* Chapman served in the military in 1591 and 1592 but returned to London
prior to 1594.
+ Chapman's earliest drama, The Blind Beggar of Alexandria, was produced
in 1596
+ Chapman wrote approximately twenty-one plays between 1596 and
1613, but his output was very sporadic.
مه كترمكاء كتلط وماق مععممء لدعغكما ,لاقام م3 ععمعبنا عط كنقعيا عمه 5 ٠
translating the poetry of Homer.
صفحه 5:
Chapman experienced financial troubles throughout his life and spent some
time in debtor's prison.
Prince Henry undertook sponsorship of the Homer project in 1603
Chapman also wrote plays for the Children of the Chapel, and the company
produced Chapman's most famous tragedies:
Bussy D'Ambois (1604)
two plays on Byron (1608)
He died on May 12, 1634.
صفحه 6:
Thomas Dekker (c. 1572-1632)
+ In a document from 1632, he speaks of his ‘‘three-score years,” and this
is the basis for the assumption that he was born in or around the year
ay
* He is thought to have been born and raised in London
+ From 1598 to 1600, Dekker wrote eight plays for the Lord Admiral’s Men
and collaborated on twenty-four others.
+ In 1600, his most famous play, The Shoemaker’s Holiday, was produced.
* realistic depiction of everyday life in seventeenth- century London
* effective use of romantic fantasy in his depiction of characters
+ Around 1606, Dekker turned to writing pamphlets. His most notable works
of this genre are:
** The Seven Deadly Sins of London (1606)
** The Gull’s Hornbook (1609)
صفحه 7:
٠ He served several prison terms for debt, with the longest being the
six years from 1613 to 1619.
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* the payment books of Philip Henslowe
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‘* financier of two London theater companies
+ He died on August 25,1632
صفحه 8:
Thomas Heywood (c. 1573-1641)
+ Heywood was born in the county of Lincolnshire to Elizabeth Heywood
and the Reverend Robert Heywood.
+ Thomas Heywood was a prolific writer who claimed to have written and
collaborated on more than two hundred plays.
+ He is most famous for his plays dealing with contemporary English life.
+ He studied at Cambridge University but he did not complete his degree
* By 1598, Heywood was gaining recognition as a comic writer
۳ رت ریا تیا رات کت زر T ae)
1620.
+ His bestknown play, A Woman Killed with Kindness, was produced during
this period, in 1603.
* In his later years, Heywood served as City Poet and produced several
pageants for the Lord Mayor.
* He was buried on August 16. 1641. in Clerkenwell.
صفحه 9:
Ben Jonson (1572-1637)
+ Ben Jonson was born in 1572 in Westminster, near London.
+ Jonson briefly took up bricklayer in his youth
+ He also spent a brief time as a soldier, returning to England
+ Jonson became an actor and by 1597 was working as a dramatist for the
theatrical entrepreneur Phillip Henslowe.
+ Jonson's first play, co-written with Thomas Nashe in 1597, was The Isle of
Dogs.
* It was deemed offensive and landed Jonson in jail for a brief time.
* in 1598, Jonson was arrested for killing a fellow actor in a duel.
+ That same year, Jonson also gained his first dramatic success with the play
اب۲۱ كت مأ موالا بمعيع
ممما عط مغ عتوقء غقطغ مره؟ عأمممء للاعم ق كه ععمقغكما غكم8 عط كقنها لاقام كتلط **
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صفحه 10:
+ Jonson became a favorite of King James | and wrote over thirty masques
for court performance.
+ In 1616, King James | made him poet laureate, the official poet of the
فواانی
+ Jonson suffered a severe stroke in 1628 and died in Westminster on August
6,7.
صفحه 11:
Thomas Kyd (1558-1594)
+ Thomas Kyd was born in London in November 3, 1558
+ Kyd went to Merchant Taylors’ school but did not enter a university.
+ From about 1587 to 1593, Kyd was in the service of a lord.
about 1587 to 1593
¥ Kyd had his greatest theatrical success, with the production of The
لالع و13 طاواموم5
¥ Kyd as the founder of a new genre of Elizabethan Drama known as “‘blood
tragedy.””
+ In 1591 During a government search, some antireligious papers were
seized in Kyd’s home, and he was accused of atheism.
+ Kyd was eventually freed, but the lord he served was not convinced of his
innocence.
٠ He released Kyd from service in 1593.
* He died in July 1594 in extreme poverty.
صفحه 12:
John Lyly (c. 1553-1606)
* John Lyly was born in Kent, England, around 1553 or 1554 and grew up in
Canterbury.
+ He attended Magdalen College at Oxford University, earning his
bachelor’s degree in 1573 and his master’s in 1575.
+ He was an immediate success with the publication of a novel in two parts,
Euphanes, or the Anatomy of Wit (1579) and Euphanes and His England
(1580).
* Through these works, Lyly introduced the euphemism, or indirect
expression, to the English language.
+ Having lost a bid forMaster of the Revels in 1579:
Y elevated his standing at royal court
Lyly turned to playwriting ”ا
Y served as a member of Parliament between 1580 and 1601
+ in 1583 took control of the first Blackfriars Theatre.
صفحه 13:
۱۱۸ comedies were very popular, with eight of them being
performed between 1584 and 1591 by children in children’s theaters
الف 2
¥ Endymion, the Man in the Moon (1588)
Y Midas (1590)
را زره
+ Lyly petitioned Queen Elizabeth | for the post of Master of the Revels
again in 1589 and 1593 but did not meet with success.
+ Lyly died in poverty in London in November 1606.
صفحه 14:
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
Christopher Marlowe was born in Canterbury on February 26, 1564
Marlowe attended Cambridge University, quickly distinguishing himself as
a brilliant student.
During his time at Cambridge, Marlowe became part of Queen Elizabeth's
secret service and carried out several secret missions for the Crown.
After receiving his degree in July 1587, he went to London, where he
became an actor and dramatist for the Lord Admiral’s Company.
During that same year, both parts of Tamburlaine the Great were
performed on the London stages, catapulting Marlowe into celebrity
ات
Thomas Kyd and Marlowe were roommates, and Kyd insisted, perhaps
while being tortured, that the writings belonged to Marlowe, who was
known by some to be an atheist. Marlowe was also brought in for
questioning and then released.
On the night of May 30, 1593, he was stabbed in the head and probably
died instantl
صفحه 15:
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
+ William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564
+ By 1594, however, he had joined the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, serving as
both an actor and a playwright.
+ By the end of that year, six of his plays had already been performed.
+ In 1599, Shakespeare and other members of the Lord Chamberlain's Men
financed the building of the Globe Theatre
+ The Lord Admiral’s Men became the foremost London company,
performing at Court on 32 occasions between 1594 and 1603.
+ After his ascension to the throne, James | granted the Lord
Chamberlain's Men a royal patent, and the company’s name was
changed to the King’s Men.
+ He retired to Stratford in 1610 and died on April 23, 1616.
+ In 1623, actors Henry Condell and John Heminge published his plays as a
collection known as the First Folio.
صفحه 16:
John Webster (c. 1580-c. 1634)
+ John Webster was born in the late 1570s or early 1580s
Beginning in 1602, he worked with teams of playwrights on comedies and
history plays for the popular theater
his lasting fame was made by his writing two tragedies, The White Devil and
ليك الف لك اف لان ا" ریا cela ela Ikea
The White Devil, first performed in 1612, was a failure with audiences
ا ل ا انا 1B
+ Some scholars have argued that Webster's work is Gothic in nature,
predating that movement by more than a hundred years.
Webster continued to write through the 1620s but by 1634, as recorded by
his contemporary Thomas Heywood, he was dead.
صفحه 17:
REPRESENTATIVE WORKS
> The Duchess of > The Spanish Tragedy
Eat
> Everyman in His » Tamburlaine the Great
۳۱۵۵۵
paar a >» The Woman in the Moon
A Woman Killed with » 1/318 ]0 ره
Nett [aT
» The Shoemaker’s Holiday
صفحه 18:
THEMES
* Anti-Semitism
ات رت یر یت ار یت 8
period.
aM clan یت oll EN
» Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta
> William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice
Y Elizabethan anti-Semitism was fueled in 1594 when Queen Elizabeth’s Jewish
doctor was executed on the charge of trying to poison her.
Y In Marlowe's play, Barabas, the Jew of Malta, is a cruel, egotistic, and greedy
تین
هی ی یت و را رت ۱
found in Barabas.
إعأمعوعىم هداق ذأ رعءأمعلا كه غمهطعععال! عط1 ماغمقطعمعم طوأسيعر عط را رت
صفحه 19:
* Disguise
عط لاناهننا أقطغ ممق معمكما ملقو كععععق قط طعتطي مأ /اهينا 5أ عد5أناودأم ”ا
لطعغطغ حرمع؟ ل أعطط ابه عدأ ليمع عه
As You Like It, Rosalind discovers that her true love, Orlando, در ها
is indeed in love with her while she is disguised as a boy.
¥ Some critics also believe that disguising female characters in male garb
allowed men and boys who were playing these roles to spend part of the play
یت یت رک ععع نلا قط دعصصبغدمء مأ
صفحه 20:
Humours
Elizabethan psychology was based on the theory of four bodily humours
blood
Phlegm
تاکن
yellow bile.
Proper physical and mental health supposedly depended upon a proper balance
among these fluids.
غ0 ,لاله6 كتلط نأ عنامصناط عجره 06 اعباحم وم ۵0 صمفعم ۵ 1۴ 6۶ ۵0ع۷عناع0 ۷۵5 ۱۲
particular emotion would be emphasized.
نامصصناط كتلط مأ مهالا (Lao ao رت را یلیرت ۱3
A new species of comedy devoted solely to the interplay of these elements was
created, known as the ‘‘comedy of humours.”’
The humours were prevalent forces in the tragedies as well, for example
Hamlet is described as the ‘‘melancholy Dane,” thus implying that he has too
much black bile, which would make him tend to be depressed.
SS
صفحه 21:
تدا "
* Revenge is one of the most prevalent themes in Elizabethan drama.
ومع نااعل مطننا غومطو 8 06 مولغ قغزوأنا عطغ باط لعغهاغمم معكه 5زغأ ,ولاهام عط مل
the story of his murder to the character who must now become the avenger.
* Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy is an example
Y the Ghost of Don Andrea recounts his death, calls for revenge, and then sits
onstage to watch his enemies meet their fate.
لي ا ا Sma
ieecm ale ce (a ا ل تن ان للك ا
* Days of Elizabethan had deeply sympathetic affinities with the conditions of
actual life we must suppose.
ela کر ی ا ا ل قن كاد
counter-motive in tragedy, suggests something besides imitative Realism.
صفحه 22:
* The Supernatural
* In Elizabethan times, people were very superstitious, and many people
believed in the supernatural.
* Queen Elizabeth | had a personal astrologer whom she would consult
regularly
* supernatural elements are found in many Elizabethan plays.
leat
Ghosts
زرف
. > 4
* Ghosts are very important in revenge tragedies and are often used as a
توا«
* For example Shakespeare’s Hamlet and in Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy.
* Sprites and fairies were also popular characters of the time.
صفحه 23:
Sunde
* Asides
* Asides are brief comments spoken privately to another character or directly to
the audience.
* They are not heard or noticed by the rest of the characters onstage.
* the character turns toward the audience and delivers the aside from behind his
hand, thus hiding it from the rest of the players.
* This technique is used often by Elizabethan dramatists as a device to let the
audience in on the character's thoughts.
صفحه 24:
عورعلا عاموقا8 ٠
* Blank verse is unrhymed iambic pentameter, the primary form used by
Elizabethan playwrights
* Serious characters of high stature and nobility often speak in blank verse
* especially when discussing important issues, while comic and lower class
characters are less likely to do so.
صفحه 25:
* lambic Pentameter
* lambic pentameter is the rhythm used in Elizabethan blank verse.
Sal Loa MEM ی eM Tan ool ا als
receiving the heaviest stress.
* lambic pentameter is relatively close to spoken English.
Y For example, ‘She WENT to SEE a PLAY a- BOUT a KING’ is a line of iambic
pentameter.
صفحه 26:
٠ 5اناكصا
* Name-calling was an art form during the Elizabethan Age, and this is reflected
.لومعم ی از ات رد
* Characters often engage in “verbal dueling,” hurling creative slurs at one
another, hoping to get the upper hand or have the last word by delivering the
لي تان
ات لت 1ت
“You ungrateful fox!” ¥
¥ “You overweening slave!”
¥ “Thou art a boil! A plague-sore!”’
صفحه 27:
* Wordplay
* Elizabethans were fond of wordplay
* they appreciated puns, which employ different words that sound alike or the
same word, which has several definitions or functions in a sentence.
* One of the most skilled in the use of puns and wordplay was Shakespeare.
¥ One famous example occurs in Romeo and Juliet.
Y As Mercutio lies dying from a sword wound, he says to his friend, Romeo, ‘Ask
for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.”
صفحه 28:
* Rhymed Couplets
عمالاط غهط بمغعمم غه دعم ذا معط ععة كغعامنامء لعصملاطع *
* as in ‘Well, | will in, and do the best | can; To match my daughter to this
gentleman’’ from Thomas Dekker’s The Shoemaker’s Holiday.
* Rhymed couplets often signal the end of a scene or act.
صفحه 29:
+ Scenery and Settings
* Most Elizabethan plays were performed on a bare stage with no scenery and no
با
* to let the audience know where and when the action was taking place,
playwrights would begin scenes with lines that establish place and time.
Y For example, the opening line of Act IV, Scene | of The Shoemaker's Holiday lets
the audience know right away where they are: ‘‘Yonder’s the shop, and there my
ila ol
* Sometimes settings were conveyed by the use of placards that would be hung
onstage immediately prior to the scene.
صفحه 30:
* Soliloquy
ی یر رت ار را
aloud.
* The soliloquy tells the audience what is going on in a character’s mind.
¥ The most famous soliloquy in all of drama is the ‘To be or not to be’ speech from
.عاضو لاقام و 'عموعمدع5021
* The soliloquy is sometimes confused with monologue.
* In soliloquy the character reveals his inner thoughts to the audience; no one in
the play hears the speech.
* In a monologue, one character speaks all the words but he may be overheard by
لاقام عطغ ما وت اوه وت رگا
صفحه 31:
* Violence
* In most Elizabethan plays, the violent acts occur offstage.
* These acts are then reported onstage by one character to other
characters, and thus the audience learns of action that does not need to
be enacted directly.
* This convention allowed Elizabethan dramatists
¥ include huge battles as part of the ‘‘action’”’ of their plays without the
theaters having to hire hundreds of actors to perform the plays.
ا كت ا ل ل ل ل ا لي 12
more effective when described than when actually shown.
* The Elizabethan dramatists borrowed this tradition from Greek tragedy.
* The tradition changed, however, with the development of the ‘blood
tragedy”’
** Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy is one of the best-known plays of this
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