صفحه 1:
Chapter 15
ولکنشهایشیمیایی
Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach, 5th edition
by Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles
صفحه 2:
co,
Fuel لج Combustion 11, . فرایند احتراق یک واکنش
سل Chamber sx است که در آن 3
ar 2 as
سوخت. اکسید می شود و
Products te od
Reactants Cue 4 انرژی آزاد می گردد. مر
Tr. Pr
سوخت ها معمولا از ترکیبات یا مخلوط هایی شامل کربن و هیدروژن تشکیل يافته اند.
مثال هایی از سوخت های هیدروکربنی:
اه OW
عمو) م٩
Cod Orxtre oP O, Wa, 6, Og, Og ved wrvowhstbles
در اين بحث ما تنها واکنش های کامل را در نظر می گیریم. اجزای شرکت کننده در فرایند
را قبل از انجام فرایند. واکنشگر (ت<۲ و بعد از واکنش محصول احتراق (عسدس)
می نامند. Reactants+ Products
صفحه 3:
فرایند احتراق. کامل یا استویکیومتریک نامیده می شود وقتی همه کربن و هیدروژن
موجود در سوخت بسوزند و به ترتیب به دی اکسید کربن و آب تبدیل گردند. این دو
واکنش احتراق کامل به این صورت می باشند. 0 6+0
HO سره بو
4 اه
و ات لا بط روا لو با وروت و ام وس ۵
‘he bokered verb sto اه اوه مه جروج و بل زوا لاه سا موه
2 OP puck ekewedt va bak okkes of he equate. “Nhu, ure coche ore & ©
مر
GH,+ AQ, BCO,+DHO
Oote we oPted coo booare the O ond 1 Por اوه زرا امن موی
GH,+ AQ,> 8CO,+9H,O
صفحه 4:
ke اه امد ovaries Poured Pro the oxyyec boar. Ws better too UE SPEDE DI
swowniowic busts as shou Por the ولا مرو
0 A(2) =8(2)+9(1)
A=125
GH, +1250,> 8CO,+9 HO
جاه () :ج009 wunvbers ore ved, but we hove erved th كام د wel
eu spevie busts.
(Zhe oxplete cowbustion process is dev oiled the sivichiowetic cowbustion, ood ol coef Picea
cwe oiled the steickiowettc .حامس ای
و عم ما ام و oP مت سا و لاه وا و وم موی ور و
SEA SS اا i Se ده وو a ماك Por tdedd
۳ ۱ ۳ اد by رصح" اس با موم 9 موه ها ام ۲ ch ike oP ذا وه
Dion vue POU = O70 woes oF ures. DherePore, مسا ام
جه مات ها وی اه کت وی اه وماس جاودوم
GHy+125(0,+376N,)—
8CQ+9H,O+47N, 0
صفحه 5:
Or-Pud Qu
(Giace the tod sovles oP a swinture are equa ty the suse of soles oP pack cowpocen, here ore
d8.9(0 + 9.) = SO.S woes oP or required Por euch wole of Puel Por the coxwplete
vowbustion process.
OP tea جملا خإن مصناصحا مومس Poet wil wr ntess there ts aa ex ۱ رف a
thon jet the theoreticd oir required او ای و
Do deter t mrad of ea wir supplied Por a تج مایا tet us dePtoe the oi~Puet
vette PP os
Anol air
جرم
Ano! fuel
“Dhue, Por the ubove exaope, the theoreticd ot-Puet ratio i
AB, 1250+ 376) =505 ‘nol air
1 Arno! fuel
صفحه 6:
مد اسخاست مسا ع ,وا وه و و()
= لله ووه- AR,
9 روم )1912 feel موز
nol fuel
hyair
م1512<
Ag fuel
CPervced Theoreticd vad Percent Cxvess Br
rustica ced to reduce oe ۳ تفه wre tric th al air ts supplied to بصن 10
Mhe wt OF ex iris .مسا mort wate (CO) Pr the produrts oF رب
expressed us perved theoreticd oir ced perceu excess ur. رام
Percenttheoreticaitr=_“Miewa 0%
th
AB aut وو رلك
Percemxcesair=
th
صفحه 7:
(Gkow tot th ابوب ی 1
expr fa ter oP the wok Popes oly
No
Pexvent theoretical air =—2-2™! 100%
0 th
2 رم
Percent excess air = قت 190%
۸
th
Oxanpe (G-O
Orite ۲ ماو میا Po امیس موم (1600) ید چاه تسیا سس oie
(CO perved excess tir).
(O, +376 N,)> 12125 + وله
8CO, +9 H,O+ (0.2)(125) O, +12(47) N,
One tra (()(12.9)0, & required Por copes coobston ib produce © kero oP carbon done
wad © اس oP water; terePore, (D.2)(10.9)0, جه لممحا حا excess ona ta he prichets.
Gig + 12(125) (O, +376 (۲
8 00, +9 0+ 25 0 +12047( ۷
صفحه 8:
(Geooed weed to boktore the equatica Por excess oir (ser the exphrcraizg of this tevbraique ict the:
۳
GH +12A, (0, +376 N)>
8 00+ 9 20+ 024, 0+12 4,370 N,
0 12A,(2) =8(2) + 9(1) + 02A,(2)
A, =125
Aeeowpete Orwbustos wih Kaows Perved Theoretcd Bir
Cxaope 16-9
Coneider cocbmton of Oo'y,wik (OO % teoretod ar where OO % 0 صم حيس سخا جما جا
00
G He + 12(125) (0, +376. N)>
08(8) CO, + 0.2(8) CO+9 H.O+ X O,+12(47) N,
صفحه 9:
6۵ ولا gives
O. 12(12.5)(2) =0.8(8)(2) + 0.2(8)(1) + 9(1) + X(2)
X=33
Oy & X> 92
“hee the bokraved equation ظ
GH, + 12(125) (O, +376 N)>
64 00 +16 00+ 9 H,O+ 330, +12(47) N,
Opwbwirs Bquaica م0۳ Produ Oar Oude Is Kowa
xanpe 1O-P
ropa ces OW, ts neonted with oir suck that the dry produ gases ore 10.5 pervect CO,
8.9 perved Og, od O.P pervect OO by uvkaoe. Oko perce theoretical oir was suppied?
Oko is the dew potdt tewpercure of the products P the product pressure is IDO KPa?
dry produnt yess; theo the peroed by uokee con be interpreted to be و اس 100 چیه «ط)
oucebers. (But we de oot eeu how uk Poel ced oir were supplied or water Pore to yet رن
the (OO kool oP dey produnt yases.
9
صفحه 10:
XGH,+ A(Q,+376.N)>
115 CO, + 0.7 CO+2.7 0, + BH,O+ A(376) N,
۳ سلی oePPintedts , @, aad X0are Pou by nize OP oss Por ruck جد
CG X23 =11541) +07) X=407
X(8) = BQ) B=1628 ۶ز
AQ) =115(2) +070) و
Bl) A=2269 +)27(2+
۷: A(376) =8531
“he boktaged equation i
4.07 C,H, + 22.69 (O, +376 N,)>
115 CO, + 0.7 CO+2.7 O, +1628 H,O+8531 N,
(Geooed webod to Prod the ooeP Piet 9:
Ossnve the rewotader of the (OO kool oF dey product gases te D5.
Amol N, =100- (115+ 0.7+ 2.7) =851
0
صفحه 11:
hea ۶
_ 85 ۱
۸-2-2265 (fairly good check)
“hese two weeds doo give he sue results Por @, but they are close.
Oko would be the unite vo the ooePPinieats to the bokroved cowbustiog equation?
Deter fe the chapter we wil deter i wy released by th rustic pr fer the Pi
oP heat trawsPer to the sunrcuadage. To sioplPy this colutiog iis qecerdly beter to uri the
Phusion equatiza per bert oP Buel. Tp uri th rustica equaiza per unit kel oP Puet,
dui by P.O:
C,H, +557(O,+376 N) >
2.83 CO, + 0.17 CO+ 066 O, + 4.0 H,0+ 20.96 N,
‘Dhe veh oi-Puel rat
7 تلق وها
_ (557)(1+ 376( و 7 زج [20هط
سعدلا a ae oa Ae
Umno! fuel X12) +80) ol fuel
=1745 wait
= 1A el
ad
صفحه 12:
چا مج امه لس ۱۳۰
GH,+5(Q,+376 N)—
3CO, +40 H,0+1880 N,
۳ theoreticd oi-Puet ratio اط
1 Igair
(5)(1+ 376) kal air 2897
AF, Tay هل
Uno! fuel 3)12( + 8)1([ aad
4 لله وهل
#1566
(Dhe percect thevreticd oir ts
Pervent theoretical air = AF coat 100%
th
alles 100 =111%
1566
ae
صفحه 13:
۸
Pervent theoretical air = اتف 10096
‘Oh th
=27100 =111%
“Dhe pervect excess wir ie
Percent excess air = “fsa تلك 6
th
—17.45- 1506 100 140%
1566
Dew Port Tewpercee
Dke dew yn percture Por the prodvel seers te the مها of whick the wroter ta fhe
rode qeses would beuia to comdeuse whed the products ore coved of presowe. Th
وت ان ری is equ ty ike sche rendre OF the uniter of ts paral pressure ta the
products.
aa
صفحه 14:
Ty =], at PR =¥, Prccts
— Near
products.
مه مه
the products Por Baap 0-۰ اه موه نم تن موجه
4 ِ_
6 4+7 +066 +017 +۳23(
201398010019 بیط جر
=13,98kPa
Ty =Ty, at13.98kPa
20
2 و عبن (DOO صا P the product yases ore cooled موم Okot would
=0.1398
ae
صفحه 15:
مهو مه
(a woke hydeorarboa Purl, O01 rented wil cir suck that he dey product case oe
(2.4 pervect OO, 9.0 perce Og, ad 0.9 perarct OO by uhnoe. Oke i he werner
sooheup oF the Puel?
Oe wee JOO kool (de pou hove to chews ossuve (DO keel?) of dey produnt quses; theo
te pr ot by voknoe t preted tet Ae .ری De ck عاك اجه تنج تن
ures supphed or utter Pi ص ل get the (OO keel oP dry product gases, but we ove ) اس
oP اسضا نی
CcH,+ A(Q, +376. Nj)
121 CO, +09 CO+38 0, + BH,O+ DN,
he Five vou coef Piciects PB, B,D, X, ord 9 ore Proud by oP wuss Por
ewk spevies, O, W, O, ond O phe vee ver موی Were we use the subtrantioa wetkod Por
the irzgec io geuerdte the APG todepeodeat equatica Por the سای
C,H, + A(Q, +376. Nj) د
121 CO, +09 CO+38 0, + BH,O+ DN,
as
صفحه 16:
| B, B,D, Xj ced are Pound by comer tion of wee Bor cack
sper. Were we anne he newer of the dry proche camer te crocs.
NN: D=100- (121+ 0.9+ 38) =832
و 832
۵: 4 مر وجي -3
۵ 4)2( -)121()2( + )09()1( + )38()2( + 80(
B=1154
FEY) = B2)
Y=2308
he boktaged equation i
Cy + 2213(O, +376 (+
12160: + 09 CO+ 38 O, +1154 H,0+832 N,
06
صفحه 17:
او و بو
ty Porwed Prow te eb (ex., 4 موی و مان
مشچ جذ جما موا( .جام حعاصت لالصلا ها ماس جملا بخلنام مدعف is ما ما ,مج تام
ان the reuriva ts milied padoterwic. Ovusider the
Methane ۲
Reaction chamber | اك
(Back yard compost pile) = [--® Hs
أ ييه
Reactants f Products,
Ta= 298K Quet Tp=298K
atm am ديم
he چا مج موی
C+2H,~ CH,
he couservotiva oP euerqy Por a steady-Aow oowbustica provess i
Ey = Fe
Que سمل = Apes
سب - مسج Que
a
صفحه 18:
NA ۸۷-۰ 2 <بب
مک سكم
Que = Mey, - (UR, + 2.)
ty ented موه هگ تاه تجگ ota Por far وا مت ۵
۱ روف oP the اه or الط سا جیورت اه با to be LBRO ot
66-0 )66© K) al dcr (or 0.0 060۰
Que =U, - (MO) + 2(0))
35
‘Phe het ranePer te oiled the wabsdpy oP Poreata Por eto, . Phe Biperscrt (0)
skis, te veut Doble 0600 سم the (icy pressure uchue wed the subsoriet (A) سايم
9۵9۴
Prow the ele weds ot COO K, 0.0 OP a, heat is given oPP (at یی the Porsvotiva of رهظ
exvherwir rewioa) suck trot
- 74,950 -= 4
Que =F oy, Tol,
06
صفحه 19:
tobukated Por typicdl oxcopoueds. The euthralpy oP Poracticc of the ک
of Porsaiiza of the phere Pood رولله ۳
06
Ep kJ/kmol
-110,530
-241,820
-285,830
-74,850
+226,730
-84,680
-103,850
M
28.
18
16
26
30
44
۲۳ verd مایا ۳
Formu
la
0,
Ny
co,
co
H,Ova
H,Oliq
CH,
CH,
CoH,
C3Hs
Substance
Air
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Carbon
monoxide
Water (vapor)
Water (liquid)
Methane
‘Acetylene
Ethane
Propane
‘Whe ectsdpy of مش
tewedts tt thet- stuble Por ts tokeo us zerv.
اه ,واه تم و راهم us oiroyes, oxyyes, ood hydeoges, i deProed to be cer. Nhe
عه ued io the سوام(
صفحه 20:
0 or rehereuce odled the eos of
Formic. “Nhe euhdpy of Porecion tr he hed eeeber required to Por the compre Pr
مهد d OS'O (PP ) or COO K (GO? R), Cate. Phe euhdhy اه روت و
جم مجني جا مهوت
Fhe. = Fe
h=h; +(h,- B’)
جو حية تلا بیس اف سا مب با له
tewperttes Tod O80 (KC cat be Pourd tt Tables (0-10 trough 0-OS. IP tables are ot
vvottable, the euthalpy PP: مخ انلس با كناك هت با تا سل
(0-299 ۲ ید(
Pave
cord ov he okseind ok ooxvedtioa, ke vet heu ine Per to he جات syote جا
Que = Hp- A
= ۶ ۸۷۲+) رل( 2 NU +(B,- By],
مک مه
[4
هه
صفحه 21:
19-7 سس
۲ burced ta theoretic acs show below. (Pied the cet heat trowePer per
Pot. جه اس
Fuel Combustion
Chamber ملع
Theoretical
One Products 2۳
Reactants 5 p= 1000 K
Tp = 298 K Pe= tam
e=1atm
موه Ockored coh stiva
CA, + 65(O, +376 N)>
4CO, +5 H,O+ 24.44 N,
ix او ما لوو جا"
Que = Hp Hy
= SNB+G,- )),- YN +G,- BY,
2 ee
eq
صفحه 22:
Rewrnts: Ty, = ©
Comp N, re 3 Re | NUAP +(h,- BY),
kmol/ ملد | ملد | 0 kj/kmol fuel
kmol fuel kmol
C,H, [1 -126,150 |~ ~ -126,150
6.5 0 8,682 8,682 |0
24.44 0 8,669 8,669 0
17, < 210+) ۳
Rens
4
-- 4م1261
11113ك1 dal C,H
Com N, re hy, كير |NIh?+(h,- By)
م | kmoy | /kmol | kj/xmol | زد | kj/kmol fuel
kmol fuel kmol
co, |4 -393,520 [42,769 | 9,364 |-1,440,460
HO 5 “241,820 [35,882 | 9,904 |-1,079,210
N, [2444 0 30,129 | 8,669 | +524,482
صفحه 23:
"M1.
H,= ۱۷
mee
7
<- 10951882
مه هه
Qa =Hp- Hp
- سل و1۵00
‘kml C,H
و و۲ و سل
ام ولا جوم امین و ارت وا لو با مهوت ۳
wadicbatcdly is oolled the odtabutc Pace tewopercure.
@xavpe 16-0
Dignad ort Oo Ws (a) t buraed wk POO percedl heoreicd ar. (Pied he odabat Pro
مات هو he rewknts rar ot COO (K, 0.0 OP a, oad he pokes bw of 0.0.
eo
صفحه 24:
Products
Pe =0.1MPa
Combustion
Chamber
Quer =O
Tul الج
Cis
400% + ——>}
Th. air
Reactants
T= 298K
Pp=0.1 MPa
he coxebustion equation
GH + 4(125) (0, +376.N,)
8 00, + 375 0, + 9 H,O+188 N,
چا و ما یرجه ۳
Que = Hp بلط
Nth? + (hp- 2°), و -راكة )+۷2 2 =
مک مک
=0 (Adiabatic Combustion)
Phu, We = Wy Por odkbote cob ston. De ceed ty oobve this equation Por Tp.
or
صفحه 25:
Chace the tewperctire oP the ews 900 1, ) بو (2 0
ع بل < ۷
Rats
=1(- 249,950) + 4(125)(0) + 4(12.5)(376)(0)
7
-- 2950 _
‘kal C,H,
(Ginee the produets ore of the oddbatic Pace tewoperctire, T,, > C90 0)
H,= S ۸۷2۲+) - بل(
—
<-00- 393 520+ - م9364
+ 9) 241,820+ ,و - 9904),,.,
+37.5(0+ By, - 8682),
+188(0+ F, - 8669) y,
=(- 7,443 845+ 8h, co, + Ih, 0
+375 +188h, ی
صفحه 26:
ات مر Draw, set
ره مر + وير 9 + NB, = 8B, co, ©
مامه
7193895
Noy dl prikots behave the D,, ord he unkubrates Peron Revver? وی و
۰ ۳ رد مومت با مس
25 بر 24257
_ 7 29,6655= بر Ti,
‘inl N, نت
T, =985K
]0 wend 1,0 we trite uses oc hue spery hous grader thos dubs
رم he wh ewpercvre wil be someukd kor har OOO K. Ty Ty = OOO K ocd
2
N. Beox Brox
و60 8 40,607 45
1,0 9 34,274 | 3
0 5 29,991 | 45
N, 8 28,826 1
vain 72 7,177,5 6
79 2
و
صفحه 27:
ques! T, = GOO K. اسهد
موه مه
| t& burued wik excess oir. Phe adubotic Pare teopercture & G00 (
theo the rears rer ot C90 (K, 0.0 Oa, and he products rave of D.DPs. Okt
perved excess ur ts supphed?
co,
Fuel اب Combustion oO
CeHi(liq) Chamber pir?
Excess ——P} 24
a Products
Reactants Tr=960K
Pp= 0.1 MPa
be the excess oir) theo pobustion equatice i ) سا
GH + (1+ A\(125) (O, +376.N) >
N, ۸125370 +1 +0 0+9 1254+ 00 8
صفحه 28:
“Dhe sted Pow heot inemPer جا
Que = Hp- Hp
= 2۶ 2۷2+) بل( 2 212۲+) FY),
ار هر
=0 (Adiabatic combustion)
ere, oker he iopertires اه ی موه odiiwewe. ‘Dhe prockes sq sorte
souwbers ore vob but are Puariccs oF th ant oF excess air, DB. ‘Th وا رو
ارو ها موی ۳ B.
A=3
امسوم (9000© رجا ct surried.
سس 0
ا
ما بای 0 جر he Buel و ماه موم نارامج جما مجامج 666 ٩ مه هب امن of
00
حا مصاسيب بوماسجارسجت ج115
GH, + (1+ A)(5) (0, +376N)>
3CO,+5A0,+4 H,O+ (1+ A(5(376) N,
همه
صفحه 29:
where 0B is the vokue oP excess و امد و
‘Dhe steady-Plow heat trocePer جا
Que = Hp- Ae
= ۶ 2۸۷۲+) ب(ظ )+2۷2۲ 2 ملظ
سکم مه
=0 (Adiabatic combustion)
Percent Adiabatic Flame
Excess Air Temp. K
0 2459.3
20 2191.9
50 1902.5
100 1587.1
217 1200
صفحه 30:
] oP Reaction ont Cubdpy of بس جاسم
he را وه رجف روت سوت he prockirte ond reucknis ore of he ما
ci اس جر مها وا تج و بووین بط )روت in سل
of راهطا oP روا لس ها مه وتات با لبود
0 هو امس راصح اف هجوت تاه سل وه و الط سا موه امین
mr 290 ۰
Ti, =Hp- Hy, when T, =T,=25°C=298K
< 2 2۷ & NE,
سکم که
ص04 بجهجراك
Dhe جذ اص خا ن خا , راك حفطس يوقا the ubschie ude of he euulpy of cowbustiva or just he
ای که باه ع خه مشب
7۳۲-۲
‘he bwer leuk vole, DLO, he heute دحب wheu wer appears os .ففصم ححا وا حي هن
- 1 with HO, in products
LHV=|R|
هه
صفحه 31:
۳ اه امس چم توت اه اون بل جد لحك ناهج صا بش یط Puet supplied to the
ی ساسا
(Dhe higher keutay voue, LO, ts the keottoy vohue uhieo uvcter appears os ot bputd tor the
products.
HHV =|R| =- Ti, with H,Qjqua in products
(Zhe higher heutac votue ts oPtec used os the ocozunt oP eer per het of Puet supplied to te
مججو power pyre.
Gee Table (0-0'P Por the heute, values oP Pues of OG°O. Ont thot the heatoy لا و لین
wits P lly oF Purl. (De cvuliply the beted hector wake by the sch P the Port to
مسا مس yoke it ucts oP kul/eel oP Purl.
(he higher ond lower keattog, voues are retited by the oeezunt oP water Porced رد the
cowbustivg process und the ruby oP vaporization of vate of the tecpercuire.
HAV = LHV+ Nioligizo
60
صفحه 32:
Grrope 0
1 روت of اه یه ماه Opes سامت لعج طلست 6060© ف proche
صمت اهنا تاه سل ما نها ع لاس۲ 6,600,686 جر
1 متروالمياة حبرو 11ت بروور
لمع H,O
suena ome HP 00
ف
‘aml CHa
نوو “م ونج قلطت يبر الق1
47 =
.__=— )41,382 -5,104752(=
‘aml Cs
4
kal GA sig
=5,104, 752.
=5, 063,370.
Oem pou empha why LO, <LLO,,?
هه
صفحه 33:
وله م6 له
©06-1 ]
۵ )اه مت herd Oo Ws sar od COO perced لیوا مه ,66:0 و مه
poop btely faa coed eyetew (a boob) oad i come to IO (Pied bee heat raxePer Brow
Woe
Rigid
Le
+
— container
he syste ond جوم لا مرو
1 kmol Css ee
200% excess air
W., =0 (Rigid container)
Ug = Hp —(PV) p —(Hp—(PV)3)
Ip — Hz —((PV)p— (PV a)
صفحه 34:
ی ال و سلجم له مت عم مجو)
PV=NRT
a= Hy Hy] ر2 Nar
Prods Rescate
= DN Map +(Uip-h°)- RT],
Paes
— DN Mh? + dip) RTI,
he bokraged cowbustio equatica Por COO pervect excess (QOO percent thepretica) oir عا
Gig + (3125) (O, + 376.N,) >
8 CO, +25 0,+9H,0+141 N,
of
صفحه 35:
Qu =8(- 393520+ 53848- 9364- 8314(1200)) co,
+9(- 241,820+ 44,380- 9904- 8314(1200)) 1,0
+25(0+ 38,447- 8682- 8314(1200)) ب
+141(0+ 36,777- 8669- 8314(1200)) j,
~ 1(- 208,450+ fica - A? - 8314)298(( يدي
- 375(0+8682- 8682- 8314(298)) بن
- 141(0+ 8669- 8669- 8314(298))
_
dam! CH
dike products we eco coh و
111 2 71۷
BY, = NRT
<- 1 0۶
Do Pied the Piel pressure, we
صفحه 36:
where state (ts the state oP the wixture oP the reactants bePore the cowbustiog process urd state
8 bp he otete of the witture of the proc Pier ther یا 5 takes place. (ote trot he
بو و خن واه ای ant equal to the total oles oP products.
BY, _NRE
Py NRE
bu O, =O,
ati 183kmol products \{ 1200 K
= Latm| سس
1795kmol reactants )\ ۶
=41latm
os}
صفحه 37:
Lav Oude oP Rewtay Optews موق
ارو kaw Por te ope تمیق
Mass reservoir, | Ni, Ne | Mass reservoir,
component / a ‘component ¢
1 3 7
system a ۳
9 1
Surroundings
۱ ولا رو retoives developed io Chapter Pare equal uppiicable to لمم تعمجت عامجا
موه موی provided that he euiropies oF fodvidud cvosttucais are evokrated property
wien, 0 ooero busts.
oP heal tracsPer to be tothe systes, the airopy baker rekiiod oo be متس the positive بل
جاوما موه نومه و و( لو
S.- Soa Syn 28S y (WH ارم
1
صفحه 38:
۱
20 بويك - ورك - مسد مرق
1” جداموج ف موه موه و اه روت عا ما واه جو جملا اد نيا لحل جا
zen tewperdure is zerv. (Nhe third law provides a power base Por the eairopy oF oll
substraves, ced the pulropy voles nebaive to this base ane ouhed the ubsrhite euiropy.
(he ided-qus tobles bet the ubevlute ratropy vdhues over a wide rocge of tecoperctures but ot
Proed pressure oP (P, = (akv. Obschite euiropy udves ut ther pressures (P Por cay
tesopercture “Pore deterwtced Prow
ATP)=9(TB)- Rink [Up | Ueel-K)]
۳ ها موی oo tdedbyos widure, the obschite roiropy ooo be writes جد
[10- اسل | هذ مرج - رط :8")3- :33
there يي tr the tod
pressure of the winture fa امس
و
صفحه 39:
9 سم
۵ سفنت of viene cee Op /L, ud omen ecters روف اه امه سوام و ۰
| Ose unrkn cowl powb mia, does he provese vibkte
he sevred kaw?
CH. |] co,
ات
Reacting
Or system > 1,0
ان
1 20 م7 >
Pe=latn 1 سا Pp= 1 atm
Surroundings
Tange = 28°C
Dhe bokrared cob سوم جد سوم
CH,+350,~ 2C0,+3H,O
هه
صفحه 40:
Dhe conte Pronicos Por the neartocts ocd the products are
Qow colrukte the todvidual cowprord euiropies.
(Por the reurtodt quses!
P.
Fay Poa) = Fa PoP) Rn
1
=|229.49-8314In| 45] |__= ___
14 | | kmoley,-K
17
:
۳
len, K
=242
صفحه 41:
50, (T. Po,) = 58, (I, B.)— R,
| 20503 -8.314 In] wT: mE
بل رود
واه
Sear = 3 NS
ce
=1(242.0) + 35(207.11)
1
=9669__7 __
ير عامط -K
eq
صفحه 42:
(Por the product anes?
Sco, (L. Feo,) = Sco, (PF) R, In
2
0 3
=|26356-83141q S| |_7_
1Aim | |kiolco,
ky
-277] 2 __
kolo, -K
oT. P,)-
صفحه 43:
2 مگ
بت
)232.6( + )2(2712=
ب و20 -
۱11
process is ام(
4 5 دِ 1
0 رم 9589 2-2 یگ لمق
4 ۳
% ع Ty
Qow te Pied the euiropy chooge due ty heat trocsPer wis the sunvurrdoce. (Nhe اه
oreer vice oP paar Por the oooirdl oh
Ques =Hp- He
< بل( )+ 2۷10۲ کر - رل( )+2۷ و
ets
مه
6م
صفحه 44:
م9364 -37,405 +393520 -)2- مورا
ور (9904 -31,828 +241,820 -3 +
Foe Bang 2148204 =
8682)o, -35(0+8682 ~
۳ =
چگ 130610
سك 4
2106 7
roid یی
© +25) 2
4 55
کل اصدوز ل
ee
صفحه 45:
Dke eciropy yecerated by جا موم مطتصطمه ع
733—(-4383)) ست
لقي امرز
= 465637 __
kmol C,H, °K
] 2D, the severed kaw i ot viokted.