All about spacecraft and spaceflight

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Exploring the Solar System: all about spacecraft/spaceflight I. How can we explore the Solar System? - types of space missions II. How do we get there? - launch & orbits - gravity assist - fuel/propulsion III. Onboard Systems - everything but the kitchen sink... eros) CCU ROkO Ma 0 

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. Planetary flyby 8 ‏ل"‎ ‎\_ trajectory a 1 ١ 14 0 Flyby Missions usually the first phase of exploratio (remember Mars & Mariner 4? spacecraft following continuous orl - around the Sun - escape trajectory (heading off into deep space) eros) CCU ROkO Ma 

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mous Example: VOYAGER 2 - launch 1977 with VOYAGER 1 - flew by Jupiter in 1979 - Saturn in 1980/1981 - Uranus (V2) in 1986 - Neptune in 1989 i’ - will continue to interstellar space - study of interplanetary space ‏مم‎ 0 - data expected until 2020 ‏ع‎ 

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ther Flyby examples: Underway: Stardust Comet return missio’ - launched in 1999 - interstellar dust collection - asteroid Annefrank flyby - Comet encounter (Jan 2004) - Earth/sample return (Jan 2006) 

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Future flyby: Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission - to be launched in January 200 - swing by Jupiter (gravity assist - fly by Pluto & moon Charon in - then head into Kuiper Belt reg (tons of solar system deb: - to study objects that are like P 6 يعدا .0.0 0 - مر او 06 بدت وه 

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2. Orbiter Spacecraft Orbit insertion * designed to travel to distant planet & enter into orbit around planet “وتيا وت ۱ * must carry substantial pla propulsion (fuel) capacity has to withstand: - staying in the ‘dark’ for periods of ‏نا‎ ۱ ‏ال ا‎ T8CTB CET) - staying out of touch with Earth for periods of time * usually the second phase of ‏حمتام‌ولموبه‎ er eee ato 5 

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- why would a mission to Jupiter be called Galileo? - launched in 1989 aboard Atlantis Space Shuttle - entered into Jupiter’s orbit in 1995 - highly successful study of Jupiter & its moons 

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ار ۱۱ - collect data about the atmosphere of a planet or planet’s - usually piggy back on a bigger craft - needs no propulsion of its own - takes direct measurements of atmosphere - usually is destroyed; rest of spacecraft continues its mis ixample: Pr VNC COMME Laity itera Cem 0 و3 وه 06 بدت وه 

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53 Probe Mission Events ها 10-7 ,016 0) 71 cS re eel Ore He ee) Cee eee ny Ca Te To) 

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. Lander Spacecraft - designed to reach surface of a planet/body - survive long enough to transmit data back to Earth - small, chemical experiments possible Mars Viking Lander Many Successful Examples: - Mars Viking Landers - Venus Lander - Moon Landers (with humans!) - سره له ©0 رت 66 

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Example: NEAR Asteroid Rendevous Mission fly to a nearby asteroid: Eros - 1-2 AU orbit around Sun Near-Earth Asteroid Eros ~ twice size of NYC 

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Penetrator Spacecraft - designed to penetrate the surface of a planet/body - must survive the impact of many times the gravity on | - measure properties of impacted surface No Currently Successful Examples: - Deep Space 2 (lost with Mars Polar Lander) But more to come in future: - “Ice Pick” Mission to Jupiter’s Moon Europa - “Deep Impact” Mission to a Comet eros) CCU ROkO Ma ae 

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Rover Spacecraft - electrically powered, mobile rovers - mainly designed for exploration of Mars’ surface - purposes: taking/analyzing samples with possibility of r - Pathfinder was test mission - now being heavily develor Mars Pathfinder Mars Exploration Rovers 

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۱ n Earth orbit (or at Lagrange points JASA’s “Great Observatories”: Been Mae Olay) - Chandra (X-ray) SOHO - 51۳71 ‏(0عبه‌ظم)‎ ‎- Compton (gamma-rays) arge, complex scientific instruments Same AU ALO BIN TAariseL-yeTR Mew ee tad lesigned to last > 5-10 years 952 te SIRTF (near-IR) Chandra (X-ray) 2 0 - سس ۵ 6۵ 

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1. First must leave the Earth’s surface ده ماصذ "عجیممعع اقا gets an initial boost via rocket (0 go into Earth’s orbit - needs an acceleration of 5 miles/sec during orbit, you sometimes 1eed to adjust height of orbit oy increasing/decreasing energy: practically: firing onboard rocke تسین ۱۱۱۵۱ a speed of 19,000 miles/hr will keep craft in orbit around Eay| 

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using LEAST amount of CORREA so aaves a 533 0b toh 2. To get to an outer orbit: Mars spacecraft already in orbit (around Sun) ‘TRANSFER ORBIT APHELION COINCIDES WITH MARS ORBIT need to adjust the orbit - boost via rocket - ) that the spacecraft gets transferred from arth’s orbit around Sun to Mars’ orbit around put you want spacecraft to intercept Mars on| ‏انطاه "کرج]‎ بر مج هقی رای وت رات ‎AT TRANSFER ORBIT PERIHELION‏ to be captured by Mars - must decelerate to LAND on Mars - must decelerate further & se brakingomechanism ‏بسر سساد8.‎ - 00. 0.0 a 6 

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ing LEAST it of ‏ا‎ so saves a 533 to bo toh 3. To get to an inner orbit: Venus pacecraft already in orbit (around Sun) on Ea ieed to adjust the orbit once off Earth to head ۱۷۵۲05 ۲۵ ‏عناجه۷‎ nstead of SLOWING down (you'd fall to Earth)| u use reverse motion in your solar orbit, effec ywing down to land on Venus’ orbit yut you want spacecraft to intercept Venus on ‏ل‎ natter of timing: small window every 19 months 66 ‏هه يسنا .0.0 :10 - مسر سساو 06 به‎ 

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using LEAST amount of 10۷ 0 ۲۷۰ 9۰ 33 i 4. Gravity Assist 1 use the law of gravity to help spacecraft 61 ‏ت۱۱ غتده تاعطتصيظ دعتتاعة تمع ط]‎ yager: its trajectory was aimed at ge} piter’s orbit just after Jupiter yager was gravitationally attracted tq ay cs f er, and fell in towards Jupiter sists ۱ ‏أأصة عوهتزه/آ ترط‎ ‘al energy decreased slightly 1 Voyager had more energy than waq led to stay in orbit around Jupiter, a1 propelled outward! 66 ‏ما00 ۳ - مسر سساو 06 مه‎ 60 eated at Saturn & Uranus 

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At what speeds are these things traveling through space? ۱۷:۱۱ ‏عه 605همه5 اكمعععع م5 أوة2256‎ ound 20 km per second (72,000 km per/t i example, is now moving wards from the solar system at a speed o km per second. At this rate, it would e 85,000 years to reach the nearest star p00 human generations! Soe corerite ne Tonics Cb cero ‏هم‎ 1/10th of the velocity of light, it would take a minimum of 40 years or so to reach our nearest star. 66 يعدا .0.0 0 - مر او 06 بدت وه 

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‎so aaves a 333 to bios‏ موب و ول ‎5. Concerns about energy sources ‎- traditional energy boost: chemical thrusters ‎- most of energy is provided on launch - very costly! especially for large, heavy, complex instruments ‎- a few times per year spacecraft fires short bursts from its thrusters to make adjustments ‎- mostly free falling in orbit, coasting to destination ‏وه يعدا .0.0 0 - مر او 06 بدت وه 

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‎sr‏ مد مه ما ‎5. The Future: Ion Propulsion ‎- Xenon atoms are made of protons (+) and electrons (-) ‎- bombard a gas with electrons (-) to c charge ‎- creates a build up of IONS (+) ‎ ‎- use magnetic field to direct charged ‎- the IONS are accelerated out the back of craft ‏لك ‎0 9 ‎this pushes the foresee To Moers direction 

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Xenon gas) enters pipe lectron fenon atom ‏ست‎ Direction Xenon ion of thrust * to operate the ion system, use SOLAR panels * sometimes called solar-electric propulsion * can push a spacecraft up to 10x that of chemical propulsion * very gentle - best for slow accelerations مه ات0 0 - مر وت 09 ‎Gr‏ 29 

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HISTORY of ION PROPULSION * first ion propulsion engine - built in 1960 * over 50 years in design/development at NASA * very new technology * has been used successfully on test mission: Deep Space 1 06 بدت وه 

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- launched 27 September 2003 (Saturday) حمتععنصط ۷۵2۲ 2-2.5 - - will study lunar geochemistry - search for ice at south Lunar pole - **testing/proving of ion propulsion drives!** 1 2-2 يسما 6.6 0 - وم ‎ae‏ 

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1. data handling 2. flight control telecommuni glectrical po 

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Time & Money Considerations nning for a new spacecraft - plans start about ~10 years before projected launch da’ - must make through numerous hurdles/reviews - very competitive: 1/10-25 average acceptance rate ! (circa 2000) - total NASA budget (2000) was $13 bil c Assumptions for design/development of small craft: ار ‎‘launch: $50M + $10M per AU + $10M per instrument‏ ‎mission operations: $10M / month‏ speed: 3 months per AU of distance 6 روط عصصنا عمط وعهمعمصذ همه 51003۸ 2808 رتصمصصههز آعصهتتق8ه زد ‎(e.g., for four instruments, double the travel time)‏ + کاصمصصعصز تقممتاتق0ه ممط وق صاصنمی صومللط ۵۶ بعم‌هه1 , ,(0حمبووط و عمننمدل) حتوذوتر5 سهاه5 «وغناه عط ما وصزمن 6- ‎which,count as one instrument.‏ من 

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Exploring the Solar System: all about spacecraft/spaceflight I. How can we explore the Solar System? - types of space missions II. How do we get there? - launch & orbits - gravity assist - fuel/propulsion III. Onboard Systems - everything but the kitchen sink… 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 1 . Flyby Missions usually the first phase of exploration (remember Mars & Mariner 4?) spacecraft following continuous orbit - around the Sun - escape trajectory (heading off into deep space) 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 2 amous Example: VOYAGER 2 - launch 1977 with VOYAGER 1 flew by Jupiter in 1979 Saturn in 1980/1981 Uranus (V2) in 1986 Neptune in 1989 will continue to interstellar space study of interplanetary space particles (Van Allen) data expected until 2020 Clouds on Neptune 29 Sept 03 Solar System Interplanetary - Dr. C.C. Lang Space & the Solar Wind 3 Other Flyby examples: Underway: Stardust Comet return mission - 29 Sept 03 launched in 1999 interstellar dust collection asteroid Annefrank flyby Comet encounter (Jan 2004) Earth/sample return (Jan 2006) Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 4 Future flyby: Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission - to be launched in January 2006 - swing by Jupiter (gravity assist*) - fly by Pluto & moon Charon in 2015 - then head into Kuiper Belt region (tons of solar system debris) - to study objects that are like Pluto 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 5 2. Orbiter Spacecraft • designed to travel to distant planet & enter into orbit around planet • must carry substantial propulsion (fuel) capacity has to withstand: - staying in the ‘dark’ for periods of time - extreme thermal variations - staying out of touch with Earth for periods of time • usually the second phase of exploration 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 6 Famous Example: Galileo - why would a mission to Jupiter be called Galileo? launched in 1989 aboard Atlantis Space Shuttle entered into Jupiter’s orbit in 1995 highly successful study of Jupiter & its moons Burned up in Jupiter’s atmosphere last week! 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 7 Atmospheric Spacecraft - relatively short mission collect data about the atmosphere of a planet or planet’s usually piggy back on a bigger craft needs no propulsion of its own takes direct measurements of atmosphere usually is destroyed; rest of spacecraft continues its miss Example: Galileo’s atmospheric probe 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 8 Example: Galileo’s atmospheric probe - traveled with Galileo for nearly six years - took five months from release to contact with atmosphere - collected 1 hour’s data IN Jupiter’s atmosphere 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 9 . Lander Spacecraft - designed to reach surface of a planet/body - survive long enough to transmit data back to Earth - small, chemical experiments possible Mars Viking Lander Many Successful Examples: - Mars Viking Landers - Venus Lander - Moon Landers (with humans!) 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 10 Example: NEAR Asteroid Rendevous Mission fly to a nearby asteroid: Eros – 1-2 AU orbit around Sun Near-Earth Asteroid Eros 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang ~ twice size of NYC 11 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 12 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 13 . Penetrator Spacecraft - designed to penetrate the surface of a planet/body - must survive the impact of many times the gravity on E - measure properties of impacted surface No Currently Successful Examples: - Deep Space 2 (lost with Mars Polar Lander) But more to come in future: - “Ice Pick” Mission to Jupiter’s Moon Europa - “Deep Impact” Mission to a Comet 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 14 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 15 Rover Spacecraft - electrically powered, mobile rovers mainly designed for exploration of Mars’ surface purposes: taking/analyzing samples with possibility of re Pathfinder was test mission – now being heavily develop Mars Pathfinder 29 Sept 03 Mars Exploration Rovers Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 16 . Observatory Spacecraft n Earth orbit (or at Lagrange points) NASA’s “Great Observatories”: - Hubble (visible) Chandra (X-ray) SIRTF (infrared) Compton (gamma-rays) SOHO arge, complex scientific instruments - up to 10-20 instruments on board designed to last > 5-10 years SIRTF (near-IR) 29 Sept 03 Chandra (X-ray) Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 17 using LEAST amount of fuel – saves big $$$ to be ligh How do we get there? 1. First must leave the Earth’s surface - must ‘escape’ into orbit - gets an initial boost via rocket to go into Earth’s orbit – needs an acceleration of 5 miles/sec - during orbit, you sometimes need to adjust height of orbit by increasing/decreasing energy: - practically: firing onboard rocket thrusters - a speed of 19,000 miles/hr will keep in orbit around Earth 29 Septcraft 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 18 using LEAST amount of fuel – saves big $$$ to be light How do we get there? 2. To get to an outer orbit: Mars spacecraft already in orbit (around Sun) need to adjust the orbit – boost via rocket – o that the spacecraft gets transferred from arth’s orbit around Sun to Mars’ orbit around Sun but you want spacecraft to intercept Mars on Mars’ orbit matter of timing: small window every 26 months to be captured by Mars – must decelerate to LAND on Mars – must decelerate further & 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang se braking mechanism 19 using LEAST amount of fuel – saves big $$$ to be light How do we get there? 3. To get to an inner orbit: Venus spacecraft already in orbit (around Sun) on Earth need to adjust the orbit once off Earth to head wards to Venus nstead of SLOWING down (you’d fall to Earth), ou use reverse motion in your solar orbit, effectively owing down to land on Venus’ orbit but you want spacecraft to intercept Venus on enus’ orbit matter of timing: small window every 19 months 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 20 using LEAST amount of How do we get there? fuel – saves big $$$ to be light 4. Gravity Assist n use the law of gravity to help spacecraft pel themselves further out in the SS yager: its trajectory was aimed at getting upiter’s orbit just after Jupiter yager was gravitationally attracted to ter, and fell in towards Jupiter piter was “tugged on” by Voyager and its tal energy decreased slightly n Voyager had more energy than was ded to stay in orbit around Jupiter, and propelled outward! 29 Sept 03 peated at Saturn & Uranus Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 21 At what speeds are these things traveling through space? The currently fastest spacecraft speeds are around 20 km per second (72,000 km per/h For example, Voyager 1 is now moving outwards from the solar system at a speed of 16 km per second. At this rate, it would take 85,000 years to reach the nearest star -3,000 human generations! Even assuming that we could reach a speed of 1/10th of the velocity of light, it would still take a minimum of 40 years or so to reach our nearest star. 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 22 using LEAST amount of fuel – saves big $$$ to be light How do we get there? 5. Concerns about energy sources - traditional energy boost: chemical thrusters - most of energy is provided on launch – very costly! especially for large, heavy, complex instruments - a few times per year spacecraft fires short bursts from its thrusters to make adjustments - mostly free falling in orbit, coasting to destination 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 23 using LEAST amount of How do we get there? fuel – saves big $$$ to be light 5. The Future: Ion Propulsion - Xenon atoms are made of protons (+) and electrons (-) - bombard a gas with electrons (-) to change charge - creates a build up of IONS (+) - use magnetic field to direct charged particles - the IONS are accelerated out the back of craft 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang - this pushes the craft in the opposite direction 24 • to operate the ion system, use SOLAR panels • sometimes called solar-electric propulsion • can push a spacecraft up to 10x that of chemical propulsion • very gentle – best for slow accelerations 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 25 HISTORY of ION PROPULSION • • • • first ion propulsion engine – built in 1960 over 50 years in design/development at NASA very new technology has been used successfully on test mission: Deep Space 1 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 26 Europe’s Lunar Explorer: Smart 1 Probe - launched 27 September 2003 (Saturday) 2-2.5 year mission will study lunar geochemistry search for ice at south Lunar pole **testing/proving of ion propulsion drives!** 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 27 Onboard Systems on Most Spacecraft: Galileo 1. data handling 2. flight control telecommunications 4.03 electrical power shields 29 Sept Solar System5. - Dr.particle C.C. Lang temperature control 3. 6. 28 Time & Money Considerations nning for a new spacecraft - plans start about ~10 years before projected launch dat - must make through numerous hurdles/reviews - very competitive: 1/10-25 average acceptance rate s! (circa 2000) – total NASA budget (2000) was $13 bil ic Assumptions for design/development of small craft: f spacecraft and design: $50M f launch: $50M + $10M per AU + $10M per instrument f mission operations: $10M / month speed: 3 months per AU of distance ry additional instrument, add $100M and increase travel time by 25% (e.g., for four instruments, double the travel time) , lander, or balloon counts as two additional instruments. re going to the outer Solar System (Jupiter or beyond), 29 Sept Solarbatteries, System - Dr. C.C. Lang count as one instrument. 29 you03 must add plutonium which This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching. 29 Sept 03 Solar System - Dr. C.C. Lang 30