Ancient India

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Middle East Russian Federation Bhutan Pokistan Nepal [ i ۰ .., Ancient India“: 00 — 5.۶, ‏هاعظ‎ Bay of Benge) fodian Ocean Andaman Sea SH Lanka Maldives 

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‎am glo)‏ را ایا ‎and Sanskrit the mother of Europe's‏ ‎languages.‏ ‎India was the mother of our philosophy,‏ ‎of much of our mathematics, of the ideals‏ ‎embodied in christianity... of self-government‏ .لاع قاع 0 لاع 0 0 ‎ys, Mother India is the mother of 1. ‎۳۷/۱۱9/61۹ ‎- American Historian 1885-1981 ‎ ‎ 

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e Indians, who ۱, ۷۷۱۵0۱۷۲ ۷۳۱۵ ۵۹-۸( ل 

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Astrology and astronomy Astrology and astronomy were archaically one and the same discipline (Latin: astrologia), and were only gradually recognized as separate in Western 17th century philosophy(the “Age of Reason"). Since the 18th century they have come to be regarded as completely separate disciplines 

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Astronomy: the study of objects and phenomena originating beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is a science and is a widely- studied academic discipline. Astrology: which uses the apparent positions of celestial objects as the basis for psychology, prediction of future events, and other esoteric knowledge, is not a science and is typically defined as a form of كت 

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India's Contribution to - ASTRONOMY 

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“In India | found a race of mortals living upon the Earth. but not adhering to it. Inhabiting cities, but not being fixed to them, possessing everything but possessed by nothing". - Apollonius Tyanaeus Greek Thinker and Traveller 1st Century AD 0 V4 1 

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In India the first references to astronomy are to be found in the Rig Veda which is dated around 2000 B.C The Calculation of Eclipses And The : Earth's Circumference_ ~The Heliocentric Theory ‘of Gravitation 

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‎telnet LALA‏ كلط1ة ‎siddhantika (Five Principles) dated‏ ‎around the 5th century. This text‏ ‎graphically shows how eclipses are to‏ غ«اع كلطغ 5بط1 .ل0عئنقابءالةء عط عمع نوع للا اللا تارتین ‎Astronomers propounded nearly one‏ ‎thousand years later‏ ‏ورن ‎]۱ OTE: ‏ا و رت عب 3 ‎ere‏ ‏اخ ید بو ی درز مه 0000 ‎ 

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Astronomers 

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Lagadnz-1st millennium BCE) ۷ Th@earliest astronomical text—named Vedanga Jyotisa—dates back to around 1200 BCE, and details several astronomical attributes generally applied for timing social and religious events. The Vedanga Jyotisa also details astronomical calculations, calendrical studies, and establishes rules for empirical observation.Since the texts written by 1200 BCE were largely religious compositions the Vedanga Jyotisa has connections with Indian astrology and details several important aspects of the time and seasons, including lunar months, solar months, and their adjustment by a lunar leap month of Adhimasa. Ritus and Yugas are also described. Tripathi (2008) holds that ' Twenty- mm pm metealiniianne azelimnencs erumm niannte 

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Sarason Panchal SERRE Matsyate, 1 1 Sioa Kunti Kikata | _. An Map of northern India in the late Vedic period 

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۱201 ‏ارات‎ ‎on the grounds of .عصلط رفظ ناا Born 76 Died 550 Era Gupta era Region India ۲ math ‏اوالتان‎ 4 interests gstronom ۲ Aryabhati Major 3 works ۷2 ۵ siddhanta 

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Aryabhata was the author of the Aryabhatiya and the Aryabhatasiddhanta, which, according to Hayashi (2008): ‘circulated mainly in the northwest of India and, through the Sasanian dynasty (224-651) of Iran, had a profound influence on the development of Islamic astronomy. Its contents are preserved to some extent in the works of Varahamihira (flourished c. 550), Bhaskara | (flourished c. 629), Brahmagupta (598-c. 665), and others. It is one of the earliest astronomical works to assign the start of each day to midnight. 

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‘Aryabhata explicitly mentioned that the earth rotates about its axis, thereby causing what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars. Aryabhata also mentioned that reflected sunlight is the cause behind the shining of the moon. Ayrabhata's followers were particularly strong in South India, where his principles of the diurnal rotation of the earth, among others, were followed and a number of secondary works were based on them. 

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Brahmagupta (598-668 cE) Brahmasphuta-siddhanta (Correctly Established Doctrine of Brahma, 628 CE) dealt with both Indian mathematics and astronomy. Hayashi (2008) writes: 'It was translated into Arabic in Baghdad about 771 and had a major impact on Islamic mathematics and astronomy.' In Khandakhadyaka (A Piece Eatable, 665 CE) Brahmagupta reinforced Aryabhata's idea of another day beginning at midnight.Bahmagupta also calculated the instantaneous motion of a planet, gave correct equations for parallax, and some information related to the computation of eclipses. His works introduced Indian 

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Viewpoint A ۱ |__| [|_| Distant background Viewpoint B Viewpoint A Viewpoint B shift. When viewed from "Viewpoint A", the object appears to be in front of the blue square. When the viewpoint is changed to "Viewpoint B", the object 

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Distant stars لب ]~'Near star parallax motion ~ Parallax angle Near star Earth's motion around Sun Stellar parallax motion 

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Varahamihinaos ce) was an astronomer and mathematician who studied and Indian astronomy as well as the many principles of Greek, Egyptian, and Roman astronomical sciences. lM -eler-e (ele ar- aT). <o eet 1 Amel AT | compendium drawing from several knowledge systems. 

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Bhaskara(d29 ce) Authored the astronomical works Mahabhaskariya (Great Book of Bhaskara), Laghubhaskariya (Small Book of Bhaskara), and the Aryabhatiyabhashya (629 CE)—a commentary on the Aryabhatiya written by Aryabhata. Hayashi (2008) writes 'Planetary longitudes, heliacal rising and setting of the planets, conjunctions among the planets and stars, solar and lunar eclipses, and the phases of the Moon are among the topics Bhaskara ‎Oe oT LT)‏ اسر ور نواعت و ‎I's works were followed by Vatesvara (880 CE),‏ ‎who in his eight chapter Vatesvarasiddhanta‏ ‎devised methods for determining the parallax in‏ ‎longitude directly, the motion of the equinoxes‏ 

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Lallan century CE) Author of the 531111001111 (Treatise Which Expands the Intellect of Students), which corrects several assumptions of Aryabhata. The Sisyadhivrddhida of Lalla itself is divided into two parts: Grahadhyaya and Goladhyaya.Grahadhyaya (Chapter I-XIIl) deals with planetary calculations, determination of the mean and true planets, three problems pertaining to diurnal motion of Earth, eclipses, rising and setting of the planets, the various cusps of the moon, planetary and astral conjunctions, and complementary situations of the sun and the moon.The second part—titled Goladhyaya —deals with graphical representation of planetary motion, astronomical instruments, spherics, and emphasizes on corrections and rejection of flawed principles.Lalla shows 

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Bhaskara 114 ce) Authored Siddhantasiromani (Head Jewel of Accuracy) and Karanakutuhala (Calculation of Astronomical Wonders) and reported on his observations of planetary positions, conjunctions, eclipses, cosmography, geography, mathematics, and astronomical equipment used in his research at the observatory in Ujjain, which he headed. 

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‎er 1‏ ابوک ‎in the north)‏ ‎Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. ‎Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days 

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Using an astronomical model developed by Brahmagupta in the 7th century, Bhaskara accurately defined many astronomical quantities, including, for example, the length of the sidereal year, the time that is required for the Earth to orbit the Sun, as 365.2588 days which is same as in Suryasiddhanta. The modern accepted measurement is 365.2563 days, a difference of just 3.5 alae koe 

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۱۰۱ ‏و2۰‎ - c. 1000) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer, and the author of the Maha- Siddhanta. The numeral Il is given to him to distinguish him from the earlier and more influential Aryabhata I. 

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Sripatinoss ce) Sripati was a astronomer and mathematician who followed the Brhmagupta school and authored the Siddhantasekhara (The Crest of Established Doctrines) in 20 chapters, thereby introducing several new concepts, including moon's second ineuqlity. 

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Mahendra Subpin century ce) Mahendra Suri authored the Yantra-raja (The King of Instruments, written in 1370 CE)—a Sanskrit work on the astrolabe, itself introduced in India during the reign of the 14th century Tughlaq dynasty ruler Firuz Shah Tughlug (1351- 1388 CE). Suri seems to have been a Jain astronomer in the service of Firuz Shah Tughlug.The 182 verse Yantra-raja mentions the astrolabe from the first chapter onwards, and also presents a fundamental formula along with a numerical table for drawing an astrolabe although the proof itself has not been detailed.Longitudes of 32 stars as well as their latitudes have also been mentioned.Mahendra Suri also explained the Gnomon, equatorial co- ordinates, and elliptical co-ordinates. The works 

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Nilakantha Somayafi-1544 ce) In 1500, Nilakanthan Somayaji of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, in his Tantrasangraha, revised Aryabhata's model for the planets Mercury and Venus. His equation of the centre for these planets remained the most accurate until the time of Johannes Kepler in the 17th century.Nilakanthan Somayaji, in his Aryabhatiyabhasya, a commentary on Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya, developed his own computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model, in which Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the Earth, similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century. 

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Nilakantha's system, however, was mathematically more effient than the Tychonic system, due to correctly taking into account the equation of the centre and latitudinal motion of Mercury and Venus. Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics who followed him accepted his planetary model. He also authored a treatise titled Jyotirmimamsastressing the necessity and importance of astronomical observations to obtain correct parameters for computations. 

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۱۰۲۵۱۸۱۱ ‏وا و‎ ke) Sphutanirnaya (Determination of True Planets) details an elliptical correction to existing notions. Sohutanirnaya was later expanded to Rasigolasphutaniti (True Longitude Computation of the Sphere of the Zodiac).Another work, Karanottama deals with eclipses, complementary relationship between the sun and the moon, and 'the derivation of the mean and true planets'.In Uparagakriyakrama (Method of Computing Eclipses), Acyuta Pisarati suggests improvements in methods of calculation of eclipses. 

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THE END