CGS 2545: Database Concepts

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Cuterprise Outa Dodet * First step in database development * Specifies scope and general content * Overall picture of organizational data at high level of abstraction * Entity-relationship diagram ۰ Descriptions of entity types * Relationships between entities * Business rules 069 BGP: Dadwr Orwepe (Ober 9) 6-6 6 ‏ماسطاجو‎ 

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‎data wodel (Pice Ouley Purature‏ ی و موق ‎Cowprny) [stoped B-R degra]‏ ‎PRODUCT ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ORDER ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Enterprise data model describes the high-level entities in an organization and the relationship between these entities ‎Is contained in ‎ ‎CUSTOMER ‎ ‎Places ‎fs placed by ‎Contains ‎ ‎ORDER ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎069 BGP: Dadwr Orwepe (Ober 9) Pog O 6 ‏ماسطاجو‎ ‎ ‎ 

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* Conceptual blueprint for organization’s desired information systems structure * Consists of: - Data (e.g. Enterprise Data Model - simplified ER Diagram) - Processes - data flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc. - Data Network - topology diagram - People - people management using project management tools (Gantt charts, etc.) - Events and points in time (when processes are performed) - Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables) © مسا 60۸ & ‎٩( Com‏ م0 سس »0 :5666 069 

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بيذ چپ * A data-oriented methodology to create and maintain information systems Top-down planning: a generic IS planning methodology for obtaining a broad understanding of the IS needed by the entire organization Four steps to Top-Down planning: - Planning - Analysis - Design - Implementation 069 BGP: Dadwr Orwepe (Ober 9) Poe 6 6 ‏ماسطاجو‎ 

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‎Gpstews (Phacroicrey‏ سوه ‎Purpose: align information technology with organization’s business strategies Three steps: 1. Identify strategic planning factors a. Goals b. Critical success factors c. Problem areas 2. Identify corporate planning objects a. Organizational units b. Locations c. Business functions d. Entity types 3. Develop enterprise model a. Functional decomposition b. Entity-relationship diagram c. Planning matrices ‎ ‎ ‎069 BGP: Dadwr Orwepe (Ober 9) Poe 8 6 ‏ماسطاجو‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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یه( ره مس( رام * Organization goals - what we hope to accomplish * Critical success factors - what MUST work in order for us to survive ¢ Problem areas - weaknesses we now have © مسا 60۸ 2 ‎٩(‏ م0 سس »0 :5666 069 = 

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* Organizational units - departments * Organizational locations ٠ 211512655 functions - groups of business processes *Entity types - the things we are trying to model for the database *Information systems - application programs :6 ماسطا +0 6 )= )2 ‎(Okper‏ سس »0 :5566 069 

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Develop (Buterprise Oodel * Functional decomposition - The process of breaking down the functions of an organization into progressively greater levels of detail. * Enterprise data model - See page 3 (Figure 2-1, text page 38). ٠ Planning matrixes “an page 12 (Figure 2-3, text page 069 5566: 0» ‏سس‎ (Okper 2) aro 6 0+ ‏ماسطا‎ 6: ‘= 

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‎oP aa order PuPikoed Proton‏ متس پم چا پم ‎(Pre Ouky Purcte)‏ ‎Decomposition -- breaking large tasks ‎into smaller tasks in a hierarchical structure ‏سل ‎ ‎Ship customer orders ‎ ‎ ‎Order ‎fulfillment ‎ ‎Fill customer orders ‎ ‎ ‏سس ی 7ج 2ج سج ‎Create ‎backorder ‎& ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Check Createnew || Check product Create customer crecit customer availability invoioe Poe ID 6 0۷ ‏ماسطا‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Receive ‎sales order ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‏(6 جب:0)_ سین سوت :5666 069 ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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* Describe relationships between planning objects in the organization Types of matrixes: - Function-to-data entity: which data are useful to each function. - Location-to-function: which function is performed where. - Unit-to-function: which function is performed by which unit. - IS-to-data entity: how each IS interacts with each data entity. - IS-to-business objective: which IS supports each business objective. © ماسطا :0 6 10 ‎Poe‏ )2 )سس ده :5566 0069 

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3 Nelli) |. ۱ 98 ۲ 1 S13 2 Data Entity 8 05 als 8 2 Types 8۱ ‏و هه اک‎ 8|< Business 2 ‏کب‎ ks 2 | Function 5۱ ۵۱ 2 ‏2ج | < او و|‎ Casers) Ole le 6 |S ‏تعر نع قاع‎ Business Planning 2 | xX X Product Development xX X X Xx Materials Managemen: X X KXK ۹ Order Fulfillment X/| XX XN X X K x |Order Shipment x x 

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Two (@pprouhes to Database urd 15 Orvebpwect * SDLC ~ System Development Life Cycle - Detailed, well-planned development process - Time-consuming, but comprehensive - Long development cycle = Rapid Prototyping Rapid application development (RAD) - Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling. - Define database during development of initial prototype — Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with new prototype versions © ماسطاجو 6 9« )2 ‎(Okerer‏ بسن »0 :5666 069 

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Gpstews Oervelbpwect Lite Cycle Purpose To davelop a preliminary understanding of 3 ont help Maintenance Design Implementation Poe OF 

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Initial entity requirements Develop 2 problem = initial prototype ‘Convert to Working operational prototype system New requirements inefficient 1 prototype | 1 1 1 Revise and enhance prototype Implement and use prototype O@@ OG PE: Dasher Orwere (Okpter 8) Poe 9 6 ‏ماسط اج‎ 

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Puckaped Duta Oodets * Model components that can be purchased, customized, and assembled into full-scale data models * Advantages - Reduced development time - Higher model quality and reliability * Two types: - Universal data models - Industry-specific data models 069 9566: 0» Orwepe (Oper 2) Poe OP 6 ‏ماسطابو‎ 

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Outabuse Orsica ¢ The database design process can be divided into six basic steps. Semantic data models are most relevant to only the first three of these steps. 1. Requirements Analysis: The first step in designing a database application is to understand what data is to be stored in the database, what applications must be built on top of it, and what operations are most frequent and subject to performance requirements. Often this is an informal process involving discussions with user groups and studying the current environment. Examining existing applications expected to be replaced or complemented by the database system. 069 9566: 0» Orwepe (Oper 2) ‏ماسطابو 6 © ع‎ 

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Outubuse ‏مرنوو(ا)‎ (cout.) 2. Conceptual Database Design: The information gathered in the requirements analysis step is used to develop a high-level description of the data to be stored in the database, along with the constraints that are known to hold on this data. 3. Logical Database Design: A DBMS must be selected to implement the database and to convert the conceptual database design into a database schema within the data model of the chosen DBMS. 069 9566: 0» Orwepe (Oper 2) Poe © 6 ‏ماسطابو‎ 

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Outubuse ‏مرنوو(ا)‎ (cout.) 4. Schema Refinement: In this step the schemas developed in step 3 above are analyzed for potential problems. It is in this step that the database is normalized. Normalization of a database is based upon some elegant and powerful mathematical theory. We will discuss normalization later in the term. 5. Physical Database Design: At this stage in the design of a database, potential workloads and access patterns are simulated to identify potential weaknesses in the conceptual database. This will often cause the creation of additional indices and/or clustering relations. In critical situations, the entire conceptual model will need restructuring. 069 5566: 0» Orwrerte (Ohare 2) Poe 0 60+ ‏ماسطا‎ 

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Outubuse ‏مرنوو(ا)‎ (cout.) 6. Security Design: Different user groups are identified and their different roles are analyzed so that access patterns to the data can be defined. * There is often a seventh step in this process with the last step being a tuning phase, during which the database is made operational (although it may be through a simulation) and further refinements are made as the system is “tweaked” to provide the expected environment. ٠ The illustration on the following page summarizes the main phases of database design. 069 9566: 0» Orwepe (Oper 2) Poe OF 6 ‏ماسطابو‎ 

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COGE * Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) - software tools providing automated support for systems development * Three database features: - Data modeling - entity-relationship diagrams - Code generation - SQL code for table creation - Repositories - knowledge base of enterprise information 069 5566: 0» ‏)سس‎ 8) Pap OO 6 0+ ‏مسا‎ © ‘= 

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عسیز<) رمزجمی() ٠ Project - a planned undertaking ۲ 0 activities to reach an objective that has a beginning and an end * Involves use of review points for: - Validation of satisfactory progress - Step back from detail to overall view - Renew commitment of stakeholders * Incremental commitment - review of systems development project after each development phase with re-justification after each phase 069 5566: 0» ‏)سس‎ 8) Pap OF 6 0+ ‏مسا‎ © ‘= 

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DMucracjercy Prvievts: (Pevple evolved * Systems analysts * Database analysts * Users * Programmers ۰ Database/data administrators * Systems programmers, network administrators, testers, technical writers 099 5566: ‏)سین له‎ 6( Pay OO © Dok but © ‘= 

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uct Okt Sales Promotion Tracking 211 1008 ‏عمل‎ ۳ 7 w_| Wame TI ۱ ‏سمل‎ | E 1 ۱7 ‏سح سر‎ 3 | repo Design 1222222222 | ataoase Desion [zzz 5_| User Documentation ‏یس‎ ‏و‎ | Preparing 7 ZA 17 a ‏وس رس 5 روم سوه‎ ‏اس انه ع‎ ۱ estore © Rated o_O Shows time estimates of tasks 069 5566: 0» Orwrerte (Ohare 2) Poe BO 60+ ‏ماسطا‎ 

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PERT chat (Progra Cuckstion ond Review Techatque) Sales Promotion Tracking ‏تكسن فلت ع ع‎ ‏ستل هفنا | اجه‎ ‏مرح مسج‎ fo 20 fooler} «= ‏ستل ههه‎ anata ‏له‎ ‎0-0-6 ‏ید‎ oe) ‏آسسستا تحص‎ ‏الععا [ست سا مسعت مهد‎ Shows dependencies between tasks 069 5566: 0» Orwrerte (Ohare 2) Poe OP 60+ ‏ماسطا‎