صفحه 1:
Decision Support and
Business Intelligence
Systems
(9 Ed., Prentice Hall)
ا ا 1
Chapter 10:
Collaborative Computer-
Supported Technologies
and Group Support
Systems
صفحه 2:
x Learning Objectives
= Understand the basic concepts and processes of
groupwork, communication and collaboration
= Describe how computer systems facilitate
communication and collaboration in enterprises
= Know the concepts and importance of the
time/place framework
= Be aware of the underlying principles and
capabilities of groupware (e.g., GSS)
= Know the process gains and losses and how GSS
increases/decreases each of them
= Describe indirect support for decision making,
especially in synchronous environments
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صفحه 3:
Learning Objectives
Become familiar with the GSS products of the major
vendors (e.g., Lotus, Microsoft, WebEx, Groove)
= Understand the concept of GDSS and describe how to
structure an electronic meeting in a decision room
™ Describe the three settings of GDSS
= Describe how a GDSS uses parallelism and anonymity
and how they lead to process/task gains and losses
= Understand how the Web enables collaborative
computing and group support of virtual meetings
= Describe the role of emerging technologies
" Define creativity and explain how it can be facilitated
by computers
صفحه 4:
Collaboration
= What is it?
”“... making joint effort toward
achieving an agreed upon goal.”
=" Meeting is a common form of
collaboration
=" Why collaborate?
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x Why Collaborate?
Build Trust
Share the Vision
_ Share Information —
Shere walk Solve Problems
Build Consensus — ializ
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x Collaboration is Difficult
Waiting to spe rong People
Dominatio: roupthink
Fear of Speaking oor Grasp of Probler
Misunderstanding,; mored Alternatives
Inattention~~ «Lack of Consensus
Lack of Focus «Poor Planning
Inadequate Criteria: “Hidden Agendas
Premature Decision¢, ~\Conflict
Missing information Nadeauate Resources
Distraction: oorly Defined Goals
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x Collaboration is Expensive
۵ 15 Million formal Sessions / day
Million Informal Sessions / day 9 5ت
4 4 Billion Sessions / year
a
30-80% Manager's time
Fortune 500 Companies
3M Corporation Study
صفحه 8:
x Collaboration is Essential
= No one has all the ...
Experience
Knowledge
Resources
Insight, and
Inspiration
...۲0 00 the job alone
= Bottom line:
Collaboration is difficult, expensive, and
yet essential for today’s organizations
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x How Do People Collaborate?
Levels of Collaboration
Low
eee PRA ted wore:
Uncoordinated Individual
Efforts
Degree of 5 xs ;
۳ 2 و2 2ج
0 میت إل
Effort Coordinated Individual
Efforts
Level 3 Concerted ب
۰ 0 Work:
High Concerted Team Effort
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صفحه 10:
Meetings (a form of
collaboration)
* Joint activity
* Equal or near equal status
" Outcome depends on participant’s
knowledge, etc.
" Outcome depends on group composition
" Outcome depends on decision-making
process
" Disagreement settled by rank or
negotiation
10
صفحه 11:
x The Ideal Meeting
* Oozecs oP people olieads
toks ol voce
hears everpiktary
uederstdads
rewewbers
* Dhe topossble dreav?
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صفحه 14:
Communication Support
= Vital
=" Needed for collaboration
=" Modern information technologies
provide inexpensive, fast, capable,
reliable means of supporting
communication
= Internet / Web
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صفحه 15:
GSS ina Decision Room
Web-based GSS
‘Workflow management system
Document sharing
Email, Vmail
Videoconferencing playback
A Time/Place
Communication Framework
GSS In a Decision Room
Web-based GSS
Multimedia Presentation System
Whiteboard
Document sharing
Wob-based GSS
Whiteboard
Document sharing
Email, انم
Workflow management system
Computer conferencing with memory
\Videoconferencing playback
Web-based GSS
Whiteboard
Document sharing
Videoconferencing
Audioconferencing
Computer conferencing
Email, Vail
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C800 Frame:
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صفحه 16:
Group Support Systems
* Goal: to support groupwork
* Increase benefits / decrease losses of
collaboration
3 Based on traditional methods
Nominal Group Technique
“Individuals work alone to generate ideas which are
pooled under guidance of a trained facilitator”
* Delphi Method
“A structured process for collecting and distilling
knowledge from a group of experts by means of
questionnaires”
* Electronic Meeting System (EMS)
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صفحه 17:
x GSS - Important Features
Process G.
Parallelism ( simultaneous contributions )
* Larger groups can participate
* Anonymity ( promotes equal participation )
* Focus on content not personalities
* Triggering (stimulates thinking )
Synergy ( integrates ideas )
Structure ( facilitates problem solving )
* Record keeping (promotes organizational
memory )
Process Loses:
Free-riding
Flaming
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صفحه 18:
x Benefits of Anonymity
Y Ideas considered
on merit not
source
7“ Overcome fear of
speaking up
۷ More ideas lead:
to more quality
ideas
Y Defuses tough
political
discussions
en gegen gg eg سس
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صفحه 19:
GSS Enabling Technologies
* Decision room
* Multiple use facility
* Web-based
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صفحه 20:
The Decision (Electronic Meeting)
Room
* 12 to 30 networked personal
computers
* Usually recessed into the desktop
* Server PC
* Large-screen projection system
* Breakout rooms
* Need a Trained Facilitator for Success
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صفحه 21:
0015
cision P
صفحه 22:
Cooler Decision Rooms
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صفحه 23:
Ovraqsvile Oclwol Deri Ow
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صفحه 25:
Few Organizations Use Decision
ooms
* High Cost
* Need for a Trained Facilitator
* Requires Specific Software Support
for Different Cooperative Tasks
* Infrequent Use
* Different Place / Different Time
Needs
* May Need More Than One
25
صفحه 26:
Facilitation in GSS
" Facilitation is a set of functions or
activities carried out before,
during, and after a meeting to help
the group achieve its own
outcomes.
= Facilitative functions may be
accomplished by group members
or leaders or by an external
facilitation specialist.
C800 Frame: ۹ 0 Tod
26
صفحه 27:
Other Technologies
* Multiple Use Facility
* Cheaper
* Still need a facilitator
* Web-based
* Cheaper: no extra hardware needed
* Still need facilitator
27
صفحه 28:
GSS Meeting Process
ACTIVITY ‘Too 2,
Iterate until ) الك
th uti
is reached... ۳
۳
صفحه 29:
x Visit a GSS Meeting
صفحه 30:
Step 1: Prepare an Agenda
Prepare OX CORR THYSEaD
sin
3 ک 0 ا ااا
agenda ۱ nays w counter mOae AIG
9104 What risks of expanding our product in
‘We will Doain by brainstorming 3 Ist of risks to introducing a new
sports chink preduct.
9.40 AV Which of these risks are most important to address?
‘We wil plorize the risks based cn hkelinead and impact
10:00 AM How could we counteract these risks?
‘Now we nil brainstorm ways to counteract tne most important risks
40:20 AM Action Plan
‘1.00 AM Adjourn Meeting
Theric you for your petticipalan. Wwe vill reconvens in ane week to
review the action plan and continue win our research,
5-5-2-7 —_—
30 Caen © O00 Pre
صفحه 31:
Step 2: Collect Information
Pare ca te)
Think about about our focus
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company if
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صفحه 32:
Step 3: Refine Information
= Gather
Additional
Information
oat
= Capture
important == اه ده ی
issues for
the listed “iceman ee
items 7. ۱0602۵۵۵ 24
هت
0
مر لم
صفحه 33:
Step 4: Prioritize Options
Prioritize Risk 2 cp eu la
Based on
Likelihood and = ga.
Impact 3 Other companies are alreacly successful and
entrenched inthe sports drink market
[ Secondary List (1 of 2)
Use of 4. Likellhood
Alternative PERL
لات سم ۳۳ خمااح8 عاولاه۸
for two Criteria Soir companies are aiready stccrsstul and errenched nthe
fending on R&D could cause a cash run
iste
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صفحه 34:
Step 5: Review Prioritized
Options
View and
Discuss Primary List Likeihood Impact Total Mean_|
Results of 7 1
Voting
صفحه 35:
Step 5: Review Prioritized
Options...
for Further
Analysis...
۱
= C800 Frame: 55
= Chose Risks
صفحه 36:
Step 5: Review Prioritized
Options...
Ti not sure about that - | thirk we shoud market ie sports
drink separately fram our sof dirk products
0 Tod —_—
Collect
Additional
Input On Risks
Collect
additional
comments on caretuly
top three ‘Our campaign
risks... ی
= © O04 Crome Odarary ho
36
صفحه 37:
Step 5: Review Prioritized
Options...
= Review ١ ف 0 6 6ج 5
Comments
on Risks...
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Separalty Fo Ou so oink proaucts
spor
need to find out mare about wha our tagat
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مج rom foe
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صفحه 38:
Step 6: Create an Action Plan
= Create an
Action o
Plan... ۷ A new product line means new competitors:
1 mat: cran 2 compattve رده
on ‘Who; Carol end marketing team
1 \Whnen 2 weeks from today
ore (@} Without a creative marketing strategy, we won't succeed
vw mat’ convene marcetng group 19 brlnstortn ana priotie a st of exeetve
mmaretng ces
on | ho: Doug end marketing department
۳ 7
56 (Our current customers could become confused about our focus:
on iat: rion past sles data tor customer tuying trends
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صفحه 39:
Step 7: Distribute Session
Transcripts
2 2 [-[51=]
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غ ط 98۱6۱۵۷۱۱ ۵ 8 5 =
Welcome!
In today’s session, wa wildy possible 03 arden
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What ae the risks of expanding our productline?
‘We wll esin by brinstonming 3st ofrsks to intoducing a new spots dink pt
Which of these risks are most important to address?
‘We wil priate the nske based an elhood and impact
Hw could we counteract these risks?
Nowe ul brains xaystocounlerat the most important sks
9:10 AM
90 AM
10-00 Aut
5 تاه
Sai ome [alas vide cla 2 ید۳
Create and
Distribute a
Final
Report...
صفحه 40:
Last Words about GSS?
9 Why Successful?
+ Parallelism
+ Anonymity
* Synergy
* Structure
* Record keeping
* Needs...
* Organizational commitment
+ Executive sponsor
* Dedicated well-trained facilitator
+ Good planning
صفحه 41:
Collaborative Networks
= Integrated supply-chain
* Collaborative planning, forecasting,
and replenishment (CPFR)
* Collaborative design and product
development
=" Vendor Managed Inventories
* Wal-Mart, ...
™ Collective Intelligence
41
صفحه 42:
ee eee ee ee ee
Forecasting, and Replenishment
Determine a specific projects
Develop collaborative solutions
Use the results for better decisions
(CPFR)
in industry-wide project in
which suppliers and retailers
collaborate in planning and
demand forecasting in order to
ensure that members of the
supply chain will have the right
amount of raw materials and
finished goods when they need
them.
* Synchronize production,
distribution plans and product
flows
* Optimize resource utilization
over expanded capacity base
9 0 Tod
responsiveness
صفحه 43:
Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI)
™ Retailers make their suppliers responsible for
determining when to order and how much to order.
= The retailer provides the supplier with
* real-time information (point-of-sale data),
» inventory levels,
* athreshold below which orders are to be replenished.
" The retailer is no longer burdened with inventory
management, demand forecasting becomes easier.
= No purchase orders, low inventories, stockouts
occurs rarely.
= The supplier can see the potential need for an item
before the item is ordered.
صفحه 44:
Collective Intelligence
the intentional cooperation, collaboration,
and/or coordination of many individuals.
Examples: Wikipedia, video games, online
advertising, learner-generated context, ...
In order for Cl to happen:
= Openness
= Peering
= Sharing
= Acting globally
= A shared intelligence that emerges from
صفحه 45:
x End of the Chapter
=" Questions / comments...
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صفحه 46:
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