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Foundations of Physical Education and Sport

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Chapter 6: Biomechanical Foundations of Physical Education and Sport ¢*What is the value of biomechanics for physical education, exercise science, and sport? *Explain the meaning of mechanical principles and concepts that relate to motion, stability, leverage, and force. How are these used in sport techniques and physical skills?

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Kinesiology Gr * Scientific study of human movement ¢ Anatomical and physiological elements that carry out movements * Purposes of kinesiology > Move safely ! Move effectively ' Move efficiently

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Biomechanics Gr * The application of the principles of mechanical physics to understand movements and actions of human bodies and sport implements. * Kinesiology and biomechanics are intricately related. * Principles of these two fields can be applied to the fields of biology, physiology, engineering, physical and occupational therapy, and medicine as well.

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Historical Development * Biomechanics emerged from physical education as a specialized are of study in the mid-1960s and 1970s. * Kinesiology Era (late 1800s- early 1900s) > Application of mechanics to the study of movement " Nils Posse: “The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics” * Biomechanics Era (mid-20th century) " Increased teaching, research and writing * Development of Biomechanics (1960s-present) \ Differentiation between kinesiology and biomechanics, and application of biomechanics to physical education and sport.

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Professional Development * 1963: AAHPERD forms Kinesiology Section, and in 1993 became known as Biomechanics Academy * 1973: International Society of Biomechanics * 1976: American Society of Biomechanics * 1982: International Society for Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS) * Journals » 1968: Journal of Biomechanics ۲ 1985: Journal of Applied Biomechanics 5 2002: Sports Biomechanics (ISBS)

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United States Olympic Committee * Encouraged the development of biomechanics for the improvement of elite athletes’ performances. * Olympic Training Centers offer state-of-the-art care and technology for the testing and analysis of performan

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Reasons for Studying Biomechanics * Better understanding of the human body and the various internal and external forces that affect movement. * Offers scientific knowledge that can improve performance ۰ To improve sport techniques, equipment, and safety * To design and conduct programs to enhance individual movement skills (Adapted PE)

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Areas of Specialization * Developmental biomechanics » Studies movement patterns and how they change across the lifespan and varying disabilities. * Biomechanics of exercise " To maximize the benefits of exercise and reduce the chances of injury. * Rehabilitation mechanics " Study of the movement patterns of people who are injured or who have a disability. * Equipment design | Increases in performance through the change of equipment.

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Major Areas of Study Ly * Biological aspects underlying human movement * Mechanics > Statics: Study of factors relating to nonmoving systems or those characterized by steady motion. ° Dynamics: Study of mechanical factors that relate to systems in motion » Kinematics » Kinetics

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_Questions * How do running motions change as children develop? * How do forces summate to produce maximum power in the tennis serve * How can athletic shoes be designed to reduce injuries on artificial turf? * What is the best body position for swimming the butterfly stroke? Sample Research ۴

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Biomechanical Terms * Velocity > Speed and direction of the body ¢ Acceleration » Change in velocity involving the speed or direction ¢ Angular velocity ! Angle that is rotated in a given unit of time ¢ Angular acceleration ' Change of angular velocity for a unit of time

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Biomechanical Terms * Mass >» Amount of matter possessed by an object * Force ' Any action that changes or tends to change the motion of an object ¢ Pressure ' Ratio of force to the area over which force is applied

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Biomechanical Terms * Gravity » Natural force that pulls all objects toward the center of the earth ! Center of gravity * Friction ! Force that occurs when surfaces come in contact and results from the sliding of one surface on the other

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Biomechanical Terms + 1 ۴0۲6۵ ‏و1 تقطا‎ 200160 to a body through a distance and in direction of the force * Power ! Amount of work accomplished in one unit of time

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Biomechanical Terms * Energy ° Capacity of the body to perform work » Kinetic energy » Potential energy * Torque 1 Twisting, turning, or rotary force related to the production of angular acceleration

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Mechanical Principle: مس 9 * The lower the center of gravity to the base of support, the greater the stability. * The nearer the center of gravity to the center of the base of support, the more stable the body. * Stability can be increased by widening the base of support.

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Mechanical Principle: —_Motion SS * Newton’s First Law ‘ Law of inertia * Newton’s Second Law ! Law of Acceleration ٠ Newton’s Third Law ! Law of Action and Reaction

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Motion ¢ Linear Motion 1 Movement in a straight line and from one point to another. ¢ Rotary motion ‘ Movement of a body around a center of rotation called an axis.

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Mechanical Principle: _Leverage ‏‌پ۰.‎ ¢ Lever - mechanical device used to produce a turning motion around a fixed point called an axis. * Lever components > Fulcrum - center or axis of rotation ° Force arm - distance from the fulcrum to the point of application of the force " Resistance arm - distance from the fulcrum to the weight on which the force is acting

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Levers ¢ First class - fulcrum between the weight and the force * Second class} weight is between the fulcrum and the force ¢ Third class - force is between the fulcrum and the weight

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Mechanical Principle: Force * The effect that one body has on another. * Production of Force ‘ Produced by the actions of muscles. The stronger the muscles, the more force the body can produce. * Application of Force ‘ The force of an object is most effective when it is applied in the direction that the object is to travel. * Absorption of Force " The impact of a force should be gradually reduced (“give with the force”) and spread over a large surface.

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Instruments * Computers « Anthropometry > Simulation ¢ Timing devices * Cinematography + Electrogoniometr * Stroboscopy y * Videography * Electromyograph 3 2 * Dynamography * Telemetry

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Analysis ‏خن‎ * Quantitative Analysis » Produced through the use of instruments. * Qualitative Analysis (observation suggestions) ° Position yourself to see the critical components of the skill. Use multiple vantage points. ‘ Observe performance several times to identify consistent performance problems. Use the whole-part-whole observation method. Be sure to focus both on the performer and the implement. Evaluate the overall effectiveness of the movement. Use a performance checklist to guide your efforts.

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The Future * Technology will continue to drive the advancement of knowledge. * Use of multidisciplinary teams will facilitate integration of data from various sources. * Increased understanding of human movement will help professionals design solutions to remediate problems for people of all ages and abilities. * More research on women and the elderly?

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