صفحه 1:
Chapter 6: Biomechanical
Foundations of Physical
Education and Sport
¢*What is the value of biomechanics for
physical education, exercise science,
and sport?
*Explain the meaning of mechanical
principles and concepts that relate to
motion, stability, leverage, and force.
How are these used in sport
techniques and physical skills?
صفحه 2:
Kinesiology Gr
* Scientific study of human movement
¢ Anatomical and physiological
elements that carry out movements
* Purposes of kinesiology
> Move safely
! Move effectively
' Move efficiently
صفحه 3:
Biomechanics Gr
* The application of the principles of mechanical
physics to understand movements and actions
of human bodies and sport implements.
* Kinesiology and biomechanics are intricately
related.
* Principles of these two fields can be applied to
the fields of biology, physiology, engineering,
physical and occupational therapy, and
medicine as well.
صفحه 4:
Historical Development
* Biomechanics emerged from physical education as
a specialized are of study in the mid-1960s and
1970s.
* Kinesiology Era (late 1800s- early 1900s)
> Application of mechanics to the study of movement
" Nils Posse: “The Special Kinesiology of Educational
Gymnastics”
* Biomechanics Era (mid-20th century)
" Increased teaching, research and writing
* Development of Biomechanics (1960s-present)
\ Differentiation between kinesiology and biomechanics,
and application of biomechanics to physical education
and sport.
صفحه 5:
Professional Development
* 1963: AAHPERD forms Kinesiology Section,
and in 1993 became known as Biomechanics
Academy
* 1973: International Society of Biomechanics
* 1976: American Society of Biomechanics
* 1982: International Society for Biomechanics
in Sport (ISBS)
* Journals
» 1968: Journal of Biomechanics
۲ 1985: Journal of Applied Biomechanics
5 2002: Sports Biomechanics (ISBS)
صفحه 6:
United States Olympic
Committee
* Encouraged the development of
biomechanics for the improvement
of elite athletes’ performances.
* Olympic Training Centers offer
state-of-the-art care and technology
for the testing and analysis of
performan
صفحه 7:
Reasons for Studying
Biomechanics
* Better understanding of the human body
and the various internal and external forces
that affect movement.
* Offers scientific knowledge that can improve
performance
۰ To improve sport techniques, equipment,
and safety
* To design and conduct programs to enhance
individual movement skills (Adapted PE)
صفحه 8:
Areas of Specialization
* Developmental biomechanics
» Studies movement patterns and how they change across the
lifespan and varying disabilities.
* Biomechanics of exercise
" To maximize the benefits of exercise and reduce the
chances of injury.
* Rehabilitation mechanics
" Study of the movement patterns of people who are injured
or who have a disability.
* Equipment design
| Increases in performance through the change of equipment.
صفحه 9:
Major Areas of Study Ly
* Biological aspects underlying human
movement
* Mechanics
> Statics: Study of factors relating to nonmoving
systems or those characterized by steady motion.
° Dynamics: Study of mechanical factors that relate
to systems in motion
» Kinematics
» Kinetics
صفحه 10:
_Questions
* How do running motions change as
children develop?
* How do forces summate to produce
maximum power in the tennis serve
* How can athletic shoes be designed
to reduce injuries on artificial turf?
* What is the best body position for
swimming the butterfly stroke?
Sample Research ۴
صفحه 11:
Biomechanical Terms
* Velocity
> Speed and direction of the body
¢ Acceleration
» Change in velocity involving the speed or
direction
¢ Angular velocity
! Angle that is rotated in a given unit of time
¢ Angular acceleration
' Change of angular velocity for a unit of time
صفحه 12:
Biomechanical Terms
* Mass
>» Amount of matter possessed by an object
* Force
' Any action that changes or tends to
change the motion of an object
¢ Pressure
' Ratio of force to the area over which
force is applied
صفحه 13:
Biomechanical Terms
* Gravity
» Natural force that pulls all objects
toward the center of the earth
! Center of gravity
* Friction
! Force that occurs when surfaces
come in contact and results from the
sliding of one surface on the other
صفحه 14:
Biomechanical Terms
+
1 ۴0۲6۵ و1 تقطا 200160 to a body
through a distance and in direction
of the force
* Power
! Amount of work accomplished in one
unit of time
صفحه 15:
Biomechanical Terms
* Energy
° Capacity of the body to perform work
» Kinetic energy
» Potential energy
* Torque
1 Twisting, turning, or rotary force
related to the production of angular
acceleration
صفحه 16:
Mechanical Principle:
مس 9
* The lower the center of gravity to the
base of support, the greater the
stability.
* The nearer the center of gravity to the
center of the base of support, the
more stable the body.
* Stability can be increased by
widening the base of support.
صفحه 17:
Mechanical Principle:
—_Motion SS
* Newton’s First Law
‘ Law of inertia
* Newton’s Second Law
! Law of Acceleration
٠ Newton’s Third Law
! Law of Action and Reaction
صفحه 18:
Motion
¢ Linear Motion
1 Movement in a straight line and from
one point to another.
¢ Rotary motion
‘ Movement of a body around a center
of rotation called an axis.
صفحه 19:
Mechanical Principle:
_Leverage پ۰.
¢ Lever - mechanical device used to
produce a turning motion around a
fixed point called an axis.
* Lever components
> Fulcrum - center or axis of rotation
° Force arm - distance from the fulcrum to the
point of application of the force
" Resistance arm - distance from the fulcrum
to the weight on which the force is acting
صفحه 20:
Levers
¢ First class - fulcrum between the
weight and the force
* Second class} weight is between
the fulcrum and the force
¢ Third class - force is between the
fulcrum and the weight
صفحه 21:
Mechanical Principle:
Force
* The effect that one body has on another.
* Production of Force
‘ Produced by the actions of muscles. The stronger the
muscles, the more force the body can produce.
* Application of Force
‘ The force of an object is most effective when it is applied
in the direction that the object is to travel.
* Absorption of Force
" The impact of a force should be gradually reduced (“give
with the force”) and spread over a large surface.
صفحه 22:
Instruments
* Computers « Anthropometry
> Simulation ¢ Timing devices
* Cinematography + Electrogoniometr
* Stroboscopy y
* Videography * Electromyograph
3
2 * Dynamography
* Telemetry
صفحه 23:
Analysis خن
* Quantitative Analysis
» Produced through the use of instruments.
* Qualitative Analysis (observation suggestions)
° Position yourself to see the critical components of the
skill. Use multiple vantage points.
‘ Observe performance several times to identify
consistent performance problems.
Use the whole-part-whole observation method.
Be sure to focus both on the performer and the
implement.
Evaluate the overall effectiveness of the movement.
Use a performance checklist to guide your efforts.
صفحه 24:
The Future
* Technology will continue to drive the
advancement of knowledge.
* Use of multidisciplinary teams will facilitate
integration of data from various sources.
* Increased understanding of human
movement will help professionals design
solutions to remediate problems for people
of all ages and abilities.
* More research on women and the elderly?