صفحه 1:
Nouns
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صفحه 2:
WHATARE NOUNS?
> Nounsarenaming words.
> They name people, places andobjects.
> They can alsonameideas, emotions, qualities
andactivities,
> Herearesome examples of nouns:
> Peter, Elizabeth, driver, sister friend.
> Bristol, Severn, Brazil, pen, dog,money.
> Love, beauty, industry, nature,greed, pain.
صفحه 3:
Types of noun
> ACC nouns can be dividedinto common
and propernouns.
> Common nouns can then be dividedinto
countableanduncountablenouns.
> Bothcountableanduncountable nouns
can then befurther dividedinto
concreteand abstract nouns.
> We'llCookateachtypeinturn.
صفحه 4:
First, look again at those
types and how they relate.
‘proper
abstract
0 countabl وس پیت
NN a concrete
common
oO, ee erat
uncountabl بسک
3
concrete
صفحه 5:
Proper nouns
> Proper nouns start withcapital
Cetters.
> They are the names of people, places,
times, organisationsetc.
> They refer touniqueindividuals.
> Most are not foundin the dictionary.
> They often occur in pairs or groups.
> Herearesomeexamples.
صفحه 6:
TheJam
aa Oxfam
cure Coronation Street
1 Christmas
Keynsha John
"۷ President Bush
Sony Thames
China Coca Cola
Bridget Jones
Portuga
The Ford Motor Company c 7
Macbeth ung
Satur Henry
n
صفحه 7:
Common nouns
> A{C nouns whichare not proper nouns
arecommon nouns.
> Afew examples:cup,art,paper,work,
frog, bicycle,atom family, mind.
> Common nouns areeither countableor
uncountable.
صفحه 8:
Countable nouns
» Use these tests for countable nouns:
> Countable (or just “count”) nouns can be
madeplural:atree... twotrees‘aman...
meniapony... ponies.
> Inthesingular, theymay have the
determiner aor an:asausage‘anasterisk.
> Weask: How many words/pages/chairs?
> Wesay: A few minutes/friends/chips?
صفحه 9:
Uncountable nouns
> Use these tests for uncountable nouns:
> Uncountable (or non-count) nouns cannot
bemadeplural. Wecannot say: two funs,
threeadvicesor fivefurnitures.
> Weneveruse aor anwiththem.
> Weask: How muchmoney/time/milk? (Not
How many?)
> Wesay: A little help/effort.(Not Afew.)
صفحه 10:
Dual category nouns
* Some nouns may be countable or
uncountable, depending on how weuse them.
° We buy a box of chocolates(countable) ora
bar of chocolate(uncountable).
° Weask: How much time?but How many
times ?(where times= occasions).
° Wesit infront of a television (set) towatch
television (broadcasting).
صفحه 11:
Field-specific nouns
* Uncountablenounsare often turnedinto
countable nouns by specialistsina
particular field. They become part of the
jargon of that specialism.
Grassisusuallyuncountable but botanists
andgardenerstalkabout grasses.
* Linguists sometimes talkabout Englishes.
Financiers refer to moneys or even monies.
Teasmay beusedtomean types of tea.
صفحه 12:
Remember that bothcountableanduncountable
nouns can be dividedintoconcreteandabstract
nouns.
The distinction between concreteandabstract
nouns is themost important one of all when youare
analysing linguistic data. Alot ofabstract nouns
ina text will havea bigimpact onits register.
The Plain English Campaign hasanexcelCent website
whichwill tell youmore about the stylisticimpact of
abstract nouns.
صفحه 13:
Concrete nouns
° Concrete nownsare the words that most
people think of as nouns.
* Theyaremostly the names of objectsand
animals (countable) andsubstances or
materials (uncountable).
° Cake, oxygen, tron, boy, dog, pen, glass,
pomegranate, earthwormand doorareall
concrete nouns.
صفحه 14:
Abstract nouns
* Abstract nouns name ideas, feelings
and qualities.
* Most, though not all.areuncountable.
* Many are derivedfromadjectivesand
verbsandhavecharacteristicendings
suchas -ity, -ness,-ence,and -tion.
° Theyareharder to recogniseas nouns
thantheconcretevariety.
صفحه 15:
Abstract noun or adjective
* Youwon't confuse abstract nouns with
adjectives,aslongas youapplyafew
tests.
° Happyisanadjective. It behaves like
one: very happy ‘so happy ‘happier ‘as as
happyas
۶ Happiness behaves likea noun: The
happiness I feel!her happiness ‘great
happiness.
صفحه 16:
Afew moreexamples
Abstract noun
The differencebetween
us.
Iworkwith precision.
The purityoftheair.
Thistuneismy
composition.
It has such beauty.
The support yougiveme.
Verb or adjective
Wewere differentfrom
eachother.
My workis precise.
Theairis pure.
I composedthis
tune.
It isso beautiful.
You supportme.
صفحه 17:
Themorphology of nouns
° Nouns change their formfor only two
grammatical reasons:
* Countable nounshaveaplural form. Thisis
usually formed by adding -s, of course, but
therearesomeirregular forms.
* Thepossessiveformofa noun iscreated by
adding -'s(Henry'scat)or just an apostrophe
(allour students’ results).
صفحه 18:
Irregular plurals
Some nouns retainplural endings fromold
English:
Men, geese, mice, oxen, feet, teeth, knives.
Loan wordsfromLatin,Greek, Frenchand
Italian sometimes keep their nativeending:
Media, bacteria, formulae, Carvae,criteria,
phenomena, gateaux.
° Graffitt,anitalianplural,isnowan
uncountable nounin English.
صفحه 19:
Noun phrases
*° Whenweseeanounasperformingaroleina
sentence,we think ofitasa noun phrase.
so Anoun phrase may function as the subject or
object of a clause.
* Anoun phrasemay consist ofa singleword
(a noun or pronoun) or a group of words.
* Themost important nouninanounphrase
iscalledtheheadword.
صفحه 20:
Examples of noun phrases
(headwordin brackets)
* (She) always bought the same
™ewspaper). —
* Ayoung(man)ina suit wasadmiring
the (view fromthe window.
* Concentratedsulphuric (acid) must be
andledcareyully.
* My oldmaths (teacher) was Austrian.
صفحه 21:
7710۵ 5۷۷۲6 0 noun phrases
* Theheadwordofa noun phrasemay bepre-
modified by determiners, adjectives or other
nouns.
* For example, alarge, dinner (plate).
* Itmay be post-modifiedby a prepositional
phrase.
* Thisissimplya noun phrase witha preposition
at thebeginning.
° For example, a (painting) by Rembrandt.
* Canyouspot themodifiersinthelast slide?
(Left arrow key takes youback)
صفحه 22:
Clauses modifying nouns
‘Wecanusea clause (a group of words
containing averb) topost-modifya noun.
Aclausewhichpost-modifiesa nouniscalled
arelativeclause or adjectival clause.
Herearesome examples:
This is the (house) that Jack built.
(People) wholivein glass houses shouldnot
throw stones.
صفحه 23:
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nouns.
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صفحه 24:
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