Nouns

صفحه 1:
Nouns Start thepresentation by selecting “View show” from the Slide Showmenu. Workthroughthe presentation by left-clicking the mouse. Youcan make notes as yougo. Use the left arrow key to return toanearCier slide. If youprefer toprint the slides,make sure youfollow theseinstructions: Do not just clickthe print button. 1. Select printfromthe filemenu. 2. Select handouts! six slides per page: pure black& white. 3. ClickOK. 

صفحه 2:
WHATARE NOUNS? > Nounsarenaming words. > They name people, places andobjects. > They can alsonameideas, emotions, qualities andactivities, > Herearesome examples of nouns: > Peter, Elizabeth, driver, sister friend. > Bristol, Severn, Brazil, pen, dog,money. > Love, beauty, industry, nature,greed, pain. 

صفحه 3:
Types of noun > ACC nouns can be dividedinto common and propernouns. > Common nouns can then be dividedinto countableanduncountablenouns. > Bothcountableanduncountable nouns can then befurther dividedinto concreteand abstract nouns. > We'llCookateachtypeinturn. 

صفحه 4:
First, look again at those types and how they relate. ‘proper abstract 0 countabl ‏وس پیت‎ NN a concrete common oO, ee erat uncountabl ‏بسک‎ 3 concrete 

صفحه 5:
Proper nouns > Proper nouns start withcapital Cetters. > They are the names of people, places, times, organisationsetc. > They refer touniqueindividuals. > Most are not foundin the dictionary. > They often occur in pairs or groups. > Herearesomeexamples. 

صفحه 6:
TheJam aa Oxfam cure Coronation Street 1 Christmas Keynsha John "۷ President Bush Sony Thames China Coca Cola Bridget Jones Portuga The Ford Motor Company c 7 Macbeth ung Satur Henry n 

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Common nouns > A{C nouns whichare not proper nouns arecommon nouns. > Afew examples:cup,art,paper,work, frog, bicycle,atom family, mind. > Common nouns areeither countableor uncountable. 

صفحه 8:
Countable nouns » Use these tests for countable nouns: > Countable (or just “count”) nouns can be madeplural:atree... twotrees‘aman... meniapony... ponies. > Inthesingular, theymay have the determiner aor an:asausage‘anasterisk. > Weask: How many words/pages/chairs? > Wesay: A few minutes/friends/chips? 

صفحه 9:
Uncountable nouns > Use these tests for uncountable nouns: > Uncountable (or non-count) nouns cannot bemadeplural. Wecannot say: two funs, threeadvicesor fivefurnitures. > Weneveruse aor anwiththem. > Weask: How muchmoney/time/milk? (Not How many?) > Wesay: A little help/effort.(Not Afew.) 

صفحه 10:
Dual category nouns * Some nouns may be countable or uncountable, depending on how weuse them. ° We buy a box of chocolates(countable) ora bar of chocolate(uncountable). ° Weask: How much time?but How many times ?(where times= occasions). ° Wesit infront of a television (set) towatch television (broadcasting). 

صفحه 11:
Field-specific nouns * Uncountablenounsare often turnedinto countable nouns by specialistsina particular field. They become part of the jargon of that specialism. Grassisusuallyuncountable but botanists andgardenerstalkabout grasses. * Linguists sometimes talkabout Englishes. Financiers refer to moneys or even monies. Teasmay beusedtomean types of tea. 

صفحه 12:
Remember that bothcountableanduncountable nouns can be dividedintoconcreteandabstract nouns. The distinction between concreteandabstract nouns is themost important one of all when youare analysing linguistic data. Alot ofabstract nouns ina text will havea bigimpact onits register. The Plain English Campaign hasanexcelCent website whichwill tell youmore about the stylisticimpact of abstract nouns. 

صفحه 13:
Concrete nouns ° Concrete nownsare the words that most people think of as nouns. * Theyaremostly the names of objectsand animals (countable) andsubstances or materials (uncountable). ° Cake, oxygen, tron, boy, dog, pen, glass, pomegranate, earthwormand doorareall concrete nouns. 

صفحه 14:
Abstract nouns * Abstract nouns name ideas, feelings and qualities. * Most, though not all.areuncountable. * Many are derivedfromadjectivesand verbsandhavecharacteristicendings suchas -ity, -ness,-ence,and -tion. ° Theyareharder to recogniseas nouns thantheconcretevariety. 

صفحه 15:
Abstract noun or adjective * Youwon't confuse abstract nouns with adjectives,aslongas youapplyafew tests. ° Happyisanadjective. It behaves like one: very happy ‘so happy ‘happier ‘as as happyas ۶ Happiness behaves likea noun: The happiness I feel!her happiness ‘great happiness. 

صفحه 16:
Afew moreexamples Abstract noun The differencebetween us. Iworkwith precision. The purityoftheair. Thistuneismy composition. It has such beauty. The support yougiveme. Verb or adjective Wewere differentfrom eachother. My workis precise. Theairis pure. I composedthis tune. It isso beautiful. You supportme. 

صفحه 17:
Themorphology of nouns ° Nouns change their formfor only two grammatical reasons: * Countable nounshaveaplural form. Thisis usually formed by adding -s, of course, but therearesomeirregular forms. * Thepossessiveformofa noun iscreated by adding -'s(Henry'scat)or just an apostrophe (allour students’ results). 

صفحه 18:
Irregular plurals Some nouns retainplural endings fromold English: Men, geese, mice, oxen, feet, teeth, knives. Loan wordsfromLatin,Greek, Frenchand Italian sometimes keep their nativeending: Media, bacteria, formulae, Carvae,criteria, phenomena, gateaux. ° Graffitt,anitalianplural,isnowan uncountable nounin English. 

صفحه 19:
Noun phrases *° Whenweseeanounasperformingaroleina sentence,we think ofitasa noun phrase. so Anoun phrase may function as the subject or object of a clause. * Anoun phrasemay consist ofa singleword (a noun or pronoun) or a group of words. * Themost important nouninanounphrase iscalledtheheadword. 

صفحه 20:
Examples of noun phrases (headwordin brackets) * (She) always bought the same ™ewspaper). — * Ayoung(man)ina suit wasadmiring the (view fromthe window. * Concentratedsulphuric (acid) must be andledcareyully. * My oldmaths (teacher) was Austrian. 

صفحه 21:
7710۵ 5۷۷۲6 0 noun phrases * Theheadwordofa noun phrasemay bepre- modified by determiners, adjectives or other nouns. * For example, alarge, dinner (plate). * Itmay be post-modifiedby a prepositional phrase. * Thisissimplya noun phrase witha preposition at thebeginning. ° For example, a (painting) by Rembrandt. * Canyouspot themodifiersinthelast slide? (Left arrow key takes youback) 

صفحه 22:
Clauses modifying nouns ‘Wecanusea clause (a group of words containing averb) topost-modifya noun. Aclausewhichpost-modifiesa nouniscalled arelativeclause or adjectival clause. Herearesome examples: This is the (house) that Jack built. (People) wholivein glass houses shouldnot throw stones. 

صفحه 23:
That'stheendof thepresentationon nouns. If youwant toprint, remember the instructions: 1. Select “print” fromthe filemenu. 2. Select: hand-outs {six slides per page! pure blackandwhite. 3. Click “OK”. 

صفحه 24:
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Nouns Start the presentation by selecting “View show” from the Slide Show menu. Work through the presentation by left-clicking the mouse. You can make notes as you go. Use the left arrow key to return to an earlier slide. If you prefer to print the slides, make sure you follow these instructions: Do not just click the print button. 1. Select print from the file menu. 2. Select handouts; six slides per page; pure black & white. 3. Click OK. WHAT ARE NOUNS?  Nouns are naming words.  They name people, places and objects.  They can also name ideas, emotions, qualities and activities.  Here are some examples of nouns:  Peter, Elizabeth, driver, sister, friend.  Bristol, Severn, Brazil, pen, dog, money.  Love, beauty, industry, nature, greed, pain. Types of noun  All nouns can be divided into common and proper nouns.  Common nouns can then be divided into countable and uncountable nouns.  Both countable and uncountable nouns can then be further divided into concrete and abstract nouns.  We’ll look at each type in turn. First, look again at those types and how they relate. prope r noun s abstract countabl e commo n concrete abstract uncountabl e concret e Proper nouns  Proper nouns start with capital letters.  They are the names of people, places, times, organisations etc.  They refer to unique individuals.  Most are not found in the dictionary.  They often occur in pairs or groups.  Here are some examples. Tony Blair The Jam Oxfam Coronation Carl Street y Christma s Keynsha John m President Bush Thame Sony s China Coca Bridget Jones Cola Portuga l The Ford Motor King Macbet Company Henry Saturn h Common nouns  All nouns which are not proper nouns are common nouns.  A few examples: cup, art, paper, work, frog, bicycle, atom, family, mind.  Common nouns are either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns  Use these tests for countable nouns:  Countable (or just “count”) nouns can be made plural: a tree… two trees; a man… men; a pony… ponies.  In the singular, they may have the determiner a or an: a sausage; an asterisk.  We ask: How many words/pages/chairs?  We say: A few minutes/friends/chips? Uncountable nouns  Use these tests for uncountable nouns:  Uncountable (or non-count) nouns cannot be made plural. We cannot say: two funs, three advices or five furnitures.  We never use a or an with them.  We ask: How much money/time/milk? (Not How many?)  We say: A little help/effort. (Not A few.) Dual category nouns • Some nouns may be countable or uncountable, depending on how we use them. • We buy a box of chocolates (countable) or a bar of chocolate (uncountable). • We ask: How much time? but How many times? (where times = occasions). • We sit in front of a television (set) to watch television (broadcasting). Field-specific nouns • Uncountable nouns are often turned into countable nouns by specialists in a particular field.They become part of the jargon of that specialism. • Grass is usually uncountable but botanists and gardeners talk about grasses. • Linguists sometimes talk about Englishes. • Financiers refer to moneys or even monies. • Teas may be used to mean types of tea. Remember that both countable and uncountable nouns can be divided into concrete and abstract nouns. The distinction between concrete and abstract nouns is the most important one of all when you are analysing linguistic data. A lot of abstract nouns in a text will have a big impact on its register. The Plain English Campaign has an excellent website which will tell you more about the stylistic impact of abstract nouns. Concrete nouns • Concrete nouns are the words that most people think of as nouns. • They are mostly the names of objects and animals (countable) and substances or materials (uncountable). • Cake, oxygen, iron, boy, dog, pen, glass, pomegranate, earthworm and door are all concrete nouns. Abstract nouns • Abstract nouns name ideas, feelings and qualities. • Most, though not all, are uncountable. • Many are derived from adjectives and verbs and have characteristic endings such as –ity, -ness, -ence, and -tion. • They are harder to recognise as nouns than the concrete variety. Abstract noun or adjective • You won’t confuse abstract nouns with adjectives, as long as you apply a few tests. • Happy is an adjective. It behaves like one: very happy; so happy; happier; as happy as • Happiness behaves like a noun: The happiness I feel; her happiness; great happiness. A few more Verbexamples or adjective Abstract We were different from each other. noun The difference between us. My work is precise. The air is pure. I composed this tune. I work with precision. The purity of the air. This tune is my composition. It is so beautiful. It has such beauty. The support you give me. You support me. The morphology of nouns • Nouns change their form for only two grammatical reasons: • Countable nouns have a plural form. This is usually formed by adding –s, of course, but there are some irregular forms. • The possessive form of a noun is created by adding –’s (Henry’s cat) or just an apostrophe (all our students’ results). Irregular plurals • Some nouns retain plural endings from Old English: • Men, geese, mice, oxen, feet, teeth, knives. • Loan words from Latin, Greek, French and Italian sometimes keep their native ending: • Media, bacteria, formulae, larvae, criteria, phenomena, gateaux. • Graffiti, an Italian plural, is now an uncountable noun in English. Noun phrases • When we see a noun as performing a role in a sentence, we think of it as a noun phrase. • A noun phrase may function as the subject or object of a clause. • A noun phrase may consist of a single word (a noun or pronoun) or a group of words. • The most important noun in a noun phrase is called the headword. Examples of noun phrases (headword in brackets) • (She) always bought the same (newspaper). • A young (man) in a suit was admiring the (view) from the window. • Concentrated sulphuric (acid) must be handled carefully. • My old maths (teacher) was Austrian. The syntax of noun phrases • The headword of a noun phrase may be • • • • • pre-modified by determiners, adjectives or other nouns. For example, a large, dinner (plate). It may be post-modified by a prepositional phrase. This is simply a noun phrase with a preposition at the beginning. For example, a (painting) by Rembrandt. Can you spot the modifiers in the last slide? (Left arrow key takes you back) Clauses modifying nouns • We can use a clause (a group of words containing a verb) to post-modify a noun. • A clause which post-modifies a noun is called a relative clause or adjectival clause. • Here are some examples: • This is the (house) that Jack built. • (People) who live in glass houses should not throw stones. That’s the end of the presentation on nouns. If you want to print, remember the instructions: 1. Select “print” from the file menu. 2. Select: hand-outs; six slides per page; pure black and white. 3. Click “OK”. This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.co m http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. 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