صفحه 1:
كسيف
Route Selection
and Navigation
صفحه 2:
Direction
Determination
صفحه 3:
North
True North- line
through North Pole.
Magnetic North-
direction to northern
magnetic pole.
Grid North-North as
established by map
maker.
صفحه 4:
True North
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Northerly direction along a line of longitude
A gyrocompass is a compass finds North by using an fast
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۳
Find true North, i.e. the direction of Earth's rotational
axis, as opposed to magnetic North
Not affected by metal
صفحه 5:
Magnetic North
Magnetic ۱
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earth’s magnetic line of force.
= North magnetic pole currently located in Northern Canada
(1227 Km from Geographical pole i.e. Pole of Rotation)
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صفحه 6:
Isogonics chart
The Agonic Line is the line of zero
«متامنه» ممتومق
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صفحه 7:
Magnetic declination
= The angular
6مصعااون 60۵60
north and magnetic
كن
= Degree of
declination depends
on geographic
location
= True and magnetic
عطتقة عط ععدح لخدم
at Agonic line
صفحه 8:
Grid North
=" The direction of a grid line which is
parallel to the central meridian on a map.
=" Grid North may not match true north
because a map is a flat representation of
a curved surface.
™ Grid North pertains to the north for a
specific plane coordinate system. All
north-south lines run parallel to one
another in the UTM projections.
صفحه 9:
Types of compass
Azimuth: 0 to 360 degrees, bearings
=" Read in clockwise direction from north
Quadrant: 0 to 90 degrees, bearings
= read eastward or westward of the north or
south direction
Mariner’s compass: 32 bearings
= Also called a compass rose
Converting exercise
صفحه 10:
Direction
Designation
صفحه 11:
Types of Azimuth
= An azimuth is an angle measured clockwise from a
base line direction (north).
= Defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise
from a baseline
= Types of azimuth:
= Orthodrome based on true north
= magnetic azimuths based on magnetic north
= grid azimuths measures with grid north as base
= Bearing: Same as a azimuth but reprd
using North or south as a baseline
™ Back bearing: the 180-degree opposi!
azimuth or bearing. Also known as ba
صفحه 12:
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Azimuths (cont.)
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صفحه 13:
Orthodrome
A great circles arc that is
casted between two
points on a surface of a
sphere. Is the shortest
geodetic connecting line
between two points ona
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صفحه 14:
Measuring an Azimuth
Protractors
صفحه 15:
Measuring an Azimuth
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صفحه 16:
Direction - Some
Examples
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صفحه 17:
Position
Determination
¢ Land Operation
Water Operation
صفحه 18:
Resection method
™ Resection is the method of locating
one's position on a map by
determining the grid azimuth to at
least two well-defined locations that
can be pinpointed on the map.
= For greater accuracy, the desired
method of resection would be to use
three or more well-defined locations.
http://www.map-reading.com/resect.phy
صفحه 19:
Nautical Charts
Used for marine navigation and contain information
on all navigational aids, such as buoys and beacons,
lighthouses, radio and radar stations, shipping
channels, restricted areas.
Types of nautical charts:
Sailing charts are used to fix a position in long-distance
navigation. They usually employ Mercator's projection.
General charts of the coast are used the same as sailing
charts and also for near-shore navigation. They employ
Mercator's projection.
Coast charts are used for coastwide navigation and to
approach a shore from a long distance offshore. They show
details of land formations and artificial landmarks which help
fix positions.
Harbor charts are used to navigate harbors and their
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صفحه 20:
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صفحه 21:
Symbols used in Nautical
Charts
صفحه 22:
Position Determination
= Lines of Position: The modern chart shows us
positions of many recognizable navigation aids
like churches and lighthouses, which facilitate
the approach to a coastal area.
= Ranges: A precise way to obtain a Line of
Position (and without a Sauget ts is to locate
two navigational aids in ling
صفحه 23:
Position Determination
™ Fix is the ship's position on the earth at
some given point in time. A fix is
determined by the simultaneous
intersection of Line of Positions.
« Dead reckoning is a technique to
determine a ship's approximate position
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صفحه 24:
LORAN (LOng RAnge
Navigation)
LORAN is a position-fixing system consisting of
an array of fixed stations that transmit precisely
synchronized signals to mobile receivers.
Fixed difference in the time of arrival of the
signals from any two stations will define a
hyperbolic arc on which the
صفحه 25:
Global Positioning
System
The Global Positioning System (GPS)
consists of a constellation of satellites that
broadcast two pieces of data to radio-
navigation receivers. A receiver determine
the precisely-known position of these
satellites at the same time, then the
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صفحه 26:
Aeronautical charts
= Contain a great deal of data on ground features, with an
emphasis on such things as landmarks, elevations, heights
of obstructions, airports, and airways.
= World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) based on Lambert
Conformal Conic projection are used for flight planning
and ی navigation by VFR pilots on extended cross
country flight at low to medium altitudes and medium to
high airspeed.
= Sectional Aeronautical Charts: Series of charts based
on Lambert Conformal Conic projection covering the
United States at a scale of 1:500,000.
The هرس information consists of contour lines,
shaded relief, drainage patterns, and an extensive
selection of visual checkpoints and landmarks.
Cultural features include cities and towns, roads,
railroads, and other distinct landmarks.
The aeronautical information includes visual and radio
aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace, special-
use airspace, obstructions, and related data.
صفحه 27:
Aeronautical charts
صفحه 28:
World Aeronautical
صفحه 29:
Sectional Aeronautical
صفحه 30:
Terminal Area Charts
صفحه 31:
Helicopter Route Charts
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