صفحه 1:
كسيف
Route Selection
and Navigation
صفحه 2:
Direction
Determination
صفحه 3:
North
True North- line
through North Pole.
Magnetic North-
direction to northern
magnetic pole.
Grid North-North as
established by map
maker.
صفحه 4:
True North
Cac mN Coad 20 Cm ا
Northerly direction along a line of longitude
A gyrocompass is a compass finds North by using an fast
مطا انماجه ما مه صز دمعبمع موناخ مصه لععطن وصنصصنمو
۳
Find true North, i.e. the direction of Earth's rotational
axis, as opposed to magnetic North
Not affected by metal
صفحه 5:
Magnetic North
Magnetic ۱
ا ا ا ل my ia lt
earth’s magnetic line of force.
= North magnetic pole currently located in Northern Canada
(1227 Km from Geographical pole i.e. Pole of Rotation)
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Peo eer Cn tonite centtey titer yal
صفحه 6:
Isogonics chart
The Agonic Line is the line of zero
«متامنه» ممتومق
۱
/iwww.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictiogy
صفحه 7:
Magnetic declination
= The angular
6مصعااون 60۵60
north and magnetic
كن
= Degree of
declination depends
on geographic
location
= True and magnetic
عطتقة عط ععدح لخدم
at Agonic line
صفحه 8:
Grid North
=" The direction of a grid line which is
parallel to the central meridian on a map.
=" Grid North may not match true north
because a map is a flat representation of
a curved surface.
™ Grid North pertains to the north for a
specific plane coordinate system. All
north-south lines run parallel to one
another in the UTM projections.
صفحه 9:
Types of compass
Azimuth: 0 to 360 degrees, bearings
=" Read in clockwise direction from north
Quadrant: 0 to 90 degrees, bearings
= read eastward or westward of the north or
south direction
Mariner’s compass: 32 bearings
= Also called a compass rose
Converting exercise
صفحه 10:
Direction
Designation
صفحه 11:
Types of Azimuth
= An azimuth is an angle measured clockwise from a
base line direction (north).
= Defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise
from a baseline
= Types of azimuth:
= Orthodrome based on true north
= magnetic azimuths based on magnetic north
= grid azimuths measures with grid north as base
= Bearing: Same as a azimuth but reprd
using North or south as a baseline
™ Back bearing: the 180-degree opposi!
azimuth or bearing. Also known as ba
صفحه 12:
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Azimuths (cont.)
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صفحه 13:
Orthodrome
A great circles arc that is
casted between two
points on a surface of a
sphere. Is the shortest
geodetic connecting line
between two points ona
وت(
صفحه 14:
Measuring an Azimuth
Protractors
صفحه 15:
Measuring an Azimuth
225
SLOT عو
LENS
صفحه 16:
Direction - Some
Examples
aay | F اس
صفحه 17:
Position
Determination
¢ Land Operation
Water Operation
صفحه 18:
Resection method
™ Resection is the method of locating
one's position on a map by
determining the grid azimuth to at
least two well-defined locations that
can be pinpointed on the map.
= For greater accuracy, the desired
method of resection would be to use
three or more well-defined locations.
http://www.map-reading.com/resect.phy
صفحه 19:
Nautical Charts
Used for marine navigation and contain information
on all navigational aids, such as buoys and beacons,
lighthouses, radio and radar stations, shipping
channels, restricted areas.
Types of nautical charts:
Sailing charts are used to fix a position in long-distance
navigation. They usually employ Mercator's projection.
General charts of the coast are used the same as sailing
charts and also for near-shore navigation. They employ
Mercator's projection.
Coast charts are used for coastwide navigation and to
approach a shore from a long distance offshore. They show
details of land formations and artificial landmarks which help
fix positions.
Harbor charts are used to navigate harbors and their
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صفحه 20:
3
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HARBOR \
صفحه 21:
Symbols used in Nautical
Charts
صفحه 22:
Position Determination
= Lines of Position: The modern chart shows us
positions of many recognizable navigation aids
like churches and lighthouses, which facilitate
the approach to a coastal area.
= Ranges: A precise way to obtain a Line of
Position (and without a Sauget ts is to locate
two navigational aids in ling
صفحه 23:
Position Determination
™ Fix is the ship's position on the earth at
some given point in time. A fix is
determined by the simultaneous
intersection of Line of Positions.
« Dead reckoning is a technique to
determine a ship's approximate position
7 oes 0 the لدت itera) ota el
صفحه 24:
LORAN (LOng RAnge
Navigation)
LORAN is a position-fixing system consisting of
an array of fixed stations that transmit precisely
synchronized signals to mobile receivers.
Fixed difference in the time of arrival of the
signals from any two stations will define a
hyperbolic arc on which the
صفحه 25:
Global Positioning
System
The Global Positioning System (GPS)
consists of a constellation of satellites that
broadcast two pieces of data to radio-
navigation receivers. A receiver determine
the precisely-known position of these
satellites at the same time, then the
20 تب determine its ian
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صفحه 26:
Aeronautical charts
= Contain a great deal of data on ground features, with an
emphasis on such things as landmarks, elevations, heights
of obstructions, airports, and airways.
= World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) based on Lambert
Conformal Conic projection are used for flight planning
and ی navigation by VFR pilots on extended cross
country flight at low to medium altitudes and medium to
high airspeed.
= Sectional Aeronautical Charts: Series of charts based
on Lambert Conformal Conic projection covering the
United States at a scale of 1:500,000.
The هرس information consists of contour lines,
shaded relief, drainage patterns, and an extensive
selection of visual checkpoints and landmarks.
Cultural features include cities and towns, roads,
railroads, and other distinct landmarks.
The aeronautical information includes visual and radio
aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace, special-
use airspace, obstructions, and related data.
صفحه 27:
Aeronautical charts
صفحه 28:
World Aeronautical
صفحه 29:
Sectional Aeronautical
صفحه 30:
Terminal Area Charts
صفحه 31:
Helicopter Route Charts
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Chapter 7
Route Selection
and Navigation
Direction
Determination
North
True
North
Magnetic
North
Grid
North
True North- line
through North Pole.
Magnetic Northdirection to northern
magnetic pole.
Grid North-North as
established by map
maker.
True North
By Sighting Polaris, a Star located almost over North Pole.
Northerly direction along a line of longitude
A gyrocompass is a compass finds North by using an fast
spinning wheel and friction forces in order to exploit the
rotation of the Earth.
Find true North, i.e. the direction of Earth's rotational
axis, as opposed to magnetic North
Not affected by metal
Magnetic North
Magnetic North
North Arrow of Magnetic compass align North-South with
earth’s magnetic line of force.
North magnetic pole currently located in Northern Canada
(1227 Km from Geographical pole i.e. Pole of Rotation)
Compass: Determines direction using a magnetic north
needle pivoting 360 degrees and pointing to magnetic north
Isogonics chart
The Agonic Line is the line of zero
degree variation
Declination angle
://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Poles/DI81.htm
Magnetic declination
The angular
distance between
north and magnetic
north
Degree of
declination depends
on geographic
location
True and magnetic
north are the same
at Agonic line
GRID
NORTH
TRUE
NORTH
MAGNETIC
NORTH
Grid North
The direction of a grid line which is parallel
to the central meridian on a map.
Grid North may not match true north
because a map is a flat representation of a
curved surface.
Grid North pertains to the north for a
specific plane coordinate system. All northsouth lines run parallel to one another in
the UTM projections.
Types of compass
Azimuth: 0 to 360 degrees, bearings
Quadrant: 0 to 90 degrees, bearings
read eastward or westward of the north or
south direction
Mariner’s compass: 32 bearings
Read in clockwise direction from north
Also called a compass rose
Converting exercise
Direction
Designation
Types of Azimuth
An azimuth is an angle measured clockwise from a
base line direction (north).
Defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise
from a baseline
Types of azimuth:
Orthodrome based on true north
magnetic azimuths based on magnetic north
grid azimuths measures with grid north as base
Bearing: Same as a azimuth but represented
using North or south as a baseline
Back bearing: the 180-degree opposite of the
azimuth or bearing. Also known as back azimuth.
23
Azimuths (cont.)
GN
Grid azimuth =
45 degrees
22
21
20
38
18000mN
19
5
46000mE
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Orthodrome
A great circles arc that is
casted between two
points on a surface of a
sphere. Is the shortest
geodetic connecting line
between two points on a
sphere.
Measuring an Azimuth
Protractors
Measuring an Azimuth
Compasses
Magnetic Lensatic Compass
(Military Type)
Silva Polaris Compass
(Civilian Orienteering)
ORIENTEERING
LINE
E
2
/ 11
S
E. decl .
N
FLOATING
MAGNETIC
NEEDLE
W. d ecl .
2
/ 1
W
10mm
20
30
ROTATING
DIAL
BASE PLATE
DIRECTION OF
TRAVEL ARROW
BASE LINE
INDEX LINE
ORIENTEERING
ARROW
Direction - Some
Examples
Where is north on
this map?
Where is north on
this map?
Position
Determination
• Land Operation
Water Operation
Resection method
Resection is the method of locating
one's position on a map by
determining the grid azimuth to at
least two well-defined locations that
can be pinpointed on the map.
For greater accuracy, the desired
method of resection would be to use
three or more well-defined locations.
http://www.map-reading.com/resect.php
Nautical Charts
Used for marine navigation and contain information
on all navigational aids, such as buoys and beacons,
lighthouses, radio and radar stations, shipping
channels, restricted areas.
Types of nautical charts:
Sailing charts are used to fix a position in long-distance
navigation. They usually employ Mercator's projection.
General charts of the coast are used the same as sailing
charts and also for near-shore navigation. They employ
Mercator's projection.
Coast charts are used for coastwide navigation and to
approach a shore from a long distance offshore. They
show details of land formations and artificial landmarks
which help fix positions.
Harbor charts are used to navigate harbors and their
approaches. They greatly detail terrain and artificial
objects.
tp://www.boatus.org/onlinecourse/ReviewPages/BoatUSF/Project/info5d.htm
Buoys - floating objects that are anchored to the bottom.
Beacons -Which are structures that are permanently fixed to
the sea-bed or land.
Nautical Charts
Symbols used in Nautical
Charts
Position Determination
Lines of Position: The modern chart shows us
positions of many recognizable navigation aids
like churches and lighthouses, which facilitate
the approach to a coastal area.
Ranges: A precise way to obtain a Line of
Position (and without a compass) is to locate
two navigational aids in line.
Position Determination
Fix is the ship's position on the earth at
some given point in time. A fix is
determined by the simultaneous
intersection of Line of Positions.
Dead reckoning is a technique to
determine a ship's approximate position
by applying to the established charted
position a vector or series of vectors
representing true courses and speed.
LORAN (LOng RAnge
Navigation)
LORAN is a position-fixing system consisting of
an array of fixed stations that transmit precisely
synchronized signals to mobile receivers.
Fixed difference in the time of arrival of the
signals from any two stations will define a
hyperbolic arc on which the receiver must lie.
Global Positioning
System
The Global Positioning System (GPS)
consists of a constellation of satellites that
broadcast two pieces of data to radionavigation receivers. A receiver determine
the precisely-known position of these
satellites at the same time, then the
receiver could precisely determine its own
position through triangulation.
Aeronautical charts
Contain a great deal of data on ground features, with an
emphasis on such things as landmarks, elevations,
heights of obstructions, airports, and airways.
World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) based on Lambert
Conformal Conic projection are used for flight planning
and in-flight navigation by VFR pilots on extended cross
country flight at low to medium altitudes and medium to
high airspeed.
Sectional Aeronautical Charts: Series of charts
based on Lambert Conformal Conic projection covering
the United States at a scale of 1:500,000.
The topographic information consists of contour
lines, shaded relief, drainage patterns, and an extensive
selection of visual checkpoints and landmarks.
Cultural features include cities and towns, roads,
railroads, and other distinct landmarks.
The aeronautical information includes visual and
radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace,
special-use airspace, obstructions, and related data.
Aeronautical charts
World Aeronautical
Charts
Sectional Aeronautical
Chart
Terminal Area Charts
Helicopter Route Charts
