Route Selection and Navigation
اسلاید 1: Route Selection and NavigationChapter 7
اسلاید 2: Direction Determination
اسلاید 3: NorthTrue North- line through North Pole.Magnetic North- direction to northern magnetic pole.Grid North-North as established by map maker.TrueNorthMagneticNorthGridNorth
اسلاید 4: By Sighting Polaris, a Star located almost over North Pole. Northerly direction along a line of longitudeA gyrocompass is a compass finds North by using an fast spinning wheel and friction forces in order to exploit the rotation of the Earth. Find true North, i.e. the direction of Earths rotational axis, as opposed to magnetic NorthNot affected by metalTrue North
اسلاید 5: Magnetic NorthNorth Arrow of Magnetic compass align North-South with earth’s magnetic line of force.North magnetic pole currently located in Northern Canada (1227 Km from Geographical pole i.e. Pole of Rotation)Compass: Determines direction using a magnetic north needle pivoting 360 degrees and pointing to magnetic northMagnetic North
اسلاید 6: Isogonics charthttp://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Poles/DI81.htmThe Agonic Line is the line of zero degree variation Declination angle
اسلاید 7: Magnetic declinationThe angular distance between north and magnetic northDegree of declination depends on geographic location True and magnetic north are the same at Agonic lineMAGNETIC NORTHTRUE NORTHGRID NORTH
اسلاید 8: Grid NorthThe direction of a grid line which is parallel to the central meridian on a map. Grid North may not match true north because a map is a flat representation of a curved surface. Grid North pertains to the north for a specific plane coordinate system. All north-south lines run parallel to one another in the UTM projections.
اسلاید 9: Types of compassAzimuth: 0 to 360 degrees, bearingsRead in clockwise direction from northQuadrant: 0 to 90 degrees, bearingsread eastward or westward of the north or south directionMariner’s compass: 32 bearingsAlso called a compass roseConverting exercise
اسلاید 10: Direction Designation
اسلاید 11: Types of AzimuthAn azimuth is an angle measured clockwise from a base line direction (north).Defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a baselineTypes of azimuth:Orthodrome based on true north magnetic azimuths based on magnetic north grid azimuths measures with grid north as baseBearing: Same as a azimuth but represented using North or south as a baselineBack bearing: the 180-degree opposite of the azimuth or bearing. Also known as back azimuth.
اسلاید 12: Azimuths (cont.)546000mE3818000mN19202221234748495051525354GNGrid azimuth = 45 degrees
اسلاید 13: OrthodromeA great circles arc that is casted between two points on a surface of a sphere. Is the shortest geodetic connecting line between two points on a sphere.
اسلاید 14: Measuring an Azimuth Protractors
اسلاید 15: Measuring an Azimuth CompassesMagnetic Lensatic Compass(Military Type)Silva Polaris Compass(Civilian Orienteering)
اسلاید 16: Direction - Some ExamplesWhere is north onthis map?Where is north onthis map?
اسلاید 17: Position Determination Land Operation Water Operation
اسلاید 18: Resection methodResection is the method of locating ones position on a map by determining the grid azimuth to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map. For greater accuracy, the desired method of resection would be to use three or more well-defined locations.http://www.map-reading.com/resect.php
اسلاید 19: Nautical ChartsUsed for marine navigation and contain information on all navigational aids, such as buoys and beacons, lighthouses, radio and radar stations, shipping channels, restricted areas. Types of nautical charts: Sailing charts are used to fix a position in long-distance navigation. They usually employ Mercators projection. General charts of the coast are used the same as sailing charts and also for near-shore navigation. They employ Mercators projection. Coast charts are used for coastwide navigation and to approach a shore from a long distance offshore. They show details of land formations and artificial landmarks which help fix positions. Harbor charts are used to navigate harbors and their approaches. They greatly detail terrain and artificial objects.Buoys - floating objects that are anchored to the bottom. Beacons -Which are structures that are permanently fixed to the sea-bed or land. http://www.boatus.org/onlinecourse/ReviewPages/BoatUSF/Project/info5d.htm
اسلاید 20: Nautical Charts
اسلاید 21: Symbols used in Nautical Charts
اسلاید 22: Position DeterminationLines of Position: The modern chart shows us positions of many recognizable navigation aids like churches and lighthouses, which facilitate the approach to a coastal area.Ranges: A precise way to obtain a Line of Position (and without a compass) is to locate two navigational aids in line.
اسلاید 23: Position DeterminationFix is the ships position on the earth at some given point in time. A fix is determined by the simultaneous intersection of Line of Positions.Dead reckoning is a technique to determine a ships approximate position by applying to the established charted position a vector or series of vectors representing true courses and speed.
اسلاید 24: LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation)LORAN is a position-fixing system consisting of an array of fixed stations that transmit precisely synchronized signals to mobile receivers.Fixed difference in the time of arrival of the signals from any two stations will define a hyperbolic arc on which the receiver must lie.
اسلاید 25: Global Positioning SystemThe Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of a constellation of satellites that broadcast two pieces of data to radio-navigation receivers. A receiver determine the precisely-known position of these satellites at the same time, then the receiver could precisely determine its own position through triangulation.
اسلاید 26: Aeronautical chartsContain a great deal of data on ground features, with an emphasis on such things as landmarks, elevations, heights of obstructions, airports, and airways.World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) based on Lambert Conformal Conic projection are used for flight planning and in-flight navigation by VFR pilots on extended cross country flight at low to medium altitudes and medium to high airspeed.Sectional Aeronautical Charts: Series of charts based on Lambert Conformal Conic projection covering the United States at a scale of 1:500,000. The topographic information consists of contour lines, shaded relief, drainage patterns, and an extensive selection of visual checkpoints and landmarks. Cultural features include cities and towns, roads, railroads, and other distinct landmarks. The aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace, special-use airspace, obstructions, and related data.
اسلاید 27: Aeronautical charts
اسلاید 28: World Aeronautical Charts
اسلاید 29: Sectional Aeronautical Chart
اسلاید 30: Terminal Area Charts
اسلاید 31: Helicopter Route Chart
نقد و بررسی ها
هیچ نظری برای این پاورپوینت نوشته نشده است.