Training and Pruning Basics

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Training and Pruning Basics Objectives and Tools 

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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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What happens if you do not prune? HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Objectives of training **A, Establish a strong tree framework | B. Facilitate management of tree and crop JC. Harvest sunlight effick Aly 1D. Maintain a? * by renewing fruiting woo HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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A. Establish a Strong Tree Framework i Structural “Upright vertical Wood : trunk 1 f | Well distributed ۹ ig scaffolds 2 ‏با‎ 77 | Wide crotch angles ‏در‎ HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Ni 

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‎le‏ رن رو کر ار و راو مرس و هر ‎Framework ‎ ‎ 

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نانيع لم لم ال رس ‎CL UL‏ 1ل نل د لق مايا قه السگه Framework “ Wide branch angles are stronger ۱ angles are weak and increase shading inside canopy HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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۶ ۵۲011 6 Framework: © Qupr vbevive of the Pst ther peas © Dust host the tPRetve oF the ree D Gtewctural support Por Prout crop Ghoul oot be crowded HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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حتاتماك الل مساك كردا ‎Management of the‏ ‎Tree and Crop‏ “Height of primary scaffolds | Distribute scaffolds well ! Tree uniformity | Tree size HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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1. Height of Primary Scaffolds ‘Access to tree base * Irrigation, herbicides, fertilizers | Allow air movement to minimize disease pressure HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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2. Distribute Scaffolds Well ‘Easy entry to tree | Thinning, pruning, harvesting | Good pesticide coverage HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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3. Tree Uniformity | Easier to train employees | Mechanization possible HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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HM 6۸ 7 8 8 66 ‏بر ۱۳۳ هل م6‎ ee ‏سي‎ ae © tite 4. Tree Size | Small trees are easier to work ‎No ladders needed‏ ذأ ‎| Easy to reach all parts of tree ‎| Better spray penetration ‎HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Facilitate Management of the Tree and Crop “Optimize height of primary scaffolds * Allow space at tree base | Distribute scaffolds well * Do not over crowd scaffolds | Tree uniformity J Limit tree size with summer and winter pruning HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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C. Harvest Sunlight Efficiently < Maximize surface area of orchard covered by canopy » Limit canopy depth 

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1. Maximize surface area of orchard covered by canopy ‘Most rapid in high density plantings HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Efficiently: 2. ee Oucwpy Oephk % Light Penetration Canopy Depth (feet) Light Intensity Decreases Within the Tree Canopy HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Efficiently: Photosynthesis Decreases at Lower Light Levels 00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 % Full Sunlight HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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HAG FA es a api ‏ی دی ای مت ار رل‎ Pe Poor Light Intensity Leads to ! Poor fruit color ! Poor fruit distribution * Less fruit bud development | Poor fruit size | Poor fruit flavor HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Efficiently: Poor Light Intensity Leads to % Red Color 

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Efficiently: Light Intensity Affects: Fruit Color and Size Open. centre Vase HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Efficiently: Light Intensity Affects: Fruit Color and Size HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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TEM a HGR PY ee LN Va ip ‏ار دک‎ Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit Size % Light Fruit size (grams) Multi—leader Multi—leader Open Centre Open Centre HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit aud Nut Prediction 

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Light Intensity and Fruit Distribution % Light % Fruit Penetration 40 a 45 ۰ Multi—leader Multi—leader Open Centre Open Centre HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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8۰116/61۰ Light Intensity and Fruit Flavor 4 Light % Soluble Solids Multi—leader Open Centre Mutti-leader Open Centre HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Harvest Sunlight Efficiently | Maximize Orchard Floor Covered with Canopy / Limit canopy depth to 3 feet * Expose all parts of the canopy with at least 50% sunlight HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Productivity Sustain maximum bearing area for maximal time ®ukxeed Revewul HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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۳( و فا و مه ‘Maintain light distribution in canopy ' Remove unproductive wood [ Maintain good vegetative:fruit: balance 

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Maintain light distribution in canopy “Only sun-exposed areas produce quality fruit | Limit canopy depth to 3' ' Control tree size * Unless control tree size tl fruit moves up every year | | * Lower part of tree will be Figure 11-12, Average ight ditibton, a a pet shaded centage of full sunlight, in standard-sized Delicou: apple trees Shaded interior produces inferior fruit 0 peor color. [After Looney 1968.) HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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‎my ۰‏ 8 در رعذ 04 8 ر؟ 2 هل کر 8 0/6 8 8 8 6 8 ۳ + ‎Remove Unproductive‏ ‎Wood‏ ‎Fruiting wood which hangs down ‎| Fruiting wood which is shaded ‎| Water sprouts and root suckers ‎| Diseased or damaged wood ‎| Weak or thin wood ‎HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive Wood * Remove weak or thin wood HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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ex. Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive Wood ° Remove weak or thin wood HORT 319-1 

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Maintain Productivity: Maintain good vegetative:fruit balance ° Thin out excessively vigorous vegetative growth during summer ° Allows light into center of tree HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Maintain good vegetative:fruit balance Remove excessive fruiting wood ! In peaches - remove 40-60% of new fruiting wood each year 

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‎ee Tee Poe a eases‏ تن ی ‎How should you train your trees? ‎* Many approaches work ‎| Open center is most common for peaches ‎! Central leader is most common for pome fruit ‎fl 1 21 aba ~ ‏کت وج‎ ‎ ‎HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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422) 6۸ ‏ار ات‎ How should you train your trees? Keep in mind the four objectives ** Establish a strong tree framework | Facilitate management of tree and crop | Harvest sunli efficiently ! Maintain ge. ee by balanced renewal HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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What Tools Are Used in Tree Training? 

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ee ‏ی ی ی‎ eee eee ‏ال حيس ار‎ ees Training “Manipulation of apical dominance »Controlled by the plant hormone auxin * Produced by actively growing shoots »Moves down the branch with gravity HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Effects of auxin v Inhibits lateral ‘Apex or terminal bd bud break | v Inhibits lateral shoot growth ee v Affects branch ‏ات تا‎ angle Hormone moves downward, suppressing lateral buds HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Remove the Source of Auxin “Heading Cut ‎Remove part of‏ ب ‎the branch‏ ‎¥ Stimulate bud break near cut ‎¥ Stimulate localized branching ‎ ‎HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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1190101130 = Heading Cuts *Tnitially it opens up the canopy U Since heading cuts ‎Stimulate lateral‏ ذا ‎bud break‏ ‎! Vigorous vegetative growth creates a dense canopy ‎ ‎HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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7 Remove the Source of Auxin “Thinning cut ¥ Remove branch at point of origin ¥ Least invigorating cut ¥ Promote light pone Hn into ١ ‏جد‎ ‎00 S| THINNING v Maintenance pruning 3 تمس مسج مه ات ‎HORT 319 - Temperate‏ 

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Bend Branch Towards Horizontal ‘Decreases amount of auxin 1 “| from tip ج ‎radios PS‏ ملحب جرد 60 Increase lateral branching Decrease terminal growth HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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pena 1۸۲0116/۸ 5 Horizontal ! Decreases amount of auxin 1 | from tip oud beloiy the Increase lateral branching Buds at highest point brea! Decrease terminal growth HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Timing of pruning | Dormant pruning * Most common approach | Summer pruning * Works well in combination with dormant pruning * Open up the tree to allow light into center HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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Pruning Response Varies with Tree | Different varieties/crops grow differently * Spur types in apples | Vigor level of the tree * Age of the tree * Rootstock * Fertility/irrigation/soil constraints | Small fruited vs. large fruited crops HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 

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www.hortilover net 

Training and Pruning Basics Objectives and Tools Strong Tree Framework Facilitate Management Harvest Sunlight Efficiently Maintain Productivity Balanced Renewal HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production What happens if you do not prune?  Faster growth  Earlier fruiting  Less light penetration  Poor spray coverage  More difficult to manage HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Objectives of training  A. Establish a strong tree framework  B. Facilitate management of tree and crop  C. Harvest sunlight efficiently Balanced Renewal  D. Maintain productivity  by renewing fruiting wood HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production A. Establish a Strong Tree Framework  Upright vertical trunk Structural Wood  Well distributed scaffolds  Wide crotch angles HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Establish a Strong Tree Framework Well Distributed Scaffolds Vertical trunk HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Establish a Strong Tree Framework  Wide branch angles are stronger  Narrow angles are weak and increase shading inside canopy HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production A Strong Tree Framework: Major objective of the first three years Must last the lifetime of the tree Structural support for fruit crop Should not be crowded HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production B. Facilitate Management of the Tree and Crop     Height of primary scaffolds Distribute scaffolds well Tree uniformity Tree size HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Facilitate Management: 1. Height of Primary Scaffolds  Access to tree base  Irrigation, herbicides, fertilizers  Allow air movement to minimize disease pressure HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 2. Distribute Scaffolds Well Easy entry to tree  Thinning, pruning, harvesting Good pesticide coverage HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 3. Tree Uniformity Easier to train employees Mechanization possible HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Facilitate Management: 4. Tree Size Small trees are easier to work No ladders needed Easy to reach all parts of tree Better spray penetration HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Facilitate Management of the Tree and Crop  Optimize height of primary scaffolds  Allow space at tree base  Distribute scaffolds well  Do not over crowd scaffolds  Tree uniformity  Limit tree size with summer and winter pruning HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production C. Harvest Sunlight Efficiently Maximize surface area of orchard covered by canopy Limit canopy depth HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Efficiently: 1. Maximize surface area of orchard covered by canopy  Most rapid in high density plantings HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Efficiently: % Light Penetration 2. Limit Canopy Depth 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50% 30% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Canopy Depth (feet) Light Intensity Decreases Within the Tree Canopy HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Efficiently: 2. Limit Canopy Depth % Maximum Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Decreases at Lower Light Levels 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Full Sunlight HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Efficiently: Poor Light Intensity Leads to  Poor fruit color  Poor fruit distribution  Less fruit bud development  Poor fruit size  Poor fruit flavor HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Efficiently: Poor Light Intensity Leads to % Red Color Poor fruit color 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 % Full Sunlight HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production 90 100 Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity Affects: Fruit Color and Size HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Efficiently: Light Intensity Affects: Fruit Color and Size HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit Size % Light Penetration Fruit size (grams) HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit Distribution % Light Penetration % Fruit Distribution HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit Flavor % Light Penetration % Soluble Solids HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Harvest Sunlight Efficiently Maximize Orchard Floor Covered with Canopy Limit canopy depth to 3 feet  Expose all parts of the canopy with at least 50% sunlight HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Productivity Sustain maximum bearing area for maximal time Balanced Renewal HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production D. Maintain Productivity Maintain light distribution in canopy Remove unproductive wood Maintain good vegetative:fruit balance HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Maintain Productivity: Maintain light distribution in canopy  Only sun-exposed areas produce quality fruit  Limit canopy depth to 3’  Control tree size   Unless control tree size the fruit moves up every year Lower part of tree will be shaded HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive Wood  Fruiting wood which hangs down  Fruiting wood which is shaded  Water sprouts and root suckers  Diseased or damaged wood  Weak or thin wood HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive Wood  Remove weak or thin wood HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive Wood  Remove weak or thin wood HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Maintain Productivity: Maintain good vegetative:fruit balance Thin out excessively vigorous vegetative growth during summer  Allows light into center of tree  HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Maintain good vegetative:fruit balance  Remove excessive fruiting wood  In peaches - remove 40-60% of new fruiting wood each year HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Conclusions: How should you train your trees?  Many approaches work  Open center is most common for peaches  Central leader is most common for pome fruit  Find a program that works and stick to it HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Conclusions: How should you train your trees?  Keep in mind the four objectives  Establish a strong tree framework  Facilitate management of tree and crop  Harvest sunlight efficiently  Maintain productivity by balanced renewal HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production What Tools Are Used in Tree Training? Tools used in Tree Training  Manipulation of apical dominance  Controlled by the plant hormone auxin  Produced by actively growing shoots  Moves down the branch with gravity HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Effects of auxin  Inhibits lateral bud break  Inhibits lateral shoot growth  Affects branch angle HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Pruning Remove the Source of Auxin  Heading Cut  Remove part of the branch  Stimulate bud break near cut  Stimulate localized branching HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Hedging = Heading Cuts  Initially it opens up the canopy  Since heading cuts  Stimulate lateral bud break  Vigorous vegetative growth creates a dense canopy HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Pruning Remove the Source of Auxin  Thinning cut  Remove branch at point of origin  Least invigorating cut  Promote light penetration into canopy  Maintenance pruning HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Bend Branch Towards Horizontal Decreases amount of auxin moving from tip Bend to a 45 to 60 degree angle Increase lateral branching Decrease terminal growth HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Bend Branch Towards Horizontal Decreases amount of auxin moving from tip Bend below the horizontal Increase lateral branching Buds at highest point break Decrease terminal growth HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Timing of pruning  Dormant pruning  Most common approach  Summer pruning   Works well in combination with dormant pruning Open up the tree to allow light into center HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Pruning Response Varies with Tree  Different varieties/crops grow differently  Spur types in apples  Vigor level of the tree    Age of the tree Rootstock Fertility/irrigation/soil constraints  Small fruited vs. large fruited crops HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production www.hortilover .net