Uses of Computer Networks

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Chapter 1 Introduction 

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Uses of Computer Networks * Business Applications * Home Applications * Mobile Users ° Social Issues 

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Business Applications of Networks Client : A network with two clients and one server. 

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Business Applications of Networks (2) Client machine Server machine Request © ‏ما(‎ ‎1١ ‎+ Reply Client process Server process The client-server model involves requests and replies. 

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Home Network Applications ٠ Access to remote information ° Person-to-person communication ¢ Interactive entertainment ¢ Electronic commerce 

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Home Network Applications mae ut ‏برا‎ “oi In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and 

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Home Network Applications (3) Example Ordering books on-line Car manufacturer ordering tires from supplier Government distributing tax forms electronically Auctioning second-hand products on-line File sharing Full name Business-to-consumer Business-to-business Government-to-consumer Consumer-to-consumer Peer-to-peer Some forms of e-commerce. Tag B2c B2B 6260 02 pap 

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Mobile Network Users Applications Desktop computers in offices A notebook computer used in a hotel room Networks in older, unwired buildings Portable office; PDA for store inventory Mobile No Yes No Yes Wireless No No Yes Yes Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing. 

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Network Hardware * Local Area Networks ٠ Metropolitan Area Networks ٠ Wide Area Networks ¢ Wireless Networks ¢ Home Networks ¢ Internetworks 

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Broadcast Networks Types of transmission technology ¢ Broadcast links ٠ Point-to-point links 

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Broadcast Networks (2) Interprocessor Processors Example distance located in same 1m Square meter | Personal area network 10m Room 400m Building Local area network 1 Campus 10km City Metropolitan area network 100 km Country = Wide area network 4000 km Continent 10,000 km Planet The Internet Classification of interconnected processors by scale. 

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Local Area Networks om, &% ۳ ‏یه‎ (a) (b) Computer Two broadcast networks (a) Bus (b) Ring 

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Metropolitan Area Networks “a 2 2 2 Kies. ۳ ‏عه فقة هت‎ ‏اه 6 هه‎ jaa ea ge RE ae ‏وت‎ ey Head end 1 Internet. iz PI E k based on cable TV. A metropolitan area networ 

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Wide Area Networks Subnet Router 1 Host LAN ation between hosts on LANs and the subnet. Re 

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Wide Area Networks (2) Receiving host ۱ Packet Router C makes a choice to forward packets to E and not toD Sending process Receiving process A stream of packets from sender to receiver. 

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Wireless Networks Categories of wireless networks: ° System interconnection ° Wireless LANs ° Wireless WANs 

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Wireless Networks (2) (a) Bluetooth configuration (b) Wireless LAN 

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Wireless Networks (3) Flying router Portable computer One telephone call per computer (a) (b) (a) Individual mobile computers (b) A flying LAN 

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Home Network Categories Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3) Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax) Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco) Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam). 

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Network Software Protocol Hierarchies Design Issues for the Layers Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Service Primitives The Relationship of Services to Protocols 

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Network Software Protocol Hierarchies Host 1 Host 2 Layer 5 protocol Layers Jo-----SPSES Preteen ‏لع‎ Layer 5 Layer 4 interface f I Layer 4 protocol Layer 4 [o=---SYSES Pree {Layers Ler in| i Layer 3 protocol Layers | ‏ات تب ل‎ -[tayers ‏ی‎ 1 Layer 2 protocol ‏کم[‎ ‏ات‎ | 1 Layer 1 protocol Layer t fx-=--H¥SE I etenet {Layers Physical medium Layers, protocols, and interfaces. 

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Protocol Hierarchies (2) Location 8 [aime ۹ =[ @ ‎[Fae‏ > ل سس مساو she 0 ‏ا‎ 3 | em Infomation ‏موم من‎ ‏موز‎ ۳ “E> 13 ماو The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture. 

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Protocol Hierarchies (3) Layer 5 ۱ ‏موه بو‎ 5 9 ‏2ب تسيل‎ ۳ cel 1 | 1 4 protocol 5 1| MT e------ Lever 4otocol ‏مد‎ «RL = Layers protocol 3 (Rly ‏سه |يلة زولا‎ 1 Hs] Me Layer ۱ protocol ‏]یدید‎ [te] [Fo]Me] Mate ‏وب‎ [Te] [Fel Ho] Mele 1 Source machine Destination machine Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5. 

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Design Issues for the Layers ° Addressing ¢ Error Control ° Flow Control ٠ Multiplexing ٠ Routing 

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Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Example Sequence of pages Remote login Digitized voice Electronic junk mail Registered mail Database query service. Service Reliable message stream Reliable byte stream Unreliable connection Unreliable datagram Acknowledged datagram Request-reply Six different types o: Connection- oriented Connection- less 

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Service Primitives Primitive Meaning LISTEN Block waiting for an incoming connection CONNECT Establish a connection with a waiting peer RECEIVE Block waiting for an incoming message SEND Send a message to the peer DISCONNECT | Terminate a connection Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-oriented service. 

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Service Primitives (2) Glient machine ‏تم‎ ecuedd Server machine 6 2) ACK ‏يه | م0‎ 3) Request for data a System |___(4) Reply ‏لس‎ ‎cals ‎omer Kerme | Price ‏تايورم‎ Beomet I Keine ۳۳۵ prvers Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a connection-oriented network. 

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Services to Protocols Relationship Layerk+1 Layerk+1 [sone provided by layer k | Protocol Layer k [ater nen ne nnn eee ener eee eee ‏بم يي يمي‎ < ۱۵۷۵۲ ۷-1 ۱۵۷۵۲۷1 The relationship between a service and a protocol. 

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Reference Models The OSI Reference Model The TCP/IP Reference Model A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model 

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Reference Models Layer Name of unit ‘exchanged Application protocol 7 | Application Application | APDU roto | | 6 [ Presentation Presentation] PPOU The OSI 5 [session reference 1 model. ۰۴ Transpon_| TOU Se ere t 0 cloned 1 Session | SPDU 3 [Network ‏تحت‎ Le Network |+|---[ Network | Packet 2 [ Datalink | Data link Data link Datalink | Frame 1 [Physical |=, Physical |~ Physical Physical | Bit Host A Router Router Host B Network layer host-router protocol Data link layer host-router protocol Physical layer host-router protocol 

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Reference Models (2) Os! TCPAP 7 Application Application 6 Presentation ( ‏أمعمعام أولل ب‎ 5 ‏ل‎ 7 in the model 4 Transport Transport 3 Network Internet 2 Data link Host-to-network 1 Physical The TCP/IP reference model. 

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Reference Models (3) Layer (OSI names) Application Transport Network Physical + data link DNS LAN UDP ‘SMTP Packet radio FIP ‘SATNET TCP TELNET ARPANET a Protocols Networks Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially. 

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Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models Concepts central to the OSI model ¢ Services ۰ Interfaces ¢ Protocols 

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A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols Why OSI did not take over the world ٠ Bad timing ° Bad technology ° Bad implementations ° Bad politics 

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Bad Timing Billion dollar Research investment Activity ‏حب‎ Time —~ The apocalypse of the two elephants. 

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A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model Problems: ¢ Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished ٠ Nota general model ٠ Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer * No mention of physical and data link layers * Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace 

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Hybrid Model Application layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer = py HOR ‏اصن‎ The hybrid reference model to be used in this book. 

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Example Networks The Internet Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM Ethernet Wireless LANs: 802:11 

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The ARPANET Switching ‏بح ماو‎ office fa) {b) (a) Structure of the telephone system. (b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system. 

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The ARPANET (2) Host-host protocol Le Host Host-IMP- ‘Subnet IMP The original ARPANET design. 

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The ARPANET (3) 0 Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970. (c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972. 

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NSFNET © NSF Supercomputer center @ NSF Midlevel network © Both The NSFNET backbone in 1988. 

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Internet Usage Traditional applications (1970 - 1990) ° E-mail ۰ 5 ° Remote login ٠ File transfer 

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Architecture of the Internet Overview of the Internet. 

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ATM Virtual Circuits Router Subnet Sending host Receiving host wl ۹ Sending process Virtual circuit Receiving process A virtual circuit. 

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ATM Virtual Circuits (2) 48 User data An ATM cell. 5 Header Bytes 

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The ATM Reference Model CS: Convergence sublayer SAR: Segmentation and reassembly sublayer TC: Transmission convergence sublayer PMD: Physical medium dependent sublayer Plane management Layer management ¢ QA User plane Upper layers The ATM reference model. Physical layer 2 ‘ATM adaptation layer ------- ATM layer Control plane Upper layers cs SAR TC ns PMD. 

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The ATM Reference Model (2) Osi ۸۲۷ ۸ layer layer sublayer Functionality Providing the standard interface (convergence) ‎AAL 5‏ | ملو ‎SAR | Segmentation and reassembly‏ ‎Flow control‏ ‎Cell header generation/extraction‏ ۳۹ ‎Virtual circui/path management Cell multiplexing/demultiplexing ‎Call rate decoupling Header checksum generation and verification 2 16 Call generation ‎Packing/unpacking cells from the enclosing envelope Frame generation ‎Physical ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Bit timing 1 PMD | Physical network access ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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cece hernet. Ethernet ۴ 8 Transceiver ۳ | ‏مهس‎ ‎cable = 8 8 ۲ 5 Architecture of the original Et! Ether 

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Wireless LANs Base |_To wired network station| fi f dae eu (a) (a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad hoc networking. 

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Wireless LANs (2) The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system. 

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Wireless LANs (3) 3 ‘Ethemet Base station 8 ‏كك‎ a ۳ Portal 8 cell 8 A multicell 802.11 network. 

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Network Standardization Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World Who's Who in the International Standards World Who's Who in the Internet Standards World 

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ITU ٠ Main sectors ¢ Radiocommunications °* Telecommunications Standardization ¢ Development ° Classes of Members ° National governments ¢ Sector members ٠ Associate members ۰ Regulatory agencies 

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IEEE 802 Standards Number 802.1 Overview and architecture of LANs 8022 1 | Logical ink control 8023 * | Ethemet 802.4 1 | Token bus (was briefly used in manufacturing plants) 802.5 | Token ring (IBM's entry into the LAN world) 802.6 1 | Dual queue dual bus (early metropolitan area network 02.7 4 | Technical advisory group on broadband technologies 802.8 t | Technical advisory group on fiber optic technologies 802.9 1 | Isochronous LANs (for realtime applications) 802.10 | Virtual LANs and security 802.11" | Wireless LANs 802.12) | Demand priority (Hewlett Packard's AnyLAN) 802.13 _| Unlucky number. Nobody wanted it ] 302.147 | Cable modems (defunct: an industry consortium got there frst) 802.15 * | Personal area networks (Bluetoath) 802.16 * | Broadband wireless 802.17 | Resilient packet ring The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with V are hibernating. The one يس لمسسم د ‎tt oe‏ 

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Prefix Kilo Mega Giga Tera Peta Exa Zetta Yotta Metric Units Explicit 1,000 1,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Exp. 103 10° 10° 10 10% 10 102 10 Prefix milli micro nano pico femto ato zepto yosto Explicit 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 0,000000000001 0.000000000000001 0.0000000000000000001 0.0000000000000000000001 0,0000000000000000000000001 The principal metric prefixes. Exp. 103 103 10° 10 105 105 0 10