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به نام خداوند بخشنده ی مهربان
A summary of Cold Fusion
محمد سس دوامی
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۳
مقد تاه xy
مه و تاریخجه
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اقتصاد
مواد اوليه
i oN
محصول /
ole و فناورزی “انرزى
ارزش بازار انرژی دنیا سالانه حدود 7 تیلیارد دلار است
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Chemical Reactions (eV)
Useful power densities.
Well engineered
and widely used.
فد ریز یسب سم
Massive amounts oe
of coal, oil and gas.
Global warming !!
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© . Some of the energy binding
o's protons and neutrons in a nucleus
n can be released and used.
There are two ways to release energy stored in nuclei:
Heavy nuclei of uranium or plutonium will split (fission)
when impacted by a neutron.
Light nuclei (isotopes of hydrogen) will join (fuse)
when they hit each other at high kinetic energies
۳ °
» /
سد J ۱۳ Sn 5
Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
Electron © Proton @ Neutron @
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مت صحصحححححح]
They are driven by changes
T 9
3 1
nucleon binding energies.
se Cu? As?> Mo”
5 Nuclear
Fusion
‘I [E = me’ |
2
Average Binding Energy per Nucleon (MeV)
Size of a Nucleus
و او اس لت اس ا ا ا ا 303 ا 1 1
240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 6 40 20 6
۱ Number of Nucleons in a Nucleus
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Presentation for NYU
David J. Nagel
Research Professor
Contact:
‘viata tg Tompkins 105K | Ofc hours By
Office Phone: 202.904.0109 sFP=iniment
The George Washington
University
The Status, Momentum & Potential of Low Energy
Nuclear Reactions - YouTube
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Presentation at European
Pog
Pomerat
Bill Colis Memorial Workshop
eee ee!
Florian Metzler - LENR Research in the USA
YouTube
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This presentation is about a potential
new source of clean nuclear energy which is:
Cheap due to energy gains.
Distributed and maybe mobile
due to high energy densities.
Safe due to negligible
dangerous radiation or radioactive waste.
Free of greenhouse gases.
This new source could do for energy
what cell phones did for communications.
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Potential of LENR
Experiments have shown that LENR has several
very attractive features, including high energy gains,
high energy densities that enable small systems,
lack of dangerous radiation when operating,
absence of significant radioactive waste, and
no greenhouse gases.
Development of LENR generators could lead to
having multi-kilowatt nuclear systems in homes.
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Cold fusion (at about 1000 C max)
a
Muon-catalyzed fusion Solid state fusion
Lattice confinement fusion
LowEnergyNuclearReaction (LENR)
Cold fusion
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Muon-catalyzed fusion
Muons are 207 times more massive than electron result
186 time closer
Patra eves oor hoppent ob roe Bert
wrens ore nettle, decay i 2
وه ها ماه bePore صوصخ بل “aipko-sichiad" problew (roy about (OO
هم مارا
Pov work every weeded ip woke wures ( partical accelerator)
Atom begin to interact Sufficiently far apart
asthey move closer together to have no interaction
Internuclear distance (pm)
achieve lowest overall
7
+
oa di
(#41 bond lenges)
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مت صحصحححححح]
Muon-catalyzed fusion
Experimental evidence of muon production from a laser-wakefield accelerator
L, Calvin', E. Gerstnaye! © €, Arran, L. Tudor, T. Foster! B. Berguanun’, D. Doria, B, Kettle
H. Maguire, V, Malka, P. Manek, S. P. D. Mangles’, P. MeKenna™®, RE. Milai®®,
©. Ridge P. Smolyanskiy', Wilson”, RM
"Dat, Pertadoun West, Fareham, United Kingdom
Acceleron Fusion Secures $24M Series A Led by
Lowercarbon Capital and Collaborative Fund to
Revolutionize Clean Energy with Muon-
Catalyzed Fusion
= 566060
YF acceleron
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Cold fusion (LENR) history
Fleischmann-Pons Press Conference
23 March 1989
لال لكين ] Martin
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LENR
The manner of announcement at a Press Conference
The announcement was quickly sensationalized by both broadcast and print med
Itv urpri ty, especially physicists, and to the public.
It dealt and deals with a physics problem, but was announced by two chemists.
The Fleischmann-Pons paper had not appeared by the time of the announcement.
Physicists doing hot fusion research felt that their government funding was threatened.
Some prominent physicists campaigned against results and research on cold fusion.
The experiments were very small, especially compared to physics fusion experiments.
The experiments appeared to be easy to perform, although that was proven to be wrong.
Many early rep! were done hastily and poorly, and reported prematurely.
The 1989 Department of Energy committee in the U.S. did not have access to all data.
Experiments were initially, and commonly remain, both irreproducible and uncontrollable.
Unknown problems with variations in materials characteristics were common and critical.
Funding was not sufficient for parametric studies and for use of modern instruments.
Experiments done in different labs were diverse and difficult to relate to each other.
Cold fusion was (and is) commonly mocked in the media and books as science gone wrong.
* Funding for needed systematic experiments was not provided by most governments.
* The larger Scientific Community was not incentivized to perform LENR experiments.
* The large available literature on LENR was and is ignored by the Scientific Community.
يي کی ی سب اه سب کی دی ی 1355025222 م ]ممه a اا بي
controvers
ia.
¢ to the scientific commun
5
cation attempts
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۱
0 0
ل
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Momentum of LENK
LENR research has been done in a dozen countries.
Japan has major LENR programs for many years.
Google funded a LENR program from 2015 to 2019.
The EU started two major LENR programs in 2021.
Sporadic investment in LENR research in the U.S.
The U.S. started a LENR program in January 2023.
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LENR research in the US before 2015:
٠ No large-scale programs with cumulative, published results
* One-off funding of smaller projects
* Some continuity of research at certain sites (shoestring budgets), e.g.:
+ SRI International (McKubre)
MIT (Hagelstein)
University of Illinois (Miley)
Naval Research Laboratories (Hubler)
NASA
Individual efforts (Storms, Letts, Cravens)
Los Alamos (Claytor)
University of Missouri
Texas Tech University (Duncan)
Coolescence
and others
eee eee rene
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ب
Arough timeline —
2014: 2015: 2020: 2021: 2022: 2023: 2025:
Anthropocene Google Google ARPA-E ARPA-E ARPA-E ARPA-E
Institute gets ۰. 0 program LENR LENR program LENR program LENR program
involved in start conclusion workshop announcement start conclusion
LENR
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sconnect between promise and support
ve, and | joined forces in 2015 at Google
۳1
nes relevant tc fusion
Recruit new
x of against)
Willingness to collaborate as a “Peer Group” and with Google
Commitment to publish what is learned
scientists on cold fusion (f
cientists
with,
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Google cold fusion program Overview
Some statist
about our program
16 collaborations*
& new academic groups
8 experienced LENR researchers/groups
6 more collaboration attempts were unsuccessful
12 calorimeter designs were qualified
No lab work was conducted at Google
$10 million invested in external sponsored research
© Collaborations varied in duration and funding amount
27 peer-reviewed articles published to date
e Including 6 Nature-family papers and 2 granted US patents
e Complete list here: httos//groups.chem.ubc.caicberling/charleston/
* To ensure the privacy of all participants. our collaborations were under NDA. Full details can not be disclosed.
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‘UBC
fra, HARVARD Alm
Mir 24۳00 Mes كم
۳ ۲۷۸۷۲۸۷۸۸ ———— TY 7
@ MAINLAND
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Most impactful publication
PERSPECTIVE “Finding breakthroughs requires risk taking, and we
ee contend that revisiting cold fusion is a risk worth
Revisiting the cold case of cold fusion taking. We hope our journey will inspire others to
تست produce and contribute data in this intriguing parameter
space
۲1
It is our perspective that the search for a reference
experiment for cold fusion remains a worthy pursuit
because the quest to understand and contro! unusual
states of matter is both interesting and important.”
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Google program: some key outcomes
+ Brought new researchers into the field
+ Demonstrated that LENR research can be designed such that it
is not harmful to young people's careers
* Nature Perspective article turned out to be impactful despite
cautious framing
+ Concerns were voiced that replication attempts did not cover
the right parameter space
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ARPA-E 3% Blanguages v
Article Talk Read Eolt Viewhistory Tools v
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or
newly available information. (June 2023)
ARPA-E, or Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy is an agency within the Advanced Research Projects
United States Department of Energy tasked with funding the research and development Agency-Energy
of advanced energy technologies.'"! The goal of the agency is to improve U.S, economic = 2) =
“<&
prosparity, national security, and environmental well being. ARPA-E typically funds ۷.۸: خا"
short-term research projects with the potential for a transformative impact. tis siden AREA
inspired by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). oon 0 cn eee
The program directors at ARPA-E serve limited terms, in an effort to reduce bureaucracy ل Governmental
and bias. Since January 2023, the director is Evelyn Wang! سیب
Director Danie! Cunningham
1 000 (Acting)
History and mission oxi) Us Department o
organization Eneray
Legislative history | 0s:) Website arpaeenergy.gove
>
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ARPA-studied the LENR landscape 2019-2021
Program team at the ARPA-E LENR workshop, October 21-22, 2021
e112.
Or. Scott Hsu, Or. Katharine Or. Robert Ledoux, Mr. Sam Wurzel, Dr. Halle Cheeseman,
Program Director —Greco,Fellow Program Director = T2M Advisor Program Director
Or. Robert Thompson, Dr. Curt Nebrkorn, Dr. Colleen Nebr. Christina Leggett,
Tech SETA Tech SETA Tech SETA
ape SETA Science and Engineering Techeical Advisor
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ب
Arough timeline —
2014: 2015: 2020: 2021: 2022: 2023: 2025:
Anthropocene Google Google ARPA-E ARPA-E ARPA-E ARPA-E
Institute gets ۰. 0 program LENR LENR program LENR program LENR program
involved in start conclusion workshop announcement start conclusion
LENR
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The folowing teams have been selected to receive funding a part of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy (ARPA-E) LENR Exploratory Topic:
«+ Amphionie (Dexter, Mi wl focus on exploring i LENR ave produced in potential wells existing between two nanoscale surfaces by controling m
nanoparticle (NP) geometry. separation, composition, and deuterium loading, (Award amount: $295,924)
+ Energetics Technology Center (dian Head, MD) will use electrochemical codeposition of a deuterated palladium metal compound on a metal
substrate conformed onto aplastic scntilator to establish and sustain LENR, (Award amount: $1,500,000)
+ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley, CA) wil draw fro knowledge based on previous work using higher energy ion beams as an external
‘excitation source for LENR on metal hydrides electrochemical loaded with deuterium, The team proposes to systematically vary materials and
عقوم while monitoring nuclear event rates with a suite of agnostics, (Award amount $1,500,000)
+ Massachusetts Insitute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) wil develop an experimental patform that thoroughly and reprodcibly ests clims of eucear
‘anomalies in gas loaded metaltydrogen systems. (Award amount: $2,000,000)
+ Stanford University (Redwood City CA) wl explore a technical slton based on LENR active nanoparticles and gaseous deuterium. (Award amount
180000)
+ Texas Tech University (Lubbock, TX) wil focus on advanced materials fabrication characterization, and analy
nuclear products a a resource for teams within the LENR Exploratory Topi. (Award amount $1, 180.000)
+ University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MD il use a gas cycling expernent that passes deuterium gas through a chamber filed wt pallaum
rnanoerystaline samples Variables wilinclude temperature nanocrystal sie, and laser wavelength, (Avard amount: $1,108.42)
+ University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MD il provide capably to measure hypothetical neutron, gamma and in miso rom LENR experiments.
Modern instrumentation willbe couple wth bes practices in data acquisition, analysis, nd understanding f backgrounds to interpret colected data
and evluaethe proposed signal. (Avard amount $902.219)
ong with advanced detection of
op Amphionic
8 ات
energetics
مور
—_
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Stanford
University
‘TEXAS TECH
Onivensity
UNIVERSITY OF
MICHIGAN
___ https://arpa-e. energy. gov/news-and-media/press-releases/us-department-energy-announces-10-million-funding-
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Questions that govern field formation 5۳0 6۷۵۱۵6۱0۵8 2
e.g. a novel class of
nuclear reactions
Increase of funding
» & resources
Enables systematic
technology
¥ development
e.g. deuteron proximity,
coherent stimulation, etc.
e.g. electron screening +
Dicke-enhanced nuclear
excitation transfer
1. Is there a new effect?
2. What are all key variables
to cause the effect?
(and relevant parameter ranges)
3. What is/are the underlying
mechanism(s)?
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Desired outcomes of an i
At least one on-demand, repeatabl
irrefutable LENR experiment
satisfying agreed-upon metrics
Present LENR Several multi-
evidence at top disciplinary teams
conferences and well-positioned for
publish in top-tier follow-on funding, both
journals public and private
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From scientific understanding to commercial impact
Basic research agencies (many projects each at hundreds $k/year)
cientific understanding and explore multiple concepts
‘Stablish rigorous)
widely accepted
evidence
ARPA-E ~$10M +
partners
Optimization &
scaleup
(One or more ARPA-E
~$30M programs +
partners
Development and demonstration
Applied-energy and mission-
driven agencies, VCs
>>$100M
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Goals *
+ “Akey goal of the Exploratory Topic is to obtain convincing
empirical evidence of nuclear reactions in an LENR
experiment and publication of the evidence in a top-tier peer-
reviewed research journal.”
+ “Additional overarching goals of this Exploratory Topic are to
bring together new perspectives and participants, modern
state-of-the-art scientific and technical capabilities, and the
experiences of long-time LENR practitioners.”
صفحه 35:
Nir
Acknowledging what was done سس
+ “ARPA-E acknowledges the complex, controversial history
of LENR beginning with the announcement by Martin
Fleischmann and Stanley Pons (FP) in 1989 that they had
achieved deuterium-deuterium (D-D) ‘cold fusion’.
+ “Many groups from around the world continued to conduct
varied LENR experiments and report evidence of excess heat
and nuclear reactions (including neutrons, tritium, 3He, 4He,
transmutation products and isotopic shifts) in hundreds of
reports/paper.”
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Wir
Pointing out what is missing/what is needed =a
+ “However, repeatability of the key evidence over multiple
trials of seemingly the same experiment remains elusive to
this day.
+ This may be due to limitations in experimental and diagnostic
techniques, a lack of awareness and/or control of the key triggers and
independent variables of LENR experiments, and/or other reasons.”
+ “Results were typically not reported with the level of
scientific rigor required by top-tier research journals.”
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What qualifies as irrefutable evidence? eae
٠ Excess heat beyond chemical levels
+ Need to comprehensively characterize calorimeter
+ Need to conduct full accounting of mass and energy in the system
* It’s a bigger step to take for skeptical observers
* Unambiguously nuclear products
+ Neutrons, gammas, charged particles
+ Isotopic shifts
٠ Do not seem to be present in all LENR experiments but in some
Not a major criterion:
+ Directly suitable for technology development (can happen farther down the line)
_* Doesn't have to,-he the most impressive LENR result
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an News لت تا Ecosystem for مه
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Cold Fusion Now
۳
ome TS ,
ع1 Magazine a CMNS Group Oar
= New Raenty ena
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Mixing and Motions of
Protons and Deuterons
with Materials
Dynamics of
Hydrogen Isotopes
and Materials
Mixing Motions
I 1
Dry Mixing ||Co-Deposition|| Loading re Reo aeons
0 |
Electrochemical || Hot
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SOLID-STATE STRUCTURE HYDROGEN LOADING STIMULATION
Bulk (oi) Laser
Thin films Hydrogen diffusion
(ster or اس واه
Electrolysis on bombardment
Electric pulses
صفحه 41:
Large variety of
characterization
modes
Elemental analysis
|
eee
Large variety of
experimental
سس
Electrolysis fis
LENR experiments
Gas-loaded thin films
سم
1 60لهما-وة6
Powders
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Experimental Approaches to LENR
Matérials Methods Measurements
Ni & Alloys [Other Ma Sources of or D Nuclear | Prompt — [Low Energy
P(orD) Means of Loading: Products | Radiations | Emissions
Liquids &
Electrochemical
Gases &
Thermodynamic
Plasmas
Beams
The two most common combinations of reactants
are Pd with D and Ni with H
“Excess Heat” is the thermal energy out in excess of the input electrical ener;
It is measured with calorimeters that give thermal power out as a function of time.
Energy is the integral of the power over time.
صفحه 43:
7
FEW
SOME
100%
3
۸ ۱۱۷ 2.45 د ع
[He +
© 43.0 MeV 50%
tot
۰
n
0
88 مرحم ev 0
5
He + سح |
[XD NO Gavin RAV]
L D+D=He
9 +0
—+— Gaussian tit
on
ee
208
208
NUMBER OF VALUES
صفحه 44:
ElectroChemical Experiments Ton Beam Collision Experiments
The five “peaks” in both data sets align with each other !!
صفحه 45:
NUMBER OCCASIONS REPORTED
ATOMIC NUMBER
Figue 7, Histogram of the umber of pulsed pper اهاط مور اس the production of
‘peciic elements in LENR expeninens, a لمجم on ths plo from Somns. The dashed es
correspond t he values ofZm the ible above
Peet TU RUC ات CORTES Cig
ee cal ea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7GDdcD2jT4
صفحه 46:
"New elements from gas-loaded PdD thin films ۲
Biberian 2020
لیس نس use,
‘omiong
52535
ham
۳
ری ۳ posta mex “thal,
mn Sabi سم peso ne 001
from the fission of Pd isotopes: — pg.105 Fe + Ca, Ni+K cone kev
80106 ۴۵۰ بع لع يكء 20 رمع Wit 1
peste 200608 الال ايت
و
0
صفحه 47:
anomalies
|Beltyukov et al. نگ
|Condens. Matter 19
Violante et al,
lcondens: Matter
Nucl. St (2016).
wares and
IMckubre eta,
یت
(1998)
Hagelstein, Letts
Jand Cravens, J.
صفحه 48:
‘Semiconductor [#1 _ 9
publications 9
1500. 5
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صفحه 49:
SSRN 2021 تاه
{amplification} in Ge crystals
Cee
at erystal-erystal junctions
{(pa-junetions)
Matare 1948:
Interference between point-
‘contacts in Ge crystals
[Negative resistance effect
Braun 1876: amplification) in crystals
‘Asymmetric conduction
at metal-crystal junctions
Bose 1901, Pickard 1906:
Crystal rectifiers
صفحه 50:
Materials Kénigsberger 1911: Teal, Welker 1941-1944:
Elemental semiconductors Understanding doping
classified —
ا 0 00 Horovitz, Seitz,
Baedeker 1910:
Seidler 1941-45:
Hall effect as a measure Impact of stoichiometry Czochralski 1916: enamide
of charge density ‘on charge density Growth of monocrystals
صفحه 51:
Theory Bloch 1928: Slater, Wigner, Seitz 1934-37: Davydov 1942:
‘Quantum theory of metals Band structure calculations Surface states and
‘minority carriers
Pauli, Sommerfeld 192
Semiclassical conduction rls, Wilson 1930-31: Schottky, Mott 1938-39:
Drude 1900: theory Band structure theory Ricans
Classical conduction theory
Motzior 2021 SSRN
صفحه 52:
Wolfgang Pauli 1931:
ea aaa
es eee a
كرت 60ت 0/5أتلا6600 )مع
Bees
1910 19205 1930 1940
voltage
۱
The [semiconductor] crystal now replaces
ae ene
eae
Ua cared
experimenters have been able to o!
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صفحه 53:
‘Anomalies on 1540,
‘oun 76 E263910, Laphkaryor gsi Noth 1945
tosev 1910
Matar 1984 gy
o¥e 2901, Pickard 1906 م
Materials
ورورااضر Konisbeeper 1913
LorkcHorovt Set,
Baedeker 1910 CHOchaIH IOI Seger gatas
Teal, Welker 1941-3944 on
SYSTEM
Slater, wignee =
۲۱۵۵۷ icen 1928 روهزو بمو OMYEOV IIS
‘rude 1900
9 ره
Ut 393031
صفحه 54:
صفحه 55:
Materials Pitt & Gray 2003: Setayandeh 2020: Chiari 2021:
Neutron fraction Detaled PdD phonon Ambient NiVaeD formation
Mekeehan 1923: :
پر ی susbests Toccupationin Pd mode characterization experimentally confirmed
Fula 193: Zhang & Alavi 2005: Subashiew 2020:
Creation of pavaco _PdVac0 shown to be Hvac formation at
‘under high pressure thermodynamicaly viable the PdD surface
صفحه 56:
Hagelstein 2018:
Phonon-mediated nuclear
excitation transfer
Chumakov 2011
Nuclear superradiance
Koonin & Nauenberg 1989; Haber 2017:
Fusion rate enhancement Transfer or collective
through proximity nuclear state
‘Assenbaum 1987: 5501
Fusion rate enhancement
Framing fusion 95 a state
via electron screening
transition
Theory
DeLosh & Grant 1970:
Mediated transfer of
large excitation
صفحه 57:
Hagelstein 2030 ددمي وعألهوممم
Paneth 1926 Jones 989 Hake 2006
Fleischmann & Miles 1984 swore 2017
onsi965" Gor 1995
Materials Setayangeh 2020 —————— >
‘MeKeehan 1923 Pitt & Gray2003_Subashiev 2020 :
Fukai 1993 Zhang & Alavi2005 Chari 2021
Proototprincipte
مومت
Theory Assenboum 1987 aber 2017
Detosh & Koonin & Navenberg 1989 Hagelsten 2018
Grant 1970
Schwinger 1991 Chumakov 2018,
صفحه 58:
Status quo
To summarize...
۰ ۸ ۱۵۲96 body of experimental reports
+ Taken together, it strongly suggests the presence of anomalies
* Still:
* continued controversy, lack of funding, lack of media coverage
* Not enough convergence yet around
۰ a reference experiment
* an actionable explanation
> Solid-state fusion has not yet fully emerged as a field
صفحه 59:
بررسی مقاله مکانیزم های شناخته شده دانشگاه ۱۱۱۲
صفحه 60:
Supplementary Information of
Known mochanians that inerense ncenr sion raten
Prt Nee Ca Ha Lm Ni Gao
anya ea Cond MA 8A
frien ts plas ny pect ده
‘Thon er in oth atti BaF, Mong a Ma Lily
Corn bert Pe, Uy of بل هی
New Journal of Physics
عه حيتي
omen
Known mechanisms that increase nuclear fusion rates inthe solid
۳۳ state
Tm ante 6 Ret Ha Ce
33
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حملت قد ل سس mapas clined hin crt nd
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أجل مسنم سحت الج شسلها ل اسار اقيم مط ا
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صفحه 61:
۳ near و —
American Physical Society classification of physics subfields
Table1 De:
صفحه 62:
Nuclear fusion in a metal lattice: relevant physics
Table 1 Description of the first level of the classification scheme
۵ Description
0 General Physics
1 The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields
2
3
۱
:
Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics
Physics of Gases, Plasmas, and Electric Discharges
6 Condensed Matter: Structural, Mechanical and Thermal Properties
7 [Condensed Matter: Electronic Structure, Electrical Magnetic, and Optical Properties
8 Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology
9 Geophysics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics
صفحه 63:
ur team
amb
We seek to modify nuclear reaction rates in table-top configurations. In the 20" century, science
mastered the precise control of electronic states; in the 21st century, we will master the precise
control of nuclear states.
Julian Schwinger:
“One must ask if any conceivable mechanism now exists, or might be devised, whereby nuclear energy
could be extracted by manipulations at the atomic level.”
Wig ee" Wir ee" CAMBRIDGE
5 :
1 و ۱ و -
Cavendish Laboratory
Prof. Peter Hagelstein
NY
Dr. Florian Metzler Jonah Messinger
Dr. Nicola Galvanetto Dr. Matt Lilley
University of
nucleonics.orj
Zurich
صفحه 64:
Foundations
The Atomic Physics
Perspective * Quantum mechanics
The Nuclear Physics Perspective — - ultimately an empirical theory
+ many successes over a century
The Quantum Dynamics Perspective 1
* absence of a microscopic picture
* Standard model
* quantum electrodynamics
* quantum chromodynamics
+ electroweak theory
* Quantum hadrodynamics
* provides basis for nucleon-nucleon interaction
صفحه 65:
Coulomb barrier
Probability amplitude for D, molecule
Tunneling through
Coulomb barrier
0
Most probable
separation at 0.74
Angstroms.
ليه
۷ - 3103| (“0ل»25) -
صفحه 66:
Screening
K. Czerski et al,
Eur Phys JA (2006)
K. Czerski et al, Europhys Lett (2001) 5 More than 10
orders of magnitude
صفحه 67:
150
50 100
Screening energy (eV)
41E-20
18-30
1E-40
18-50
1E-60
15-0
15-80
1E-90
15-0
Fusion rate (s*)
صفحه 68:
10 10% 100 10° 102 10
Fusion rate (s-')
10 10-6 10-9 <0 2
Octahedral D pair D3 in gas at Dp in vacancy of Observable fusion at
In PdD lattice ambient conditions PdvacD ambient conditions
وى 9
۰
°
a
صفحه 69:
lead to local changes
in the electron band structure, which can be interpreted as a larger cur-
vature of the electron valence band and thus as a larger effective electron
mass m’*. Since the screening potential U, depends on the effective elec-
tron mass m’ (see Supplementary Note $2.3), some lattice sites would then
provide for higher screening. Czerski et al. 2020", referring to Zhang et
al. 1995%, argue that the effective electron mass m’ can locally be larger
than the electron rest mass m, by a factor of 9,
This conjecture is consistent with accelerator
experiments that suggest a U_ of 300 eV from the deuteron bombardment
of vacancy-rich Zr, whereby the theoretically predicted U, of pristine Zr
is 112 eV*.
صفحه 70:
sitions, the tunneling probability must be evaluated across all occurring
proximities resulting from fluctuations’.
4098225, This increase corresponds to an expected enhancement of D-D
fusion rates of ~15 orders of magnitude.
صفحه 71:
The Nuclear Physics Perspect
Nuclear physics frames fusion with more granularity than atomic phys-
ics. Here, nuclei are seen not as point masses and point charges but as a)
objects with intranuclear structure™. 8۳ eae
arity is apparent from empirical fusion data® (Figure 3a). For example, 1077
proton-boron (p-"B) fusion exhibits peaks of the reaction probability
near 162 keV and 675 keV. Atomic physics alone cannot account for < 10% D-T
these peaks. The Gamow equation yields a smooth curve when reaction ع 4
probabilities are evaluated as a function of energy". Differences between § حر
reaction probabilities predicted by the Gamow model and empirical reac- B 107°
tion probabilities are attributed to intranuclear structure that results from 8 مه
nucleon interactions. For p-''B fusion, the observed peaks originate 8 10%
5
103
10%
1 10 100 1000
Energy (keV)
صفحه 72:
The p-B and D-T resonances were not predicted, but measured. BEBE
تكن resonances using first-principles nuclear modelsis sll aspirational
Alyeto the complexity of calculating nucleon-nucleon interactions "~~
This complexity can be divided into three challenges: i) the strong nu-
clear force exhibits three-nucleon effects in addition to nucleon-nucleon
effects; ii) the strong nuclear force is strongly attractive at 1 fm < 2 fm,
yet strongly repulsive at <1 fm, and; iii) the strong nuclear force is not
organized around a center.
~ Relative energy
BAU 8,
No resonance has been experimentally detected for D-D fusion in the
well-characterized high-energy (10-1000 keV) range* (Figure 3a). 98 [9
potent نا
تون سود تیه #0 conanoes
۱
1۱ hypothesis explaining 2
unexpectedly high D-D fusion yields in the medium-energy range is the
3
‘RSNGIEZSSMIMEVE. The maximum of this resonance would be 0 10 2 30 40 0
in the low-energy range (<5 keV), with a tail that extends into the medi- interatomic estance (fm)
um-energy range"
BA. Moreover, the sparse data sets in this range are inconsistent between
صفحه 73:
sition of low-energy fusion ها مادم
energies isan unsolved challenge in experimental nuclear physics™™, Un
til this challenge is met, ambiguity about the role of intranuclear structure
in low-energy fusion will remain.
‘(GHAREEE This includes a four-nucleon resonance that would
explain unexpectedly high fusion rates measured in the medium-energy
range. A combination of theoretical considerations and comparisons with
experimental data led Czerski 2022* to predict resonance-based D-D fu-
‘sion rate enhancements by 3-7 orders of magnitude in the eV range (sc
Supplementary Note $3 for a discussion of this predicted resonance and
Fig. 3a for the experimental data used to motivate and calibrate it). Mean-
ingful utilization of such a resonance would then require a high degree
of precision and control over reactant energies and sample conditions.
Application of this enhancement mechanism to a fusion rate of 10°"/s for
D, in a palladium lattice with uniform electron screening at ambient con-
ditions yields a fusion rate of 10-%/s, When combined with the 15 orders
of magnitude enhancement from locally increased screening at lattice de-
fect sites, as also posited in Czerski 2022", an overall fusion rate upwards
of 10°°/s results. This is positioned within range of alleged “cold fusion”
rates of >10°/s. Observable fusion at ambient conditions — when viewed
through the lens of both atomic physics and nuclear physics — appears
conceivable
صفحه 74:
ST:
The Quantum Dynamics Perspective
Thinking...
* Coulomb barrier hinders fusion reactions near room temperature
+ Screening can make a big difference: e from 105 (molecule) to 10% (Pd)
+ Fusion rate for D, molecule near 10* sec, with screening near 10“? sec?
+ Incoherent fusion is too slow to be observed near room temperature
+ Incoherent fusion results in energetic products, which are not observed
* Coulomb barrier is much bigger for Ni+H
صفحه 75:
Coherent fusion
Incoherent fusion
Nuclear fusion in a metal lattice: relevant physics
Collective quantum effects
صفحه 76:
Issues
Why coherent processes?
“+ Absence of commensurate energetic nuclear products
+ Incoherent fusion (or fission) reactions a nonstarter for a theory Miche Sic reach را satiety Seal مح اي جاه omen:
+ always get energetic products for exothermic reactions 1 ۳ ۳ eRe Part
+ commensurate energetic particles are not seen
+ primary reaction products not observed in F&P experiments at levels 1 8
commensurate with energy produced oa ee
+ Where does the enerey eo?
* phonons (acoustic, optical)
asmons
‘spin waves
صفحه 77:
0000000
© 6 © © © © 6
0000000
© © © © © © 6
© © 6 © 6 © 6
© © © ه © © 6ه
ووووووو
He سير ۱۷ ۷ 6 ۷ و
ويه ۰ في ۲ ۲ ۰
a)
How might a coherent theory work م
+ Coherent dynamics involves transitions between states with same energy b)
+ Means that mass difference at each step must be taken up by.
+ phonons or plasmons or spin waves or other
‘fine print associated with loss of energy in phonons or piasmons...
+ can maintain coherence among nuclear states even with phonon loss.
“Not going to work at all without mechanism for energy exchange
صفحه 78:
a 8 A 8
+ Excitation transfer is a quantum coherent process
* known in biophysics (important in photosynthesis)
* excitation is moved from one system (A) to another (B)
+ observed experimentally, understood theoretically
صفحه 79:
Fusion and excitation transfer
Dw عم ره
لها له
=
سرت سوب
‘He 2۸ م “He
+ Excitation transfer from the D,/*He system to produce excitation elsewhere
+ mechanism consistent for fusion part of the problem associated with excess heat
+ He-4 preferred due to stability, transition matrix element
+ transfer of large 24 MeV quantum without 24 MeV gamma creation
‘A compelling solution in general (but the devil is in the details)
صفحه 80:
Nit
Key concepts and tools from my experience ۳
‘Some key concepts:
+ Dicke model and variants
+ Dicke enhancement (superradiance, superabsorption, supertransfer)
+ Loss-inoise-enhanced transport
+ Downconversion, upconversion
‘Some key tools:
+ QuTIP (+computational notebooks)
But just a subjective perspective ~ let's discuss
Superradiance: This is a phenomenon in which W excited emitters are coupled together, which then
deexcite at a rate proportional to N-—which is much faster than the typical exponential decay
صفحه 81:
Hamiltonian
Ha ~ VY be (cia. 41) + واميعة
fen = ThE) > Ty) (Oa hE Oe) مله اه(
۳ اب ,4 x2 - سره
صفحه 82:
icke enhanced nuclear excitation ۲
At 2"4 transfer At n® transfer
At 1" transfer
(maximum)
(minimum)
Group b N,=9
Fusion rate thresholds
Teecoh= ~10° s** سر
| | INoVNa VNo
‘Metzler et al,, J. New Phys, (2024)
g
&
2
1
Danae eee eck جح
TD,
صفحه 83:
صفحه 84:
Potential fission daughter pairs of Pd nuclei
+163 mpatslons/ev
as PERT]
ee es تومو > ggPdIOX2 + 0
1d > yRUt 20
عق + الاي 2 00م
ag? > +
uePd > 29Cu + 1 Cl
agPd > Ni + ور
16Pd > 3700 + اور
وصور > »<Fe + Ca
عكري + والاور 2 00م
اكير + عير ف لمهم
صفحه 85:
Coherent Fusion Introduction and history of
lonah Messinger - IWAHLM-16 - A Quantum Dynami | The stab&!!Romentum & Potential of Low Ene N
cs Model for LENR - YouTube uclear Reactions - YouTube
Matt Lilley - IWAHLM-16 - Advanced Quantum Simu | Florian Metzler - LENR Research in the USA - YouTub
lations with 2
QuTiP - YouTube
Peter Hagelstein - ICCF25 - Coherent Nuclear Dynam| Florian Metzler, PhD - ICCF25 Open Lecture ICCF25 $
ics for the Nuclear part of LENR Models - YouTube olid State Fusion as an Emerging Field Past - YouTube
ICQE23 Day 3 Florian Metzler - Quantum Augmente
d Nuclear-Engineering - YouTube
ICCF24 Presents: Peter Hagelstein - Models for Acce
erated Nuclear De-excitation - YouTube
“Toward a LENR reference experiment" F. Metzler at
the ARPA-E Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Worksho
p - YouTube
صفحه 86:
منت
جمع بندی و پيشنهادات
صفحه 87:
fusion.
Cold fusion hot fusion
ye — Ai ۹
uon-catalyzed fusion Solid state fusion Ve \
Lattice confinement fusion
LowEnergyNuclearReaction (LENR) 5 3
Cold fusion magnetic confinement inertial
(ex Tokamak at Iter or confinement
stellarator)
2,2 D> RS
ger و
صفحه 88:
Physical Review C Papers: Bremsstrahlung-induced Nuclear iat rt
Reactions in Electron Screened, Deuterated Metal Lattices ater
Ss Theoretical
Electron Screened Enhanced Cross Sections
muses, 29 Mev. E300 مهم 6812 اهو
Dida
ی
١
Neos ues (SH
8 8889و
۱ Newson energy (=¥)
Fast Neutrons Observed
Lattice Confinement Fusion
صفحه 89:
nae ord Fuel Density | Confinement
een ec a سا
۳3 “Centimeters + Deuterated| 10.10% Indefinite heats"
Confinement (scalable) metals (eg (ee.ntrom
Fusion (Uc) 05,71) photoneutzon)
{New Process) + other
New Process?
Magnetic Meters. + DD. “م1 Seconds Plasma
Confinement +r
Fuson (MCF) >
رت
اقلعم 00-000 1
Confinement core
fusion (cr) دوه
نما
Fusion)
Figure 3¢Compansons among Lattice Canfine sment and Magnetic Confinement Fusion
صفحه 90:
COMMONWEALTH
FUSION
generalfusion
5
tokamak
energy
72 10
TECHNOLOGIES
١ 4ه
CTFusion G
Cc 1
> 7 002 ۲۷۱5۱۵۱۷ و ره Sere
Saale
صفحه 91:
Ti 8 ۳
=e ۳
صفحه 92:
‘Global Fusion Private Companies Map
‘By Continent
Canada
Great Britain
‘Tokamak Energy
Crossfield Fusion
First Light Fusion
‘Avalanche Energy
Blue Laser Fusion
Commonwealth FS
Electro Fusion Systems
Exo Fusion
Kyoto Fusioneering Helicity Space
EXFusion Helion Energy
Helical Fusion Horne Technologies
~o Hyperdet Fusion
۰
1 ايسا
Europe Asia 0
ed ENN (CHN) LPPFusion
Focused Energy (GER) NT-Tao (ISR) MIFTI
Gauss Fusion (GER) NearStar Fusion
Proxima Fusion (GER) (NK Labs
Marvel Fusion (GER) Princeton Fusion Systems
Renaissance Fusion (FRA) 5 Realta Fusion
Deutelio (TL) Oceania Shine
Novatron (SWE) B11 Energy (AUS) Stellarex
‘OpenStar (NZL) TAE Technologies
‘Thea Energy
Type One Energy
Xeimer Energy
Bo lee 7aP For
صفحه 93:
iG Nuclear Fusion
ITER (>>$20B and > 20 years)
و ل 9
سح —
eM ee ee)
feasibility of fusion energy as a future eneray source. Thi
eee ee ume td
۱۵۲۵۵ 10 eee cue اه ماقو مملوية
eee UR eee a etm a espe
Pu Re ahah ewe emer ero)
eo
صفحه 94:
Cracks in pipes
Pru aOR ho
صفحه 95:
capacity, to allow testing during SRO that can simulate the full heat loads to
be experienced in DT operations. All systems, including the disruption mitigation system, will be
fully tested during the SRO phase.
How do the schedules compare in the previous baseline and the new baseline? The 2016 Baseline
ving First Plas with relatively
minimal scientific value, to be followed by four stages of assembly and construction, achieving full
plasma current in 2033. The new baseline envisions the
featuring a more complete machine, to be followed by 27 months of substantive research. The
achievement of full magnetic energy will be about 3 years delayed from the previous baseline, from
2033, now targeted in 2036. Deuterium-deuterium fusion operation is targeted for 2035, about the
same time as in the previous baseline. The Start of Deuterium-Tritium Operation Phase will be
about 4 years delayed from the previous baseline, from 2035 to 2039.
envisioned ach na in 2025, as a brief, low-e
gy machine tes
‘One further key feature of the new baseline is that we will use tungsten instead of beryllium for the
م
ITER fusion project confirms more delays and €5B cost overrun
jut 2028 | News 04(
The experimental reactor won't start operating until 2034, nine years later than the last estimate
By David Matthews
صفحه 96:
Is the dream of nuclear fusion dead?
Why the international experimental
reactor is in ‘big trouble’
‘The 35-nation Iter project has a groundbreaking aim to
create clean and limitless energy but itis turning into the
‘most delayed and cost-inflated science project in history’
اتنا
Analysis and Physies
ل ا ل ۱۳۰۰
lems Comte
?2035
۳
ere
صفحه 97:
Is the world’s biggest fusion
ITER delays first plasma for world's experiment dead after new de
۲ ig by adecade 2035?
Tusion power igus MER, 3€20 ion nurs eacrun corso Fan
on until 2035 - a delay of 10 years. With smaller commercial fusion حسميو ی و
ewhatit means for worth continuing with tis gargantuan project?
رو
TER delay: oe eee
Maclear fusion cpenearentsenah
mentite ۶
و ascents
Xi see
“the world's biggest fusion
‘oc the
projects
یل
in €5bn
Bra Nposiponed by a decadg
»verhaul
ITER fusion project confirms more delays and €51
B cost overry
sticle by Anigab Maid
eam a wot at pcg wi 2034 yas er hone 52-5
صفحه 98:
Hot
5
hot ss) بروژه های خصوصی و تحت جَمايت دولت:هاى ال در حال تحقیق و آزمایش
5 هستند.
2-هزینه های عملیاتی و آزمایشی در 605۱00 ۱06ابسیار زیاد است (شرکت های مطرح دارای بودجه ی بالای 1
میلیارد دلار هستند)
3-همچنان با گذشت 70 سال صرف هزینه زیاد روی پروژه 5100] 00۲ و وعده انرژی رایگان و بدون حد, همچنان
به انرژی مثبت نرسیده و تاخیر و افزایش هزینه, در اين پروژه ها متداول است.
4- پروژه بین المللی ۱۲۵۲ که همکاری کشورهای مطرح در اين زمینه هست و به عنوان بزرگترین پروژه همجوشی
شناخته می شود, چند بار دچار بحران های مختلف شده که باعث 16 سال تاخیر و افزایش بودجه شده (از 5
میلیارد یورو تا حدود 25 میلیارد یورو) و انتقاد های فراوانی به اين پروژه وارد شده.
5سا توجه به ایتکه کشور ما دیرتر از سایر کشور ها در زمیته ی همجوشی فعالیت خود را اغاز کردم وبودجه و تیم
علمی بسیار بسیار کمتری دارد: احتمال رسیدن به انرژی مثبت در 500ا؟ 006, زود تر از سایر کشور ها تفریبا
صفر ات
صفحه 99:
Cold
۳
1- در صورت امکان پذیری, بهترین نوع انرژی shot fusion sllio fusion. 59 سطح خانه ها و
وسایل نقلیه هم قابل استفاده است)
2-به اين زمينه بسیار کم توجهی و بودجه ی کمی اختصاص داده شده است و بخاطر فضاى منقى عليه اين زمينه
تحقیقات بسیار کمتری به نسبت 5۱00] ۵۲ انجام شده است.
3-گزارش های 200702:65 آزمایشگاهی زیادی در این زمینه چاپ شده است ولی هنوزدلایل این پدیده ها مشخص
نیست.
4-هزينه هايى اجرايى و آزمايشى در 105100 0۱0 بسیار کم است. در صورت واقعی بودن ۵5108 cold احتمال
رسیدن کشور ما به انرژی مثبت زودتر از سایر کشور ها, بیشتر fusion jl 0۶ است .
صفحه 100:
Coherent Fusion Introduction and history of
lonah Messinger - IWAHLM-16 - A Quantum Dynami | The stab&!!Romentum & Potential of Low Ene N
cs Model for LENR - YouTube uclear Reactions - YouTube
Matt Lilley - IWAHLM-16 - Advanced Quantum Simu | Florian Metzler - LENR Research in the USA - YouTub
lations with 2
QuTiP - YouTube
Peter Hagelstein - ICCF25 - Coherent Nuclear Dynam| Florian Metzler, PhD - ICCF25 Open Lecture ICCF25 $
ics for the Nuclear part of LENR Models - YouTube olid State Fusion as an Emerging Field Past - YouTube
ICQE23 Day 3 Florian Metzler - Quantum Augmente
d Nuclear-Engineering - YouTube
ICCF24 Presents: Peter Hagelstein - Models for Acce
erated Nuclear De-excitation - YouTube
“Toward a LENR reference experiment" F. Metzler at
the ARPA-E Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Worksho
p - YouTube
صفحه 101:
Supplementary Information of
Known mochanians that inerense ncenr sion raten
Prt Nee Ca Ha Lm Ni Gao
anya ea Cond MA 8A
frien ts plas ny pect ده
‘Thon er in oth atti BaF, Mong a Ma Lily
Corn bert Pe, Uy of بل هی
New Journal of Physics
عه حيتي
omen
Known mechanisms that increase nuclear fusion rates inthe solid
۳۳ state
Tm ante 6 Ret Ha Ce
33
و[
ا سم muon, dro ban on ch efor Eo
حملت قد ل سس mapas clined hin crt nd
(he dno chun tal tar enon by wh echoed apd or
{ahammar سس
لمعيه د سم مال مما فيد مان لس لس اجب مت
‘toe Wr ony nh an ie ner en Wt
أجل مسنم سحت الج شسلها ل اسار اقيم مط ا
وار
سار
af سسب سيت
ee 2
صفحه 102:
ب
Arough timeline —
2014: 2015: 2020: 2021: 2022: 2023: 2025:
Anthropocene Google Google ARPA-E ARPA-E ARPA-E ARPA-E
Institute gets ۰. 0 program LENR LENR program LENR program LENR program
involved in start conclusion workshop announcement start conclusion
LENR
صفحه 103:
با تشکر از توجه شما