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Antigen
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Lymphocyte B receptor
(BCR/ Antibody/Ab)
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|[ تتا فاك pi
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0
A substance that reacts with the products
of a specific immune response (TCR, Ab)
Pere uinogen
A substance that induces a specific
immune response
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هی
A substance that is non-immunogenic but which can
react with the products of a specific immune
response
Haptens are small molecules which could never
induce an immune response when administered by
themselves but which can when coupled to a carrier
molecule.(Drugs , ...)
Haptens have the property of antigenicity but not
immunogenicity
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ارت ریت ۱۳/۹۱۱
An antigen that invokes a specific immune
non-responsiveness due to its molecular
-form
If its molecular form is changed, a
.tolerogen can become an immunogen
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os} Allergen | |
An allergen is a substance that causes the
-allergic reaction
The (detrimental) reaction may result after
exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection
-or contact with skin
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Antigens can be classified
in order of their origins
تیدر .۳۳۱
Exogenous antigens are antigens that have
entered the body from the outside, for
.example by inhalation, ingestion, or injection
By endocytosis or phagocytosis, these
antigens are taken into the antigen-
presenting cells (APCs) and processed into
.fragments
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5 511915 8 ۲۱۱6 توت نها ملندوشن
Endogenous antigens are antigens that
have been generated within the cell, asa
result of normal cell metabolism, or because
.of viral or intracellular bacterial infection
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۲۱ Te) (= (11)
An autoantigen is usually a normal protein or
complex of proteins (and sometimes DNA or
RNA) that is recognized by the immune system
of patients suffering from a specific
-autoimmune disease
These antigens should under normal conditions
not be the target of the immune system, but
due to mainly genetic and environmental
factors the normal immunological tolerance for
-Such an antigen has been lost in these patients
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5 15.0 او ۱
Tumor antigens can sometimes be presented only
by tumor cells and never by the normal ones. In this
case, they are called tumor-specific antigens (TSAs)
.and typically result from a tumor specific mutation
CEA, CA125, BRCA 1,2, Her2/neu, CD19 CD20,
PSA
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‘Characteristics of Antigen 8
1۲۱۱۱۱ aa
The capacity to stimulate the production
of antibodies or cell-mediated immune
-responses
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با لكك
the ability to bind antibody .
Complete antigen #
Incomplete antigen, also knownas +
hapten
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Properties of antigen | |
را :|
is essential to immunogenicity because
self-responsive cells are eliminated
during lymphocyte ontogeny, leaving
only cells that respond to non-self, so-
.called "foreign" epitopes
Specificity
High molecular weight
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Molecule of Hemoglobin
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Antigenic epitopes | |
ل ةا
the portions of antigen molecules that
physically interact with
Paratopes
of immune response (combining si
molecules and therefore actually
determine" antigen specificity"
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Neoantigenic determinant
(created by proteolysis)
Determinant
absent
0
‘Site of limited
proteolysis
©
Antigenic epitopes
Linear
determinant
‘Accessible
determinant
Inaccessible
determinant jf
Denaturation
Conformational
determinant
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Types of Epitopes | |
دترت > ريك
and found in polysaccharides as _~ لم
well as in both native (nondenatured) and
-denatured proteins
typical size is 5-6 subunits in length —
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Conformational epitopes 5
15511 (involve multiple —
subunits, often located far apart in the
primary sequence of the antigen
molecule) and are thus found only in
native (globular) proteins. sequences of
up to 16 amino acids
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Two different epitopes | |
B cell epitopey::- ۲۳ ۰۶۱ 6۵۱۲906 ۰.
portion of antigen region of antigen
molecule that is molecules that are
recognized by B cell recognized by T cell
-receptors -receptors
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Discontinuous
» 4 y
\ \/ 1
Linear epitope Binding Discontinuous epitope
Amino acid residues site for Created from amino acid
are adjacent in the antigen residues located in different
polypeptide chain | J | parts of the polypeptide chain
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feet meal: (tary | |
Thymus-dependent antigen(TD-Ag)
T-dependent ات ایا are those that do
not directly stimulate the production of
antibody without the help of T cells.
-Proteins are T-dependent antigens
Betis 1
T-independent antigens are antigen which
can directly stimulate the B cells to
roduce antibody without the requirement
‘or T cell help ing eneral, poly: gaccharides
are T-independent antig ens. Yhe responses
to these ahtigens differ’ from the responses
to other antigens
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5 5 23010 ورن سوير آنتى رُنها:
Molecules that are potent T lymphocyte ب
mitogens and simultaneously bind to
«class Il MHC molecules
They are often associated with ~
staphylococcal products and are
involved in enterotoxemias and toxic
«Shock syndrome in humans
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Superantigens (SAgs) are secreted ب
proteins (exotoxins) that exhibit highly
potent lymphocyte-transforming
(mitogenic) activity directed towards T
.lymphocytes
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SAgs are capable of activating up ۲۵ 20960 م0۴
.the body’s T-cells
This causes a massive immune response م
that is not specific to any particular epitope
.on the SAg
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|[ ع 8/10 ميتوزنها:
An agent that induces mitosis. 7
Here means to activate T cells and/or B cells
.without help from APCs
ا 0 ۱
‘Lectin,forexample, SV
LPS(lipopolysaccharide) >
Staphylococcal protein A(SPA) >
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Tad 5 ی
is‘ The Latin “adjuvans" means م
to help, particularly to reach a goal
آلوم (هیدرو کساید آلومینیوم
BCG
An adjuvant is a substance that helps م
and enhances the pharmacological
effect of a drug or increases the ability
of an antigen to stimulate the immune
»system
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Classification of Adjuvant | |
Pa ما
Complete Freund’s adjuvant(CFA) ب
Freund's Complete Adjuvant,(CFA or
FCA) is composed of inactivated and
dried M. tuberculosis the water in oil
-emulsion
Liposome >
Cytokine >
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Mechanisms of adjuvants | |
۱۵9 99
۳۴۳۵۱۵۱۵9۵۵ 0۵۲۵5۵0۵۵ 05 121111111100617 م,
-molecules at the site of injection
Stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation in a .¢
-non-specific manner
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ل 0
The specific antigen exists in different
individuals. Blood type antigens