اثربخشی انرژی و منابع انرژی تجدیدپذیر

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127161314 571611121 10 Renewable Energy Resources (Miller, Chapter 77) 1 5ع اهلان 5 بان0 تأن1اع011111 عار 7م121 withDr.Trulio ESSE 2 ay A کی 

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! 1ع 115017 1116 110176 ۱۵۱ Bs, Efficiency !(Miller Ch. 77) ۶ 2960 ‏4کهو سا کلام بوو مه‎ We na) 0 Bie Aad UN rT aa Ke Autofleet standards =CAFEStandards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) PEST hae ‎Ce]‏ يي ‎4ompgCAFEstandardwouldcut gasuse by 50% 

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Internal combustion Fluorescent light Incandescent light 22% 5% engine (gasoline) 10% 

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Ways tolImprove Energy Efficiency * Insulation ‏وی‎ ne aha 1 Sy > Rr toair heat exchangers < ‏)وه ص۲۳۴‎ ‎ea aR tae‏ ی ‎ma AT oan‏ 9 60110111 تعنلا م60:5111 یا 

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! 1ع 115017 1116 110176 ۱۵۱ لاف اه * 01 هر رو 0 آممامه‌ي * 0 ۳-27 La 0 0 aR ‎ays an ea 2 9‏ لك ا ‎2 ieee 

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| انوع 5010.1 اد ها اانا انمع 50001 تاره Heat to house (radiators or forced air duct) Heavy Insulation Hea insulation Hot. —Superwindow winter; —Superwindow ‘sun ‘Stone floor a Heater Heater for heat storage ‏میج‎ PASSIVE 

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Disadvantages Need access to sun ‘Sun access can be blocked 9۷ ‏عمو ءالا‎ Need electricity storage system or backup. High land use (solar cell power 5-16 years) DC current must be converted to AC مد رل ‘Advantages Fairly high net energy Work on cloudy days Quick installation Easily expanded or moved No CO2 emissions Low environmental impact Last20-40 years Low land use (fon roof) Energy to Provide Single Solar Cell ‘Sunlight ‘enriched silicon De electricity 

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در ‎Moving Water‏ > Large-scale hydropower > Small-scale hydropower AT ‏ره‎ akan SY > 7 %of US electricity ۱ 2096 01007 010005 ‏لاأناع ا تأععناء‎ > Major environmentalimpacts > Highconstruction costs 

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هو ‎Dam‏ = (> ve ١ \% \\ BRITISH COLUMBIA ۶ ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN. | 6۸۱۱۵0۸ #م aL ae AY] ‏خرس د را‎ 1 ‏یک‎ 7 ee CALIFORNIA | ۸ 

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Impacts of hydropower on RY aL Ars Dams canprovidemany human benefits but: * Disrupts ecological services rivers provide!e.g. ‏همم‎ ‎dropinwildsalmon {removing hydroelectric dams will restore native spawning grounds * Displaces millions of people worldwideas reservoirs floodtraditional homelands * Noroomfor expansion inthe Us 

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۳ ‏م‎ ritas tn Mil ‏اما‎ Electrical generator. (Normal winds 2 (I Moderate winds Existing projects [=] Good winds @Planned projects ‏ال‎ Excellent winds 

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Producing Energy from Biomass - Biofuels 3iomass plantations Crop residues Animal manure - Biogas - Ethanol “Methanol 

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‘xtracting hydrogen efficiently Storing hydrogen > Fuel cells Electricity, heat, Coal, ree 50127, ۷۵۵0, ۴ ems ‎er inh)‏ سرت + را ‎ 

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Geothermal Energy s;e0thermal reservoi Steam, ‘Dry steam ‘Separator Turbine = Wet steam ۲ ‏وج‎ ‎- Hot water ‏ی‎ ‎‘Molten rock Hot dry-rock zones | 

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Geothermal Reservoirs 

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ee power Sas ecentralized power systems Micropower systems 

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Creatinga Sustainable Energy Future * Increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicle, appliances, buildings * Taxandother financialincentives for Ce AT 5 ‏اكيت‎ ‎* subsidize renewable energy use, research and development * Internalize externalities for fossil fuels * ‏رح‎ ‏ل ا‎ - cut coaluse by 50% - phase out nuclear altogether 

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Wore Renewable Energy Increase renewable energy to 40% by 2020 Provide subsidies and tax credits for renewable energy Use tull-cost accounting and least-cost analysis for com- paring all energy alternatives Encourage government purchase of renewable energy devices Increase renewable energy esearch and development | Reduce Pollution and Health Risk (cut coal use 50% by 2020 Phase out coal subsidies ‘Lewy taxes on coaland oll use Phase out nuclear power or put it on hold until 2020 Phase out nuclear power ‘subsidies و 1 6 2 Improve Eneray Efficiency Increase fuel-efficiency standards for vehicles, bbutldings, and appliances Mandate government purchases of efficient vehicles and other devices Provide tax credits for buying efficient cars, houses, and appliances Offer tax credits for investments in efficiency Reward utilities for reducing demand Encourage independent power producers, Increase emciency research and development |e 2002 BrooksiCcle - omson Learsing 

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resources (Miller, Chapter 17) Environmental Studies 001 with Dr. Trulio Solutions:We have the answers! Energy Efficiency! (Miller Ch. 17) • 43% of energy in the US is wasted unnecessarily • Incandescent bulb=5% efficient Fluorescent bulb=20% efficient • Auto fleet standards = CAFE Standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) – 12.9 mpg in 1974 – 27.9 mpg today – 40 mpg CAFE standard would cut gas use by 50% Efficiencies Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency  Insulation  Eliminate air leaks  Air to air heat exchangers  Efficient appliances  Efficient electric motors  High-efficiency lighting  Increasing fuel economy Solutions:We have the answers! Renewable Energy Resources! • • • • • • Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation Hydrogen power Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity  Passive solar heating  Active solar heating Using Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and Electricity Solar Cell Trade-Offs  Solar thermal systems Photovoltaic (PV) cells Producing Electricity from Moving Water  Large-scale hydropower  Small-scale hydropower 50% of West Coast electricity 7% of US electricity 20% of World’s electricity Major environmental impacts High construction costs Impacts of hydropower on salmon and other riverine spp.  Pollution  Disruption of water flow  Loss of biodiversity  Invasive species Impacts of hydropower on Species and People_______________ Dams can provide many human benefits but: • Disrupts ecological services rivers provide; e.g. 119 dams on Columbia River have caused a 94% drop in wild salmon; removing hydroelectric dams will restore native spawning grounds • Displaces millions of people worldwide as reservoirs flood traditional homelands • No room for expansion in the US Producing Electricity from Wind Producing Energy from Biomass  Biofuels Biomass plantations  Crop residues  Animal manure  Biogas  Ethanol  Methanol The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution Extracting hydrogen efficiently  Storing hydrogen  Fuel cells Geothermal Energy Geothermal reservoirs  Dry steam  Wet steam  Hot water  Molten rock Hot dry-rock zones Geothermal Reservoirs Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower Centralized power systems Decentralized power systems Micropower systems Fig. 16-39 p. 411 Creating a Sustainable Energy Future • Increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicle, appliances, buildings • Tax and other financial incentives for energy efficiency • Subsidize renewable energy use, research and development • Internalize externalities for fossil fuels • By 2050: – Increase renewable energy to 50% – cut coal use by 50% – phase out nuclear altogether Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy