بررسی روش های رديابی ماكزيمم توان در سلول های خورشيدی

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تاد محترم و خير مقدم خدمت اسناد محترم با عرض خي ۳ 

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سمینار کارشناسي ارشد مهندسي برق- قدرت بررسی روشهای ردیابی ما کزیمم توان در سلولهای خورشیدی استاد راهنما : دکتر فرزاد رضوی دانشجو: حامد اخگری زمستان ۱۳۸۹ 

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تاریخچه انرژي Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 

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Hill Climbing / P 10/43 Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 

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37/43 Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 

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عدم کاهش توان خروجي با اندزه گيري .. Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 20/43 

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21/43 Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 

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حدم _ P(n) = P(r 1) ~ V(n)—V(n—1) 22/43 Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 0H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 

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4 PV Array af توان خروجي مبدل و آرابه ۳۷ عمل كردن آرايه در ‎MPP‏ Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 

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سو ی | ۱ سس( 26/43 Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 

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29/43 Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 

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‘Sense Parameters Voltage, Curent Voltage Varies Varies “ا ی ‎Voltage, Curent‏ ‎Voltage‏ Wattage, Curr ‎Curent‏ ی ‎Current‏ میس 3 ‎Tradianss,‏ ‎Tempecatae‏ ‎Voltage, Curent‏ ‎Cent‏ ‏۹ ‏ای ی ‎Voltage, Curent‏ ‎ ‎ ‎Complexity ‎Gy ‎Medium ‎Medium ‎Tigh ‎1 ‎Tow ‎High ‎Tow ‎Tow ‎Medium ‎High ‎Medium ‎Medivm ‎11 ‏مالعا ‎Media ‎ ‎Convergence ‎‘Speed ‎Varies ‎Msn ‎Mesum ‎Fast ‎Fast ‎Fast ‎Siow ‎Median ‎Fast ‎Fast ‎3 ‎Fast ‎NA ‎ast ‎Fast ‎NA ‎NA ‎3 ‎ ‎ ‎Yes ‎Ye ‎Ves ‎Yer ‎Ne ‎No ‎ ‎‘Analog or Digit ‎ ‎Bath ‎Digital ‎Both ‎Both ‎Digial ‎Digital ‎۳3 ‎Digital ‎Bath ‎3 ‏ات۳‎ ‎Digital ‎Digital ‎Disiva ‎Beth ‎Both ‎‘Both ‎Digital ‎Digital ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎۳ ‎Meri? ‎Yes ‎No ‎ ‎PY Array, Dependent ‎9 ‎Xo ‎wes ‎7 ‎3 ‎Ne ‎ ‎ ‎MPPT Technique ‎ ‎IncCond ‎Fractional ‎Fracuoaal ‏اوه دی جر‎ ‎‘Neural Network ‎Ree ‎‘Current Sweep ‎DDC Link Captor Broop Contd ‎[toad For F Maximization ‎“Pid or dP id Fowdback Conitoh ‏میتی وم‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Linear Curent Cont! ‘her & Vy» Computation Sitecbased MPT ‎‘000 MPPT ‎31 ‎LRM ‎Slide Contra ‎ ‎30/43 ‎Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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[78] T. Kitano, M. Matsui, and D.-h. Xu, “Power sensor-less MPPT control scheme utilizing power balance at DC link-system design to ensure stability and response,” in Proc. 27th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc., 2001, pp. 1309-1314. 179] M. Matsui, T. Kitano, D.-h. Xu, and Z.-q. Yang, “A new maximum photovoltaic power tracking control scheme based on power equilibrium at DC link,” in Conf. Record 1999 IEEE Ind. Appl. Conf., 1999, pp. 804-809. [80] D. Shmilovitz, “On the control of photovoltaic maximum power point tracker via output parameters,” in IEEE Proc. Elect. Power Appl., 2005, pp. 239-248. [81] J. Arias, ۳۰ F. Linera, J. Martin-Ramos, A. M. Pernia, and J. Cambronero, “A modular PV regulator based on microcontroller with maximum power point tracking,” in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Conf., 2004, pp. 1178-1184. [82] A. S. Kislovski and R. Redl, “Maximum-power-tracking using positive feedback,” in Proc. 25th Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1994, pp. 1063-1068. [83] C. R. Sullivan and M. J. Powers, “Ahigh-efficiency maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic arrays in a solar-powered race vehicle,” in Proc. 24th Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1993, pp. 574-580. [84] H. J. Beukes and J. H. R. Enslin, “Analysis of a new compound converter as MPPT, battery regulator and bus regulator for satellite power systems,” in Proc. 24th Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1993, pp. 846-852. Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 0H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 2/7 

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[86] C.-L. Hou, J. Wu, M. Zhang, J.-M. Yang, and J.-P. Li, “Application of adaptive algorithm of solar cell battery charger,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Elect. Utility Deregulation Restruct. Power Technol., 2004, pp. 810-813. [87] J. A. M. Bleijs and A. Gow, “Fast maximum power point control of current-fed DC-DC converter for photovoltaic arrays,” Electron. Lett., vol. 37, pp. 5-6, Jan. 2001. [88] S. J. Chiang, K. T. Chang, and C. Y. Yen, “Residential photovoltaic energy storage system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 385-394, Jun. 1998. [89] H. Sugimoto and H. Dong, “A new scheme for maximum photovoltaic power tracking control,” in Proc. Power Convers. Conf., 1997, pp. 691- 696. [90] R. Bhide and S. R. Bhat, “Modular power conditioning unit for photovoltaic applications,” in Proc. 23rd Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1992, pp. 708-713. Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 5H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 3222 

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Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 1 /43 با عرض خير مقدم خدمت استاد محترم و حضار گرامي Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 2 /43 سمينار كارشناسي ارشد مهندسي برق -قدرت زمستان 1389 مقدمه تاريخچه انرژي مفاهيم اوليه فتوولتائيك دسته بندي و بررسي روشهاي MPPT نتيجه گيري 4 /43 مهم ترين عناوين بررسي شده ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University مقدمه كاربردهاي انرژي خورشيدي افزايش تقاضا براي انرژي توليد توان الكتريكي سوختن‌هاي ساختمان ماشي در استفاده افزايش قيمت خورشيدي باتري شارژرها آبمحيط آلودگي توجه به پمپهاي زيست منبع انرژي تجديد پذير مهم در آينده سيستم‌هاي توليد توان در ماهواره‌ها منابع انرژي تجديد پذير 5 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University مقدمه بازده تبديل انرژي خورشيدي به سيستم مؤثر بر عوامل بخشكار نقطه سيستم اصلي الكتريكي ‏PV ‏PV بازده ماژول PV شرايط آب و هوايي 6 /43 رابطه غير خطي ميزان تابش خورشيد دما ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University مقدمه مشكل اصلي ماژول ‏PV بازده پايين در اثر جريان بار تغييرات غيرخطي ولتاژ و جريان خروجي لزوم ‏Maximum Power Point ‏PV ماكزيمم توان سلول رديابي نقطه ‏Tracking )(MPPT ‏Online 7 /43 ميزان تابش و دما ‏Offline ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University MPPT دسته بندي روشهاي Hill Neural Climbing Network& Observe Perturb Current (P&O) Sweep Incremental DC-Link capacitor droop Conductance (INC) control Fractional open Load current or circuit load voltage voltage maximization Fractional shortfeedback circuit dP/dV or dP/dI current controlCorrelation Control Ripple Pilot (RCC) Cell Logic Fuzzy Parasitic Control Capacitance Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University 8 /43 روشهاي MPPT تفاوت روشهاي MPPT هزينه و پيچيدگي سنسورهاي مورد نياز سرعت همگرايي مشكل مطرح شده توسط روشهاي MPPT رنج اثر بخشي بدست آوردن Vmppو Imppآرايه PV رديابي نقطه ماكزيمم توان خروجي اجراي سخت افزاري 9 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش Hill Climbing / P&O اساسHill روش روشP&O ‏Climbing [-]23 []28 آشفتگي جريان آشفتگي ولتاژ ايجاد آشفتگي در سيكل كاري مبدل [-]1 روش & Perturb افزايش توان كاهش توان []22 ‏Observe ايجاد آشفتگي در ولتاژ عملكرد آرايه PV نگهداشتن آشفتگي بعدي در همان معكوس كردن آشفتگي بعدي مسير رسيدن به نقطه ‏MPP 10 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University مروري بركارهاي انجام شده مرجع []11 مرجع []7 مرجع []23 استفاده از الگوريتم دو مرحله‌اي مرحله اول :رديابي سريعتر مرحله دوم :پااليش رديابي استفاده از كنترل فازي براي بهينه كردن آشفتگي‌هاي بعدي ارائه روش اصالح شده Hill ‏Climbing تنظيم اتوماتيك پارامترها و كنترل مد كليدزني 11 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش P&O مزايا هزينه پايين و اجراي آسان الگوريتم كنترلي نسبتًا ساده رديابي مناسب نقطه ‏MPP معايب عدم رديابي نقطه MPPتحت تغييرات سريع دما و تابش خورشيد 12 /43 تلفات انرژي ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University مروري بركارهاي انجام شده براي اطمينان از رديابي MPPتحت تغييرات ناگهاني تابش مرجع الگوريتم P&Oبا مقايسه سه []13 نقطه مرجع افزايش و بهينه كردن نرخ نمونه [ ]7و[]8 برداري مرجع []6 عدم نياز به سنسور تخمين جريان آرايه از ولتاژ جريان آن مرجع [ ]4و[]22 اضافه‌كردن سيگنال ديترينگ به ولتاژ كنترلي مرجع آرايه جلوگيري از افتادن در اكسترمم نسبي در روش Hill ‏Climbing 13 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش كنداكتانس افزايشي()INC اساس روش [-]26 منحني توان در نقطه شيب بودن صفر []36 ‏MPP انجام مقايسه كنداكتانس لحظه‌اي( )I/Vبا كنداكتانس افزايشي( )I/V رديابي نقطه ‏MPP 14 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University شده بركارهاي انجام مروري )INC افزايشي( كنداكتانس روش برابري ولتاژ مرجع آرايه )PV (Vref در نقطه نزديكبا mpp كردنVنقطه عملكرد ‏MPP به MPP مرجع [ ]36و استفاده از الگوريتم دو []40 رديابينقطه ثابت نگهداشتن عملكرد آرايه در آن دقيق MPPبا مرحله‌اي روش INC در تغيير رديابي تغيير تغيير تغيير شرايط جوي مرجع ‏MPP تابع مشخصه I-Vبه دو ‏MPPناحيه توسطVref تقسيم I []34 جديد خطي آوردن نقطه عملكرد به ناحيه‌اي شامل همه MPPهاي ممكن تحت تغيير شرايط جوي 15 /43 رديابي با روش ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University مروري بركارهاي انجام شده مرجع [ ]43و []44 استفاده از كنداكتانس لحظه‌اي و افزايشي جهت ايجاد سيگنال خطا e بردن سيگنال خطا به سمت صفر توسط كنترلر PIو رديابي ‏MPP مرجع []29 مرجع [ ]30و []33 16 /43 استفاده از مقاومت افزايشي با اندازه پله متغير افزايش سرعت و دقت پاسخ حالت ماندگار كنترل بر اساس مد جريان روش INRبا اندازه پله متغير رسيدن به سرعت پاسخ باال ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش ظرفيت خازني پارازيتي معايب روش اساس [22 ] خازنيدر يك ظرفيتخازني كردنظرفيت اضافهبودن كوچك آرايهدر محاسبات الگوريتم پارازيتي ‏INC آرايهموازي صورت چندين ماژول اتصال بزرگ با آرايه‌هاي استفاده آشفتگيبه در براي ايجاد كليدزني ناشي از برايريپل استفاده از خازني مبدل DC-DC ظرفيتورودي بودن خازن بزرگ محاسبه پارازيتي خازنيآرايه با استفاده از فيلترهاي ظرفيت توان ريپل ولتاژ و متوسط اثر كلي محاسبه بردن از بين پارازيتي افزاينده محاسبه كنداكتانس آرايه جهت رديابي ‏MPP 17 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش كنترل وابسته به ريپل()RCC اساس روش مزايا [-]45 []47 رديابي كنترلبراي ذاتي باسيستم ريپل استفاده از سيكل نسبت ‏MPP پيوسته رديابي ‏MPP كاري ايجاد ريپل ايجاد ريپل ولتاژ و كليدزني مبدلمشخصات PVاز داشتن عملنياز به عدم vتوان جريان ‏ ‏p توان قبل ‏i كليدزنيجريان مشتق زماني زمانزماني توان مشتق مرتبط ولتاژ مدار مبدل وو بهره همگرايي به بافركانس كردنشدن محدود مرجع []46 ‏RCC ‏ 90 پايين با شيفت دهنده فاز فركانس سيگنال استفاده رسيدن به ديترينگبراي شيب توان صفرازكردن ‏MPP محاسبه تقريبي ايجاد آشفتگي توان مشتق‌ها استفاده از فيلتر باالگذر با فركانس قطع باالتر از فركانس ريپل عملكرد مشابه RCC 18 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University جزئي مدار باز ولتاژ روش پايلوت سلول روش اساس روش اساس روش [-]48 []53 تابش و تغييرات آرايهباتحت سلول و Voc يكVmpp ‏MPPبين نقطه خطي تعيين رابطه وجود سلول موجود در مشابه به رفتاري خورشيدي دما آرايه نياز به خاموش شدن لحظه‌اي مبدل براي اندازه‌گيري متناوب معايب ‏Voc توان معايب نياز به يك سلول مجزا براي اندازه رفع ‌گيري استفاده از روش سلول پايلوت تلفات توان زودگذر در نظر گرفتن رفتار آرايه يكپارچه براي همه آرايه‌ها مرجع استفاده از ولتاژ ديود پيوندگاه و كنترل حلقه بسته []48 مبدل 19 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش جريان اتصال كوتاه جزئي اساس روش [ ]54و []55 وجود رابطه خطي بين Imppو Iscآرايه تحت تغييرات تابش و دما معايب اضافه شدن يك كليد به مبدل توان افزايش تعداد اجزا و هزينه استفاده از سنسور جريان مرجع استفاده از كليد مبدل Boostبراي قطع آرايه PV []54 20 /43 عدم كاهش توان خروجي با اندازه‌گيري Isc ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش كنترل منطق فازي قابليت سيستم ‌هايمنطق كنترلرهاي امتياز فازي فازي ‏online رديابي تواندقيق و غير ماكزيممغير ورودي‌هاي كاركردن با خطي تغييرات تابش مقابل رياضي بودنبهدرمدل مقاوم نياز عدم دقيق ودما برايدراندازه‌گيري شدت تابش و خارجي سنسورهاي عدم نياز نوسان كمترين همگراييبه سريع و دما ‏MPP فازي سازي [-]56 []70 مراحل كنترل منطق فازي 21 /43 تعيين قوانين براساس جدول مراجعه غير فازي سازي ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش كنترل منطق فازي متغيرهاي زبان ورودي به فازيمتغيرهاي عددي تبديل سازي كنترلر منطق فازيورودي تغيير خطا خطا Eو ‏MPPT شناختي E خروجي كنترلر منطق فازي ‏MPPT غير فازي سازي 22 /43 تغيير سيكل كاري مبدل توان ‏D تبديل متغيرهاي زبان شناختي به متغيرهاي عددي در تابع عضويت ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش شبكه عصبي شبكه عصبي سه اليه دارد: اليه ورودي اليه پنهان متغيرهاي ورودي [-]71 []76 اليه خروجي پارامترهاي آرايه Voc :و Isc اطالعات جوي :تابش و دما يك يا چند سيگنال مرجع خروجي (سيگنال سيكل كاري استفاده شده در اليه پنهان(تعيين مناسب الگوريتم مبدل) عملكرد مناسب جهت تحريك ) ij روش چگونگي تحليل شبكه عصبي 23 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش جريان جاروب اساس روش [77 ] استفاده از شكل موج جاروب براي جريان آرايه PV به روز شدن منحني در يك فاصله زماني ثابت محاسبه Vmppاز منحني مشخصه در همان فاصله زماني در MPP داريم: مرجع []77 24 /43 مفيد بودن اين روش در صورت پايين بودن توان مصرفي واحد رديابي از توان ورودي به سيستم PV ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش كنترل خازن لينك DC در صورت ثابت بودن Vlink افزايش جريان اينورتر [ ]78و[79 ] افزايش توان خروجي مبدل و آرايه PV با افزايش توان مبدل از توان آرايه ماكزيمم شدن Ipeak كاهش Vlink اينورتر مزايا عمل كردن آرايه در ‏MPP عدم نياز به محاسبه توان آرايه سادگي طرح كنترلي پياده سازي با مدارهاي آنالوگ 25 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش بيشينه سازي ولتاژ يا جريان بار انواع بار مراجع [ ]82و[]84 منبع]85 و[ [-]80 استفاده از []85 فيدبك مثبت براي كنترل مبدل مقاومت منبع توان ولتاژي جريانيتوان يماكزيمم شدن جريان رسيدن به ماكزيمم بار خروجي جريان شدن بار منبع آرايه PVنزديك MPP كردن بيشينهعمل بار ولتاژي بيشينه شدن ولتاژ بار بار منبع جرياني بيشينه شدن جريان يا ولتاژ بار بار غيرخطي در صورت منفي نبودن امپدانس مزيت 26 /43 نياز به تنها يك سنسور ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University روش فيدبك كنترلي dP/dVيا dP/dI اساس روش [-]86 []90 محاسبه شيب منحني توان آرايه dP/dVيا ‏dP/dI اعمال آن با فيدبك به مبدل توان صفر كردن شيبها با استفاده از چند كنترل رسيدن به نقطه ‏MPP 27 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University نتيجه‌گيري جنبه‌هاي اصلي در انتخاب روشهاي ‏MPPT سادگي در پياده سازي پياده سازي آنالوگ پياده سازي ديجيتال روش V/ocو Iscجزئي روش ‏Hill Climbing ‏P&O روش كنترل وابسته به وابسته به روش كنترل افزايشي كنداكتانس روش ريپل منطقولتاژ يا جريان كنترلسازي روشبيشينه روش فازي بار روش شبكه عصبي روش فيدبك كنترلي dP/dVيا ‏dP/dI 28 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University نتيجه‌گيري هزينه سنسورها تعداد اندازه‌گيري راحتر ولتاژ نسبت به جريان سنسورهاي حجيم بودن گران و تكنيكهاي آنالوگ يا استفاده از جريان ديجيتال اولويتتكنيكهاي ديجيتال به نرم‌افزار و برنامه نياز نويسي استفاده از روشهايي كه تنها يك سنسور نياز دارند ارزان تر بودن تكنيكهاي آنالوگ از ديجيتال تخمين زدن جريان از ولتاژ تعداد سنسورهاي مورد نياز 29 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University نتيجه‌گيري چندين نقطه ماكزيمم نوعوجود كاربرد محلي اطمينان قابليت و عملكرد اهميت رخ دادن چند نقطه ماكزيمم محلي شرايط سايه جزئي نسبت به هزينه و پيچيدگي ماهواره‌هاي فضايي رديابي ماكزيمم محلي به جاي MPP تلفات توان واقعي رديابي پيوسته MPPدر مينيمم ‌ ‏MPP روشهاي جريان جاروب و فضاي حالت زمان رديابي درستو INC روشهاي Hill Climbing / P&O پيشنها مرحله ابتدايي نياز به اضافه كردن يك وRCC سايرد روشها باال در رسيدن به همگرايي سرعت ماشين‌هاي براي باي‌پسنياز به ناخواسته محلي ماكزيمم ‏MPP خورشيدي روشهاي منطق فازي و شبكه عصبي و پيشنها ‏RCC د 30 /43 ‏Photovoltaic MPPT Seminar, March 8, 2011 H.Akhgari - Tafresh University مراجع [1] L. 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