سیستم عصبی- سیناپس

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Sa مد ‎The Nervous System:‏ ‎General‏ ‎Principles‏ ~<a 

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Understanding CNS CS central Nervous System & لا 

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CNS S Synapses. types of connectio 

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ور 0 و ‘Axon terminal (presynaptic. ‘lemon Secretory, granules Synaptic 0 مه nee ee Y actions of psychoactive drugs Y causes ofmental disorders ) Y neural basis of | Cearningandmemory 

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Figure 5.1 ‘A gap jinetion. (2) Nourites of tuo cell connected by a gap junetion.(b) An enlargement showing channels called connexare, its called connexins, which bridge the cytoplasm of the two cells, Ions and small molecules. ‘channale, Electrical synapses Connexins that makeupa connexon Gap junctions Ionscanflow bidirectionall y cote ۱ cytoplasm, pen i me size=2nm 6 ‘small molecules by pores in ‘each membrane 

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Presynaptic Terminals a * Mitochondria(ATP) + Presynapticmembranecontains large numbers of voltage- gatedcalciumchannels emit ee wesicle eareens vesiclesin tt oe oo potential 

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Neurotransmitters 1. Amino Acids ~ synapticvessicles 2. Amines ~ synapticvessicles 3. Peptides © carton ~ secretory granules. ‏و‎ © Peptidesmay exist in the 3 Ach NE ‏سسالا‎ sameaxonterminalsas Hysrogen aminoacidsandamines. ‏و سود‎ Fast transmission uses Aminoacidsor ACh. SCow transmission may use any of the three types of neurotransmitters ‎Pro Lys Pro Gin Gln Phe Phe Gly Leu Met‏ وم ‎0 Substance P ‎ 

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Neurotransmitter Synthesis andStora: ‘cyte nd tare fet ype of tara 0) ee: Alcina ah ough ER ‏ی تم ا‎ ‎tre ene mere mo yma ce berm whe‏ ی ساسا ‎Synthesis of peptide neurotransmitters ‎‘ete pepe ‎ ‎ ‎Pras ‎ree ‏مس‎ ‏3 0 مسصمسبيحة موادت 1 ‎ ‎۳4 Avery tine | na \ Siete ۶ ‏مهب‎ Synthesis ofamine ‎andaminoacids ‎Pot mip noe | 

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Postsynaptic Newron Ligand-gatedIon Channebis: * Ligand binding domain. * Consequence depends on the specific ions that pass through the pore. Na+ and K+ channels cause depolarization and are excitatory. * Cl- channels cause hyperpolarization and are inhibitory. * Activation is generally rapid and is mediated by amino ids and amines. 0 

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GProtein-Coupled Receptors rin coupe recap. Te io of rerio eee wads the atone ne 0 at gene 

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۱۳ nae. The poli rae emroe sols chr tore by aching Bhotbate re to مس موی ‎ee‏ 

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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) Excitatory Neurotransmitters: AChand glutamate i (©) ۱۳۵۱۵۵ ‏هی وم مریم‎ ee) 

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(1۳5) )ماما معط 1۳6۲0 Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: GlycineandGABA , ‏اميم متسل‎ اسم ~ ato pst ie) 

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Presynapticinhibition Y Release 0 substance onto the outsides the presynaptic nerve fibrils before their own endin, terminate on the postsynaptic neuron 9 PARA (chloride ions to diffuse into the terminal tbril) OIn sensory pathways of the nervous system, adjacent sensory nerve fibers often. mutually inhibit one another, which minimizés sideways spréadand mixing of signalsinsensorytracts ion at an Axoaxonic Synapse 

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Figure 5.17 ammtion. 3) A re eeepc Tndividunl EpSbe act together (c) Tempel sustain af EPSPs: When the presynaptic iter lite setlon potential in qulck succession, te Individual EPSPs add together [(@=16 synapses fring Acton poterta | ©—8erapae eg 2-20 3 5 ‏وم‎ Exctatoryposteynapic ‏تن‎ ‎4 ‎“Resting membrane if a ‏و و‎ 6 5 ft 6 8 0 12 14 46 oy time ‏متا‎ “Spatial Summation” activating multiple terminals onwidely spacedareas of the neuronal membrane Temporal summation” Successive discharges froma singlepresynapticterminal, ij they occur rapidly enough 

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a Facliated zone Lie * Discharge zone Input nerve fer, ‘The neuronal area sti Bd by eachincoming nerve fiber iscalledits stimulatory field Osuprathresholdstimulus Osubthreshold stimulus O sacilitationoftheneurons 

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Source Convergence trom ‘muttiple separate sources interneurons of the spinal cord singlenewron Convergencemeans signals from Souroe لهب + لا Convergence trom a single source Weaksignalsenteringa neuronal pool showldexcite multipleinputsuniting toexcitea far greater numbers of nerve fibers Ceaving the pool 1 ی 2 ۳ Diver ۸ ‏از‎ e tract Divergence into muttipigitpets | 

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> Most DendritesCannot Transmit Action Potentials Gut TheyCan Transmit Signals by Electrotonic Conduction: passive spreadof charge insidea newron. >Decremental conduction: Whenit spreadsafongastretchofmembrane,it becomes exponentially smaller Passivemeans that voltage-dependent changesinmembrane conductance do not contribute 

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Prolongation of a Signal bya Neuronal Pool—‘Afterdischarge (1) Continuousintrinsic neuronal discharge * Themembranepotentials of the neurons of the cerebelCumand the interneurons of thespinal Cordeven normally arehighenough toemit impulses continually (2) Continuous reverberatory signals * Positive feedbackwithin the neuronal circuit that feeds ba tore-excite theinput of the same circuit put Impuleoe por socond 52-0 ۳ لك < د 

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Stability of Neuronal Circuits * Inhibitory Circuits ~ Inhibitory feedback circuits that returnfrom thetermini of pathways back totheinitial excitatory neurons of the same pathways Neuronal pools that exert grossinhibitory control over widespreadareas of thebrain (basal ganglia) * Synaptic Fatigue Fiovor reflexes dlecromental raspancas Flexor muscle contacton force () cs 8888 stimu $ © © Seconds 

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Denar cable 5 066 سد 0 ی ‎wo Snare‏ اا