طراحی مجدد سازمان با سیستم های اطلاعاتی

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2 Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems 13.1 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ سوه How could building a new system change the way an organization works? How can a company make sure that the new information systems it builds fit its business plan? What are the steps required to build a new information system? ©0006 by Prevace “I 1 3 13.2 

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۳ Ce here een ocr 6 4 9 TO aM aD eed 4. What alternative methods for building information systems are available? 5. Are there any techniques or system-building approaches to help us build e-commerce and e- business applications more rapidly? 13.3 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ Oe Ola ree 1. Major risks and uncertainties in systems development 2. Determining when new systems and business processes can have the greatest strategic impact 13.4 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ لك ‎to the Oistess Phra‏ سور مس ولا ‎Information Systems Plan ‎* Road map indicating direction of systems development: the rationale, the current situation, the management strategy, the implementation plan, and the budget ‎13.5 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ لك صتص ب ين 6 1 1نسينينا Enterprise Analysis (Business Systems Planning) * Analysis of organization-wide information requirements * Identifies key entities and attributes 13.6 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ل 13.7 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ لك صتص ب ين 6 1 1نسينينا Strategic Analysis or Critical Success Factors * Critical Success Factors (CSFs): A small number of easily identifiable operational goals shaped by industry, firm, manager, and broader environment. Used to determine information requirements of organization 13.8 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ل ومحاصبرد وعاصصل ها 005035 يبو( 942 سب ‎by Preece Wd‏ 0008© 13.9 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele 4 ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ لك ‎Developwedt wad Orqadtzdiond Okan‏ ری ‎The Spectrum of Organizational Change ‎¢ Automation: Speeding up performance ‎¢ Rationalization of procedures: Streamlining of operating procedures ‎13.10 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ لك ‎Developwedt wad Orqadtzdiond Okan‏ ری ‎The Spectrum of Organizational Change ‎¢ Business process reengineering: Radical design of business processes ‎* Paradigm shift: Radical reconceptualization ‎13.11 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ لك سور لو او وصتجهت جوكحات لدصلدجادهي 0 1 13.12 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ 00 ee ees vores Provess Reeaerriny Workflow Management ۰ The process of streamlining business procedures so that documents can be moved easily and efficiently from one location to another 13.13 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ 00 ee ees Greps ‏ما‎ CP Pevtive ‏سم‎ ° Senior management needs to develop broad strategic vision * Management must understand and measure performance of existing processes as baseline ¢ Information technology should be allowed to influence process design from start ٠ IT infrastructure should be able to support business process changes 13.14 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ 00 ee ees 13.15 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ 00 ee ees Process ‘hoprovewed; Cstess Provess Oarnpwrd, Dord ‏بل‎ Doce (TRO), ocd Gtx Giger * Business Process Management (BPM): Enables organizations to manage incremental process changes required simultaneously in many areas of business. Provides a methodology for dealing with the organization’s need to optimize numerous internal business processes and processes shared with other companies 13.16 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele 4 ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ 00 ee ees Process ‘hoprovewed; Cstess Provess Oarnpwrd, Dord ‏بل‎ Doce (TRO), ocd Gtx Giger * Total Quality Management (TQM): A concept that makes quality control a responsibility to be shared by all people in an organization Six Sigma: A specific measure of quality representing 3.4 defects per million opportunities 13.17 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ 00 ee ees Process ‘hoprovewed; Cstess Provess Oarnpwrd, Dord ‏بل‎ Doce (TRO), ocd Gtx Giger How Information Systems Contribute to Total Quality Management * Simplify product or production process ¢ Enable benchmarking * Use customer demands as guide to improve products and services 13.18 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ 00 ee ees Process ‘hoprovewed; Cstess Provess Oarnpwrd, Dord ‏بل‎ Doce (TRO), ocd Gtx Giger How Information Systems Contribute to Total Quality Management ٠ Reduce cycle time ¢ Improve the quality and precision of the design * Increase the precision of production 13.19 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ يي ل ‎Overview‏ Overview * Systems Development: Activities that go into producing an information system solution to an organizational problem of opportunity * Systems Analysis: Analysis of a problem that the organization will try to resolve with an information system ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 13.20 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ سورج( وممجاور3) خأن بصو © ۱۳ oystews tevebpwed proves Prue 942 13.21 ©0008 by Preece Wd 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ يي ل ‎Overview‏ له سس * Feasibility Study: As part of the systems analysis process, the way to determine whether the solution is achievable, given the organization’s resources and constraints 13.22 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ يي ل ‎Overview‏ له سس Establishing Information Requirements ¢ Stating information needs that new system must satisfy * Identifying who, when, where, and how components of information ae ©0008 by ‏ما سم‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ سورج( وممجاور3) خأن بصو © Gystews Orsiqa * Systems Design: Details how a system will meet information requirements as determined by the systems analysis 13.24 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ يي ل ‎Overview‏ و۳7 موه( و۵ | ممطممون * Programming: Process of translating system specifications prepared during the design stage into program code * Testing: Process that determines whether the system produces desired results under known conditions 13.25 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ سورج( وممجاور3) خأن بصو © و۳7 موه( و۵ | ممطممون * Unit Testing: Process of testing each program separately * Systems Testing: Tests functioning of the information system as a whole * Acceptance Testing: Provides final certification that system is ready to be used in production setting * Test Plan: Prepared by development team. Includes preparations for the series of tests to be performed ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 13.26 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ يي ل ‎Overview‏ Corwpletay te Gystews Orvelpwed Provess Conversion * Conversion: Process of changing from the old system to the new system * Parallel Strategy: Conservative conversion approach where both the old system and the potential replacement are run together ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 15 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ يي ل ‎Overview‏ ‏و۳7 موه( و۵ | ممطممون Conversion ¢ Direct Cutover: Risky conversion approach whereby the new system replaces the old system on an appointed day * Pilot Study: Strategy to introduce the new system to a limited area of the organization until it is proven to be fully functional 13.28 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ يي ل ‎Overview‏ Corwpletay te Gystews Orvelpwed Provess Conversion * Phased Approach: Introduces new system replacement in stages * Documentation: Descriptions of how an information system works from both a technical and end-user standpoint ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 13.29 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ سورج( وممجاور3) خأن بصو © Cowpletay the Gystews Orvelpwed Process Production and Maintenance * Production: Stage after new system is installed and the conversion is complete * Postimplementation Audit: Formal review process conducted after a system has been placed in production * Maintenance: Changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures of production system to correct errors 13.30 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ يي ل ‎Overview‏ © sacple test plas tp test a ‏واه سس‎ Procedure ‘Address and Maintenance “Test Series 2 222 est Series Prepared By: Date: Version: Test Condition Expected ‘Outpue Next Ref. Tested Special Requirements Results On Screen 20 Change records 21 Change existing Key field Not allowed record 22 Change nonexistent Other felds “invalid key” record message 23° Change deleted «Deleted record must “Deleted” record be avaiable message 24 Make second ‘Change 2.1 above Ok ifvalid —Transaetion ‏كديا‎ ‎record fle 25 Insert record OK ifvalid Transaction 45 file 26 Abort during ‘Abort 25 No change Transaction VAS change file Prue 198-0 13.31 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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۳ ۱ Creo 7 9 ‏مت ات مه دای اف سب هت بو بت مات ات‎ eke eee Nes caer جاصسوح "ارا جمحاور©) ‎Trexticad‏ Systems Lifecycle ۰ Traditional methodology for developing information system that partitions the systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentially 13.32 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ سس * Prototyping: Process of building experimental system quickly and inexpensively for demonstration and evaluation so that users can better determine information requirements ¢ Prototype: Preliminary working version of information system for demonstration and evaluation purposes 13.33 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ مرس * Iterative: A process of repeating over and over again the steps to build system 13.34 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ سس Steps in Prototyping 1. Identify the user’s basic requirements 2. Develop initial prototype 3. Use the prototype 4. Revising and enhancing the prototype 13.35 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ ۳۳ Seep 9 سب ‎by Preece Wd‏ 0008© 13.36 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ ما۳ ۴و عم نمی امه منم Advantage * Useful in designing information system’s end-user interface Disadvantage ٠ Rapid prototyping can gloss over essential steps in systems development 13.37 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ ما۳ م۵۳ مشطامر6 ¢ Application software packages: Set of prewritten, precoded application software programs commercially available for sale or lease * Customization: Modification of software package to meet organization’s unique requirements without destroying the software’s integrity 13.38 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ ما۳ م۵۳ مشطامر6 Request for Proposal (RFP): Detailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software or other services to determine how well vendor’s product can meet organization’s specific requirements ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 13.39 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ ۲۶ ‏اوح ةناح‎ oP nstowiaieg ‏امه دام من انوم هناهد و‎ po 3 Total 0 2 3 4 5% Extent of customization (% of total lines of code changed) rue 8-0 13.40 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ Gud Over Devebpwrt ٠ Development of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists ٠ Allows users to specify their own business needs 13.41 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ Gud Over Devebpwrt Managing End-User Development ٠ Information Center: A special facility within an organization that provides training and support for end-user computing 13.42 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ا انك ud wer verse systews Peo devebpordt ‘Traditional Systems (Lifecycle) Development Mile or management tics Delage Wt Propane by aes Main © 1952 Real by periion st 94 سب ‎by Preece Wd‏ 0008© 13.43 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ اوح Practice of contracting computer center operations, telecommunications networks, or applications development to external vendors ©0006 by Prevace “I 13.44 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ اه مط ‎eke‏ او( مه سطل0 Outsourcing Moves into High Gear ٠ What are the management benefits of outsourcing? ٠ What management, organization, and technology issues must be addressed when deciding whether to outsource systems development? 13.45 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ‎Oe tes‏ ره ‎Obert Ortected Oevebpwrdt ond Orwprart-Bwed Oevebpwedt‏ ‎ ‎Object-Oriented Development: Approach to systems development that uses the object as the basic unit of systems analysis and design. ‎Component-Based Development: Building large software systems by combining pre-existing software components ‎©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ ‎ ‎13.46 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ‎ae ekOe cad‏ 0ك ‎ ‎Implementation ‎System Design ‎System architecture ‎Subsystems ‎= programming “database access ‎= Data structure ‎Algorithms ‎= Controls ‎Object Design ‎ ‎ ‎ ‏09-00 سب ‎13.47 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ‎ae ekOe cad‏ 0ك ‎ ‎Ruptd Opphoatca Devebbpwodt (ROO) ‎* Process for developing systems in a short time period ‎٠ Uses prototyping, fourth-generation tools, and close teamwork among users and systems specialists ‎13.48 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ‎Oe tes‏ ره ‎Alotat ®ppicuios Desks (IPO)‏ ‎ ‎Process to accelerate the generation of information requirements by having end users and information systems specialists work together in intensive design sessions ‎©0006 by Prevace “I ‎13.49 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ‎ae ekOe cad‏ 0ك ‎ ‎Orb Gervices urd ‏مش 0) لوح و8‎ ‎Software components deliverable over Internet ‎Enable one application to communicate with another with no translation required ‎Standards and protocols: XML, SOAP, WSDL, UDDI ‎©0006 by Prevace “I ‎ ‎13.50 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ‎ae ekOe cad‏ 0ك ‎ ‎‘Low Ovkr Rea ® Ow wes Orb services ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎‘ells Rent A Car ‏اس‎ ‎ ‎13.51 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ ‎ ‎ 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ و ۱ 9-6 سب ‎by Prevece We‏ 0008© 13.52 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ ‎ae ekOe cad‏ 0ك ‎ ‎Ondow va Teck ‎Web Services at Work ‎What are the benefits of using Web services technology? ‎How can it provide value to firms? ‎What management, organization, and technology issues must be addressed when implementing Web services? ‎©0006 by Prevace “I ‎ ‎13.53 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ eee meee ‏ون‎ Reverie ‏لانن‎ a Dew Brterprise Gystew Analyze Celanese using the competitive forces and value chain models. How important is Celanese’s centralized enterprise system to its business strategy? Why? What is its business value to the company? ©0006 by Prevace “I ds 13.54 

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ee TO ‏مدا مس‎ Le ele ] ‏ومصاو رت دمقعوسى !1" لانن +طامحادحب :0 ححا بعجاحي وطس وت رگ‎ eee meee Orknese Revedirdizes wis Dew Citerpree Gystew What management, organization, and technology challenges did Celanese face as it tried to implement OneSAP? Which were the most difficult? Why? How successful was Celanese in meeting these challenges? What problems did it solve? How? Which problems remained unsolved? ©0006 by Prevace “I 2. 13.55 

Chapter 13 Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems 13.1 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Objectives 1. How could building a new system change the way an organization works? 2. How can a company make sure that the new information systems it builds fit its business plan? 3. What are the steps required to build a new information system? 13.2 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Objectives 4. What alternative methods for building information systems are available? 5. Are there any techniques or system-building approaches to help us build e-commerce and ebusiness applications more rapidly? 13.3 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Management Challenges 1. Major risks and uncertainties in systems development 2. Determining when new systems and business processes can have the greatest strategic impact 13.4 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Systems as Planned Organizational Change Linking Information Systems to the Business Plan Information Systems Plan • Road map indicating direction of systems development: the rationale, the current situation, the management strategy, the implementation plan, and the budget 13.5 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Systems as Planned Organizational Change Establishing Organizational Information Requirements Enterprise Analysis (Business Systems Planning) • Analysis of organization-wide information requirements • Identifies key entities and attributes 13.6 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Systems as Planned Organizational Change Process/data class matrix Figure 13-1 13.7 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Systems as Planned Organizational Change Establishing Organizational Information Requirements Strategic Analysis or Critical Success Factors • Critical Success Factors (CSFs): A small number of easily identifiable operational goals shaped by industry, firm, manager, and broader environment. Used to determine information requirements of organization 13.8 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Systems as Planned Organizational Change Using CSFs to develop systems Figure 13-2 13.9 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Systems as Planned Organizational Change Systems Development and Organizational Change The Spectrum of Organizational Change • Automation: Speeding up performance • Rationalization of procedures: Streamlining of operating procedures 13.10 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Systems as Planned Organizational Change Systems Development and Organizational Change The Spectrum of Organizational Change • Business process reengineering: Radical design of business processes • Paradigm shift: Radical reconceptualization 13.11 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Systems as Planned Organizational Change Organizational change carries risks and rewards Figure 13-3 13.12 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Business Process Reengineering and Process Improvement Business Process Reengineering Workflow Management • The process of streamlining business procedures so that documents can be moved easily and efficiently from one location to another 13.13 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Business Process Reengineering and Process Improvement Steps in Effective Reengineering • Senior management needs to develop broad strategic vision • Management must understand and measure performance of existing processes as baseline • Information technology should be allowed to influence process design from start • IT infrastructure should be able to support business process changes 13.14 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Business Process Reengineering and Process Improvement Redesigning mortgage processing in the United States Figure 13-4 13.15 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Business Process Reengineering and Process Improvement Process Improvement: Business Process Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Six Sigma • Business Process Management (BPM): Enables organizations to manage incremental process changes required simultaneously in many areas of business. Provides a methodology for dealing with the organization’s need to optimize numerous internal business processes and processes shared with other companies 13.16 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Business Process Reengineering and Process Improvement Process Improvement: Business Process Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Six Sigma • Total Quality Management (TQM): A concept that makes quality control a responsibility to be shared by all people in an organization • Six Sigma: A specific measure of quality representing 3.4 defects per million opportunities 13.17 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Business Process Reengineering and Process Improvement Process Improvement: Business Process Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Six Sigma How Information Systems Contribute to Total Quality Management • Simplify product or production process • Enable benchmarking • Use customer demands as guide to improve products and services 13.18 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Business Process Reengineering and Process Improvement Process Improvement: Business Process Management, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Six Sigma How Information Systems Contribute to Total Quality Management • Reduce cycle time • Improve the quality and precision of the design • Increase the precision of production 13.19 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Overview • Systems Development: Activities that go into producing an information system solution to an organizational problem of opportunity • Systems Analysis: Analysis of a problem that the organization will try to resolve with an information system 13.20 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development The systems development process Figure 13-5 13.21 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Systems Analysis • Feasibility Study: As part of the systems analysis process, the way to determine whether the solution is achievable, given the organization’s resources and constraints 13.22 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Systems Analysis Establishing Information Requirements • Stating information needs that new system must satisfy • Identifying who, when, where, and how components of information 13.23 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Systems Design • Systems Design: Details how a system will meet information requirements as determined by the systems analysis 13.24 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Completing the Systems Development Process • Programming: Process of translating system specifications prepared during the design stage into program code • Testing: Process that determines whether the system produces desired results under known conditions 13.25 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Completing the Systems Development Process • Unit Testing: Process of testing each program separately • Systems Testing: Tests functioning of the information system as a whole • Acceptance Testing: Provides final certification that system is ready to be used in production setting • Test Plan: Prepared by development team. Includes preparations for the series of tests to be performed 13.26 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Completing the Systems Development Process Conversion • Conversion: Process of changing from the old system to the new system • Parallel Strategy: Conservative conversion approach where both the old system and the potential replacement are run together 13.27 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Completing the Systems Development Process Conversion • Direct Cutover: Risky conversion approach whereby the new system replaces the old system on an appointed day • Pilot Study: Strategy to introduce the new system to a limited area of the organization until it is proven to be fully functional 13.28 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Completing the Systems Development Process Conversion • Phased Approach: Introduces new system replacement in stages • Documentation: Descriptions of how an information system works from both a technical and end-user standpoint 13.29 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development Completing the Systems Development Process Production and Maintenance • Production: Stage after new system is installed and the conversion is complete • Postimplementation Audit: Formal review process conducted after a system has been placed in production • Maintenance: Changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures of production system to correct errors 13.30 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Overview of Systems Development A sample test plan to test a record change Figure 13-6 13.31 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Traditional Systems Lifecycle Systems Lifecycle • Traditional methodology for developing information system that partitions the systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentially 13.32 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Prototyping • Prototyping: Process of building experimental system quickly and inexpensively for demonstration and evaluation so that users can better determine information requirements • Prototype: Preliminary working version of information system for demonstration and evaluation purposes 13.33 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Prototyping • Iterative: A process of repeating over and over again the steps to build system 13.34 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Prototyping Steps in Prototyping 1. Identify the user’s basic requirements 2. Develop initial prototype 3. Use the prototype 4. Revising and enhancing the prototype 13.35 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches The prototyping process Figure 13-7 13.36 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Advantages and Disadvantages of Prototyping Advantage • Useful in designing information system’s end-user interface Disadvantage • 13.37 Rapid prototyping can gloss over essential steps in systems development © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Application Software Packages • Application software packages: Set of prewritten, precoded application software programs commercially available for sale or lease • Customization: Modification of software package to meet organization’s unique requirements without destroying the software’s integrity 13.38 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Application Software Packages • Request for Proposal (RFP): Detailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software or other services to determine how well vendor’s product can meet organization’s specific requirements 13.39 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches The effects of customizing a software package on total implementation costs Figure 13-8 13.40 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches End-User Development • Development of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists • Allows users to specify their own business needs 13.41 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches End-User Development Managing End-User Development • 13.42 Information Center: A special facility within an organization that provides training and support for end-user computing © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches End user versus systems lifecycle development Figure 13-9 13.43 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Outsourcing • 13.44 Practice of contracting computer center operations, telecommunications networks, or applications development to external vendors © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Window on Management Outsourcing Moves into High Gear • What are the management benefits of outsourcing? • What management, organization, and technology issues must be addressed when deciding whether to outsource systems development? 13.45 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Application Development for the Digital Firm Object-Oriented Development and Component-Based Development • Object-Oriented Development: Approach to systems development that uses the object as the basic unit of systems analysis and design. • Component-Based Development: Building large software systems by combining pre-existing software components 13.46 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Application Development for the Digital Firm Object-oriented development Figure 13-10 13.47 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Application Development for the Digital Firm Rapid Application Development (RAD) • Process for developing systems in a short time period • Uses prototyping, fourth-generation tools, and close teamwork among users and systems specialists 13.48 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Application Development for the Digital Firm Joint Application Design (JAD) • 13.49 Process to accelerate the generation of information requirements by having end users and information systems specialists work together in intensive design sessions © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Application Development for the Digital Firm Web Services and Service-Oriented Computing • Software components deliverable over Internet • Enable one application to communicate with another with no translation required • Standards and protocols: XML, SOAP, WSDL, UDDI 13.50 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Application Development for the Digital Firm How Dollar Rent A Car uses Web services Figure 13-11 13.51 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Application Development for the Digital Firm The Web services architecture Figure 13-12 13.52 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Application Development for the Digital Firm Window on Technology Web Services at Work • What are the benefits of using Web services technology? • How can it provide value to firms? • What management, organization, and technology issues must be addressed when implementing Web services? 13.53 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Chapter 13 Case Study Celanese Recentralizes with a New Enterprise System 1. Analyze Celanese using the competitive forces and value chain models. 2. How important is Celanese’s centralized enterprise system to its business strategy? Why? What is its business value to the company? 13.54 © 2005 by Prentice Hal Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 13 Redesigning the Organization with Information Systems Chapter 13 Case Study Celanese Recentralizes with a New Enterprise System 3. What management, organization, and technology challenges did Celanese face as it tried to implement OneSAP? Which were the most difficult? Why? 4. How successful was Celanese in meeting these challenges? What problems did it solve? How? Which problems remained unsolved? 13.55 © 2005 by Prentice Hal