مفهوم پایداری و اجزای اساسی آن

مفهوم پایداری و اجزای اساسی آن

اسلاید 1: Life Support System and Main Concepts

اسلاید 2: مفهوم پایداری و اجزای اساسی آنتعریف پایداری: ظرفیت و توان سیستم طبیعی کره زمین، سیستم فرهنگی انسان و سیستم اقتصادی برای بقا و تطبیق با تغییرات زیست محیطی بصورت دائمی است. اجزای اساسی پایداری:الف: سرمایه طبیعی شامل منابع طبیعی و خدمات طبیعت ب: سرمایه خورشیدیتوان بازتولید اکولوژیکیحمایت از راه حلهای زیست محیطی

اسلاید 3: سرمایه طبیعی یا Natural Capitalتعریف: سرمایه طبیعی حیات را ممکن و حمایت میکند و اقتصاد را پشتیبانی مینماید و شامل منابع طبیعی و خدمات طبیعت میگردد. منابع طبیعی یا Natural Resources: شامل مواد و انرژی در طبیعت استکه برای زندگی لازم و حیاتی است. این منابع شامل منابع تجدید پذیر مانند هوا، آب، خاک و گیاهان و غیره و تجدید ناپذیر مانند نفت، زغال سنگ، فلزات و غیر فلزات میگردند.خدمات طبیعت یا Natural Services: کارویژه های طبیعت از جمله شامل خالص سازی آب و هوا برای حمایت از زنجیره حیات و اقتصاد، خدمات اکوسیستمی بدون هزینه که منشا اصلی NS اند، چرخه تغذیه Nutrient Cycling جهت چرخش مواد شمیمایی مورد نیاز انسان از طبیعت به ارگانیسم و سپس بازگشت به طبیعت میباشد.

اسلاید 4: سرمایه خورشیدی و اصول دیگرسرمایه خورشیدی موجب حمایت از سرمایه طبیعی از طریق عملیات فتوسنتز در گیاهان و تهیه غذا برای آنان و سایر گونه ها و رها سازی اکسیژن و جذب اکسید کربن میگردد. همچنین موجب جابجایی در جریانات هوایی و آبی و خاکی زمین میگردد.توان باز تولید اکولوژیکی یا Carrying Capacity بمعنی عدم عبور از توان طبیعت خصوصا منابع تجدید پذیر در تولید مجدد است.حمایت سیاسی و اقتصادی از راه حلهای زیست محیطی برای جلوگیری از تخریب محیط زیست و ایجاد بالانس بین نیازهای زیست محیطی و مقتضیات سیاسی و اقتصادی است.

اسلاید 5: Energy cycle and photosynthesisCarbon dioxide + water + solar energy = glucose (carbohydrate) + oxygen6CO2 + 6 H2O + solar energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2ANDC6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

اسلاید 6: چهار اصل علمی پایداریدانشمندان توصیه میکنند بمنظور زندگی بر اساس الگوی پایداری انسان نیازمند به مطالعه دقیق مسیر حیات در زمین و آموختن نحوه بقای حیات و انطباق با تغییرات عمده زیست محیطی در طول میلیونها سال میباشد.این اصول عبارتند از: 1) اتکا به انرژی خورشیدی، 2) تنوع زیستی و بهره گیری از روشهای انطباق با شرایط متحول زیست محیطی، 3) کنترل و تعادل جمعیت با توجه به محدودیت منابع برای تغذیه و رشد و تولید مثل، 4) و چرخه تغذیه و انتقال مواد شیمیایی مورد نیاز گیاهان و جانوران از طبیعت به ارگانهای زنده و بعکس

اسلاید 7: Main Concepts

اسلاید 8: Main conceptsElement (عنصر) is a fundamental substance with unique set of properties that cannot broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.Matter (ماده) is any thing that has mass and taken up space and composed of elements and compounds, which are in turn made up of Atoms, Ions, or MoleculesCompound (ترکیب)is combinations of two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions . Atom is the most smallest of matter in which an element can be divided and still retain its chemical properties.Molecule is a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by forces called chemical bonds.Chemical formula is used to show the number of each type of atom or ion in the compound.Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat. W=F.DEnergy has two form. Kinetic E (جنبشی)and potential Energy (استاتیک)

اسلاید 9: قوانین مهم در محیط زیستThe law of conservation of matter (قانون بقای ماده): When matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics (قانون بقای انرژی): when energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed.The second law of thermodynamics (قانون دوم ترمو) : when energy changes from one form to another, it always end up with lower quality or less usable energy than started with.

اسلاید 10: Ecology classification- OrganismTo understand nature, it is classified to: Atom, Molecule, Cell, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, and Biosphere.Ecologists study Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, BiosphereEcology contains:Organisms; Organisms is a living substance on surface layer of earth (biosphere), air (atmosphere), land( lithosphere), and water (hydrosphere)Every organism is a member of certain species with certain traits. Species: A set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring. There are 1.8 millions identified species, it guests that there are 10-14 mm species and estimated that earth probably have till 100 mm species.

اسلاید 11: Ecology classification- Population & CommunityPopulation; is a group of individuals of the same species that living in the same place at the same time. They are varied genetically.Genetic diversity: variation in a population, don’t all look or act alikeHabitat: a place where population or an individual organisms live in. it has certain resource such as water. It contains environmental conditions such as temperature and light. It maybe as large as an ocean or as small as timber of a tree and called Natural Address of a specie.Community;Biological community: consist of all populations of different species that living in the particular place and many of them interact with one another in feeding and other relationships.

اسلاید 12: Ecology classification-EcosystemEcology comes from oikos (place to live) and logos (study of) used by Ernst Haeckel in 1869Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one another (biotic) and with their physical environment of matter and energy (abiotic) or the science of connections in nature.It can range in size, natural and artificial, has no clear boundaries and are not isolated from one another.Matter and energy move from one to other ecosystemsThe ecosystem is composed of various of inputs, processes or stores and outputs.It should maintains its dynamic equilibrium.

اسلاید 13: Ecosystem definitionsA.G. Tansly definition: A particular category of physical systems consisting of organisms and inorganic components in a relatively stable equilibrium, open and in various kinds and sizesوضعیت خاصی از سیستمهای فیزیکی مشتمل بر ارگانهای زنده و مواد غیر زنده است که بصورت باز و در اندازه و اشکال متفاوت پایداری خود را بصورت نسبی برقرار میسازد. I.G Simmons definition: A unit of space-time containing living organisms interacting with each others and with their abiotic environment by the interchange of energy and materialsیک مجموعه یکپارچه چهار بعدی فضا-زمانی مشتمل بر ارگانیزمهای زنده است که در تعامل با یکدیگر و با محیط ابیوتیک پیرامونی انرژی و مواد مبادله مینماید

اسلاید 14: Ecology classification-BiosphereIt consists of the parts of the earth’s air, water, and soil where life is found.A global ecosystem in which all organisms exist and interact with one another.

اسلاید 15: Sustaining life on EarthLife is sustained by flow of energy from sun through the biosphere, cycling of nutrients within the biosphere, and gravity. The earth depends on three interdependent factors:1)Energy flow: One-way flow of high-quality energy from sun for feeding interactions of organisms. It changes to low quality energy and cannot be recycled. (First and 2th laws of thermodynamics)2)Cycling of matter or nutrients through part of Biosphere for survival. Because Earth is closed to space matter, nutrient should be recycled to support life. (law of conservation of matters)3)Gravity enable the movement of chemicals through air, water, soil, and organisms and held its Atmosphere

اسلاید 16: Life-support system Four major components Atmosphere: it(air) is a thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earth’s surface.Hydrosphere: it(water) consists of all water on or near the earth’s surface and covers 71% of the globe.Geosphere: it(rock, soil, sediment) consists of the earth’s intense. Biosphere: it(living things) occupies those parts of other 3s where live exists.

اسلاید 17: Atmosphere Troposphere: is the inner layer of atmosphere with the extension of 17 km above sea level at tropics and 7 km at poles.Greenhouse gases: are the 1% of remaining gases (H2O, CO2, CH4) out of 78% N2 plus 21% of O2 which make up air in troposphere.Stratosphere: is the upper layer next to T stretching 17-50 km with O3 to filter harmful ultraviolet radiation of sun and allows life to exist

اسلاید 18: Hydrosphere Liquid water: exist on the surface and undergroundIce: in form of polar ice and icebergPermafrost: the ice frozen soil layerWater vapor: the water which exist in the airsaline water: exist in the seas and oceans and cover 71% of the globe

اسلاید 19: Geosphere and BiosphereGeosphere consist of hot core(هسته) , a thick mantle (غشاء), and a thin outer crust (پوسته) .Biosphere is a thin layer of the combination of A, H, and G extended from 9km above earth surface to bottom of the ocean where life exist.Biomes: a large region of terrestrial part of biosphere such as forest, desert, grasslands etc with distinct climate and certain specious Aquatic life zones: watery part of biosphere which consists of freshwater life zone and marine life zone. The goal of ecology is to understand the interactions in this thin layer of air, water, soil, and organisms.

اسلاید 20: Ecosystem componentsAbiotic consists of nonliving components such as water, air, nutrients, rocks, heat, and solar energy.Biotic consists of living and once living biological components such as plants, animals, microbes, dead organisms, dead part of organisms, and the waste products of organisms.

اسلاید 21: Ecosystem and population growthRange of tolerance: each population in an ecosystem has a range of tolerance to variations in its physical and chemical environment.Ecological principal of limiting factors: Too much or too little of any abiotic factors can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance. Main abiotic limiting factors: A) include temperature, sunlight, nutrient availability, low solubility of O2, and salinity in aquatic life zone. B) include Precipitation, soil nutrient, temperature in biomass.

اسلاید 22: Ecosystems’ producers & consumersEvery organism in an ecosystem is assign to a feeding level or trophic level.Trophic level: is the feeding level of every organisms in an ecosystem that transfer energy and nutrient from one to another level and can classify to P & C.Autotrophs: or producers or self-feeders make the nutrients they need from compounds and energy obtained from their environment such as green plants, algae, and phytoplankton. They changed solar energy (1%) and stored chemical energy through photosynthesis. There are bacteria using geothermal energy (H2S) by process called chemosynthesis in deep oceans.Heterotrophs: or consumers or other-feeders obtain their nutrient by feeding on other organisms, producers or other consumers, or their remains and not produce their needs though photosynthesis.

اسلاید 23: Heterotrophs or consumersPrimary consumers or herbivores: plant eaters Secondary consumers or carnivores: meat eatersHigher-level consumers: carnivores that feed on the other carnivoresOmnivores: feeding on both plants and animalsDecomposers: release nutrient from dead body of plants and animals to soil for reuseباکتریها و قارچها Detritus feeders or Detritivores: feed on waste or dead body of other organisms.کرم خاکی، کرکس، کنه ها

اسلاید 24: Energy flew All Producers, Consumers and Decomposers use chemical energy stored (glucose) to fuel their life processes and release this energy by aerobic respiration (تنفس هوازی) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy Some decomposers use cellular respiration in the absence of O2, called anaerobic respiration or fermentation (تخمیر)and end up by producing methane gas CH4 or ethyl alcohol C2H6O2, or acetic acid C2H4O2Energy flews through ecosystems in food chain and web while the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level decreases

اسلاید 25: Food chain in EcosystemsFood chain determines how chemical energy and nutrients move from one form of organisms to another through the trophic level in an ecosystem through photosynthesis, feeding and decomposition. It chnges some useful energy to the heat.Food web is a complex network of interconnected food chain which shows how a consumer organism feed on one or more type of producer organisms in the natural ecosystems.Food chains and webs demonstrate how producers, consumers, and decomposers are connected to one another as energy flows through trophic levels of E,s

اسلاید 26: Differentiation of Ecosystems by Energy usage Loss of energy in organisms; the more trophic levels there are in food chain, the greater is the accumulative loss of usable chemical energy as it flows through the T.L.Ecological efficiency of energy ranges from 2-40% (loss of 60-98%), depending what type of species and ecosystems are involved, but 10% is typical.Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the rate at which an ecosystem’s producers (plants) convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass found in their tissues. (kcal/m2/yr) To stay alive, grow and reproduce, producers must use some of chemical energy stored in the biomass they make for their respiration.Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is the rate at which producers use photosynthesis to produce and store chemical energy minus the rate at which they use some of this stored chemical energy though aerobic respiration.NPP = GPP – R R is energy used in respirationsEcosystems differ in their NPP and decrease from equator toward poles

اسلاید 27: Ecosystems classificationTerrestrial Ecosystemsswamps and marshes (9600 kcal/m2/yr)Tropical rain forest (8800)Temperate forest (5600)Savanna (3200)Agricultural lands (3000)Woodland and shrub land (2800)Grasslands (2400)Alpine and Tundra (700)Desert (250)Extreme Desert (100) Aquatic EcosystemsEstuaries ( 8800)Lakes and streams (2300)Continental shelf (1500)Open ocean (1100)

اسلاید 28: BiodiversityBiological diversity: is a variety of the Earth’s species, the genes they contain, the ecosystems in which they live, and the ecosystem processes such as energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain all life. It is a vital renewable resource.Genes diversity: is a part of BD that enable life on the Earth to adapt to and survive dramatic environmental changes and sustain the life of Earth.Species diversity: is the most obvious component of BD. There are 4-100 million species, 1.8 M identified including a million of insects, 270000 plants, 45000 vertebrate.Ecosystem diversity : is a storehouse of genetic and species D.Functional diversity: is the variety of process such as matter cycling and energy flow taking place within the ecosystems as species interact in food chains and web