Conventional and Complementary medicine (Chapter 20)

Conventional and Complementary medicine (Chapter 20)

اسلاید 1: 1© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: Conventional and Complementary medicineChapter 20

اسلاید 3: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Self-CareSelf-assessmentSymptoms are often an expression of the body’s attempt to heal itselfCarefully observing symptoms lets you identify those signals that suggest you need professional assistanceBody’s vital signTemperatureHeart rateMedical self-testsBlood pressureBlood sugarPregnancy detectionUrinary tract infections3

اسلاید 4: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. know when to see a physicianSee a physician for symptoms that you would describe as:SevereUnusualPersistentRecurrentEmergencies include the following:Major traumaUncontrollable bleedingIntolerable or uncontrollable painSevere shortness of breathPersistent abdominal painPoisoning or drug overdoseLoss of consciousness or seizureUnexplained stupor, drowsiness, or disorientationSevere or worsening reaction to an insect bite or sting or to a medication, especially if breathing is difficult4

اسلاید 5: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Self-treatmentWatchful waitingNondrug optionsSelf-medicationOver-the-counter (OTC) drugsSimple guidelines to self-medicate safely:Always read labelsDo not exceed the recommended dosage or length of treatmentUse caution if you are taking other medicationsTry to select medications with one active ingredient Try to buy generic drugsNever take or give a drug from an unlabeled containerIf pregnant or nursing, consult health care provider firstCheck expiration dateStore your medications in a cool, dry placeUse caution with aspirinReye’s syndrome - children5

اسلاید 6: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Figure 20.1 Reading and understanding OTC drug labels6

اسلاید 7: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Figure 20.2 Your home medical care kit7

اسلاید 8: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Professional careSystem of broad network of professionals and organizations, including:Independent practitionersHealth care providersHospitalsClinics Public and private insurance programsComplementary and alternative medicine (CAM)Most commonly used CAM therapies:AcupunctureChiropracticRelaxation techniquesHerbal medicineMassageMeditationYogaIntegrative medicineConventional health care with the addition of unconventional modalities8

اسلاید 9: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Conventional medicinePremises and assumptions of Conventional MedicineWestern medicine is based on the belief that disease is caused by identifiable physical factorsIdentifies:PathogensBacteria or virusesGenetic factorsUnhealthy lifestylesBased on scientific method of obtaining knowledgeEmpiricalRationalTestableParsimoniousGeneral Rigorously evaluatedTentative9

اسلاید 10: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. The providers of conventional medicineMedical doctor (MD)Doctor of osteopathic medicine (DO)PodiatristOptometristDentistAllied health care providers:Registered nurse (RN)Licensed vocational nurse (LVN)Licensed practical nurse (LPN)Physical therapist (PT)Licensed social worker (LSW)Registered dietitian (RD)Physician assistant (PA)Nurse practitionerCertified nurse midwife10

اسلاید 11: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Choosing a primary care physicianBegin making a list of possible choicesCheck insurance limitsAsk for recommendationsFamily, friends, coworkers, local medical societies, physician referral serviceOnce you have a list of physicians, call their office and find out some informationIs the physician covered by your insurance plan?What are the office hours?Which hospitals does the physician use?How many other physicians are available to cover?How long does it usually take to get an appointment?Does the office send reminders for preventive check-ups?Does the physician give advice over the phone?11

اسلاید 12: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Getting the most our of your medical careThe physician-patient partnershipYour physician appointmentsThe diagnostic processPhysical examsDiagnostic testingX-raysBiopsiesBlood and urine tests ScansEndoscopiesMedical and surgical treatmentsPrescription medicationsMedication errorsOff-label drug useOnline pharmaciesCostsSurgeryElective surgeries12

اسلاید 13: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Figure 20.3 reading and understanding prescription medication labels13

اسلاید 14: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Complementary and alternative medicineCAM tends to focus on an integration of mind, body, and spirit in seeking ways to restore the whole person to harmonyIntegration = holistic health care, considering the whole personAlternative medical systemsTraditional Chinese medicine (TCM)Harmonious flow of qi produces healthAcupuncture and herbal remediesQI is believed to flow through the body along several meridians (pathways)HomeopathyNaturopathy14

اسلاید 15: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Figure 20.4 The Categories of CAM practices15

اسلاید 16: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Mind-body interventionsInterventions make use of the integral connection between mind and bodyMeditationYogaVisualizationTaijiquanBiofeedbackPlacebo effectHypnotherapy16

اسلاید 17: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Natural ProductsAlso known as biologically based therapiesInclude substances derived from plant or animal sourcesConsist primarily of herbal therapies or remedies, botanicals, and extracts from animal tissuesPharmacopoeiaDrug-herb interactions17

اسلاید 18: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Table 20.2 Commonly Used Herbals18

اسلاید 19: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Manipulative and body-based methodsBased on manipulating or moving one or more body partsTouch and body manipulation are long-standing forms of health careManual healing is based on the idea that misalignment or dysfunction in one part of the body causes pain or dysfunction in another partChiropractic medicine19

اسلاید 20: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. ExerciseExercise for health maintenance, promotion, and disease preventions fits the definition of CAM65% of Americans would be more interested in exercising if advised to do so by their physiciansNew program “Exercise Is Medicine” encourages physicians to record a patient’s exercise level as a regular vital sign20

اسلاید 21: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Other CAM PracticesCAM practices also includeMovement therapiesUse movement to promote well-being (Feldenkreis method, Alexander technique, Pilates)Traditional healing practicesBased on indigenous theories handed down from generation to generation (Native American medicine man, shaman)Energy therapies21

اسلاید 22: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Energy TherapiesForms of treatment that use energy originating either within the body (biofields) or from other sources (bioelectromagnetic fields)QigongTherapeutic touchReikiBioelectromagnetic-based therapies22

اسلاید 23: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Evaluating complementary and alternative therapiesWork with your physicianAreas to discussSafetyEffectivenessTimingCostQuestions for the CAM practitionerAsk about education, training, licensing, certificationAsk why he or she thinks the therapy will be beneficialDescribe in detail any conventional treatments you are receivingAsk how long the therapy should continueAsk about the expected cost of the treatmentDo your own research23

اسلاید 24: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Paying for health careThe current systemCombination of private and public insurance plans, patient out-of-pocket payments, and government assistanceHealth insuranceTraditional fee-for-service (indemnity) plansManaged-care plansHealth maintenance organizations (HMO)Preferred provider organizations (PPO)Point-of-service (POS) plansGovernmental programsMedicareMedicaidHealth care reformAffordable Care Act, March 201024

اسلاید 25: Conventional and Complementary medicineChapter 2025