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Invaginating neural tube Otic placode ~ B Endoderm Pharynx igure 16.1. A. Scanning electron micrograph of a mouse embryo equivalent to approximately 28 days of human development. The otic placodes, as shown in B, are invaginating to form the otic pits (arrows). Arrowhead, second arch; H, heart; star, mandibular prominence. B. Region of the rhombencephalon showing the otic placodes in a 22-day embryo. 

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fall of rhombencephalgn Invaginating Staloacoustic Tacode, ‏قله تن‎ Otic pit Pharynx A Endoderm B doréal aorta Figure 16.2, A to C. Transverse sections through the region of the rhombencephalon showing formation of the otic vesicles. A. 24 days. B. 27 days. C. 4.5 weeks. Note the statoacoustic ganglia, D and E. Scanning electron micrographs of mouse embryos equivalent to stages depicted in A and B showing development of the otic vesicles (OV). 

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‎ee,‏ و بسا ‎lapel f‏ ‎2 ‎orion (Cochlear duel ‎ ‎Figure 16.3. fend B. Development ofthe otacyst showing @ dorsal utricular portion with the endolymphatic ect and a ventral saccular portion. C to E, Cochlesr duet 516, 7, and 8 weeks, resnecively Note formation of the ductus reunions and the Uiiculosaceular duct’ F and G. Scanning olactron mierogrephe of mouse embryos showing similar stages of development ofthe otocystas depicted in A and B, Arrow. heads, endolymehatie duct §, aacoul; emall arrows opening of semicreuler canal; U, ‏مه‎ 6 alga shows inla stages of cochlear cuct formation (large ‏امه‎ ‎ 

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__-— Cartilaginous shell Scala vestibuli Basement membrane Cochlear duct: Spiral ligament Vestibular Inner ridge A membrane Cochlear duct 2 ‏هت‎ ‎7 58 3 Scala tympani Modiolus : لات مهو نموه scala vestibull ‏حب اه‎ ‘Auditory nerve fibers Basilar membrane ‏اس‎ = 19 Spiral ganglion 1 Scala tympani 5 Figure 16.4. Development of the scala tympani and scala vestibuli, A. The cochlear duct is surrounded by a cartilaginous shell. B. During the 10th week large vacuoles appear in the cartilaginous shell. C. The cochlear duct (scala media) is separated from the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli by the basilar and vestibular membranes, respectively. Note the auditory nerve fibers and the spiral (cochlear) ganglion. 

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2 Cochlear duct Tectorial membrane Outer ridge Spiral limbus (inner ridge) B Tectorial membrane Spiral limbus (inner ridge) Spiral sulcus ۳ = Auditory nerve fibers Inner hair cell = Figure 16.5. Development of the organ of Corti. A. 10 weeks. B. Approximately 5 months. C. Full-term infant. Note the appearance of the spiral tunnels in the organ of Corti. 

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۱ Superior ۳ Walls of central portion of Semnicirculag rus commune outpocketing are apposed ae nonampullare Flattened Crus’ Posterior ola ۱ 3 outpocketing —_Utricle ampullare Lateral semicirculal Utricle semicircular canal canal Apposed a walls of 8 ? Semicircular outpocketing 0 (ee 5 E ‏ددم‎ Figure 16.6. Development of the semicircular canals. A. 5 weeks. C. 6 weeks. E. 8 weeks. B, D, and F. Apposition, fusion, and disappearance, respectively, of the central Portions of the walls of the semicircular outpocketings. Note the ampullae in the semicircular canals. 

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Otolithic Otoconia membrane Type | hair calls Supporting calls Typo II hair cal 

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sagitaler Bogengang Cristea apullinaris Macula utriculi 7 Macula sacculi Perilymphraum Endolymphraum vertikaler Bogengang Knochen horizontaler Bogengang Steigbligel 

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Maxilla: ‏همم اس‎ Mandibular a External auditory meatus Primitive tympanic ‘cavity Auditory tube Sime Prarynges! ‏سپس‎ 7 1 Palatine tonsit Parathyroid Gland (inferior) Thymus Parathyroid — “gland (superior) Epicardial ridge Untimo- branchial body A ee Figure 15.10. A. Development of the pharyngeal clefts and pouches. The second arch grows over the third and fourth arches, burying the second, third, and fourth pharyngeal clefts. B. Remnants of the second, third, and fourth pharyngeal clefts form the cervical sinus, which is normally obliterated. Note the structures formed by the vations ‏وت ای او وتا‎ 

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Roof of rhombencephalon Auditory ossicles embedded in loose mesenchyme Wall of Shes. ۳ A / Tubotympanic recess External auditory — Mel ‏زمره جوم‎ meatus plug nity Endolymphatic duct Utricular portion of otic vesicle Saceular portion Mesenchymal condensation ist pharyngeal cloft Figure 16.7. A. Transverse section of a 7-week embryo in the region of the rhomben- cephalon, showing the tubotympanic recess, the first pharyngeal cleft, and mesenchy- mal condensation, foreshadowing development of the ossicles. B. Middle ear showing the cartilaginous precursors of the auditory ossicles, Thin yellow line in mesenchyme indicates future expansion of the primitive tympanic cavity. Note the meatal plug extending from the primitive auditory meatus to the tympanic cavity. 

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Incus Petrous bone Perilymphatic Meckel's Stapes space Wall of Incus J Styloid process rat cat 7 5 A {7 >Stylohyoid ‘Oval window ligament ae ” esi Supe 3 Intermediate ‘Hyoid bone yor mesoderm layer Tympanic cavity B Ectodermal epithelium ‘Endodermal epithelium Figure 16.9. A. Derivatives of the first three pharyngeal arches. Note the malleus and incus at the dorsal tip of the first arch and the stapes at that of the second arch. B. Middle ear showing the handle of the malleus in contact with the eardrum. The stapes will establish contact with the membrane in the oval window. The wall of the tympanic cavity is lined with endodermal epithelium. 

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www.shutterstockcom - 212204002 

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Base of stapes in fossa of ova (vestibulat) window “Tensor tympani Limbs of tapes ‘muscle tendon cut) Tendon of stapedius muscle Fossa of round: 2 3 1 9 7 FACIALNERVEIN STYLOMASTOID Promontory with tympanic FORAMEN srry Gacobson) and pleas 

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Roof of rhombencephalon Auditory ossicles embedded in loose mesenchyme Wall of Shes. ۳ A / Tubotympanic recess External auditory — Mel ‏زمره جوم‎ meatus plug nity Endolymphatic duct Utricular portion of otic vesicle Saceular portion Mesenchymal condensation ist pharyngeal cloft Figure 16.7. A. Transverse section of a 7-week embryo in the region of the rhomben- cephalon, showing the tubotympanic recess, the first pharyngeal cleft, and mesenchy- mal condensation, foreshadowing development of the ossicles. B. Middle ear showing the cartilaginous precursors of the auditory ossicles, Thin yellow line in mesenchyme indicates future expansion of the primitive tympanic cavity. Note the meatal plug extending from the primitive auditory meatus to the tympanic cavity. 

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Incus Petrous bone Perilymphatic Meckel's Stapes space Wall of Incus J Styloid process rat cat 7 5 A {7 >Stylohyoid ‘Oval window ligament ae ” esi Supe 3 Intermediate ‘Hyoid bone yor mesoderm layer Tympanic cavity B Ectodermal epithelium ‘Endodermal epithelium Figure 16.9. A. Derivatives of the first three pharyngeal arches. Note the malleus and incus at the dorsal tip of the first arch and the stapes at that of the second arch. B. Middle ear showing the handle of the malleus in contact with the eardrum. The stapes will establish contact with the membrane in the oval window. The wall of the tympanic cavity is lined with endodermal epithelium. 

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Semisircular duct and canal Endolymphatic sac ure mater ام سا ‎Preah ut‏ — 1 ۳ سس ‎Malleus‏ (equeduct of cochlea) Temporal bone Enternal acoustic meatus ‏سح‎ Duct of cochlea Tympanic membrane — Vestibule of bony labyrinth ‏سس‎ A auattory tue Figure 16.8. Ear showing the external auditory meatus, cles, and the inner ear. the middle ear with its ossi- 

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Figure 16.11. A. Microtia with preauricular pit (arrow). B. Preauricular pits (arrows). ¢ and D. Preauricular appendages (skin tags). Note the low position of the tag in D. 

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CEN icon erm) Pe pets eur an ب. از نورواكتودرم تكامل مى يابد ج. در مجاورت مغز خلفی یافت می شود. | ie ery ‏عصب عضله رکابی کدام است؟‎ 0 الف. زوج 6 ب‌زوجه ج.زوج 6 د. زوج 9 .منشا شیپور استاش کدام است؟ الف. شكاف حلقى اول ب. بن بست حلقى اول ج. قوس حلقی اول . د. قوس حلفی دوم ۱ een eon) الف. اكتودرم ب. مزودرم ج. اندودرم د. هر سه مورد 

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00010 Rtn an ht) ‏ا كن‎ O-¢ On Pail (00. ساختار 21116 7262131جه زمانى ايجاد و جه زمانى از بين مى 9 5 Oe ‏ا‎ eee eke ‎se)‏ ورب رب ورب ود ‎