صفحه 1:
صفحه 2:
History of Health Care
صفحه 3:
Objectives
Students will:
Identify medical/health care milestones
that have led to advances in health care.
Predict where and how factors such as
cost, managed care, technology, and
aging population, access to care,
alternative therapies, and lifestyle
behavior may affect various health
delivery system models.
صفحه 4:
4000 BC - 3000 ۰
Times
۱۱۱8655 and diseases were a
punishment from the Gods
Tribal witch doctors treated illness
with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines
(morphine and digitalis)
Trepanation or trephining (surgically
removig a piece of bone from the
skull)
Average life span was 20 years
صفحه 5:
3000 BC - 300 BC
Ancient Egyptians
Physicians were priests
Bloodletting or leeches used as
medical treatment
Average life span was 20-30
years
صفحه 6:
1700 BC - AD 220
Ancient Chinese
Believed in the need to treat the
whole body by curing the spirit and
nourishing the body
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of
medications based mainly on the use
of herbs
Used therapies such as acupuncture
Began to search for medical reasons
for illness
Average life span was 20-30 years
صفحه 7:
1200 BC -200 BC
Ancient Greeks
First to observe the human body and
the effects of disease - led to modern
medical sciences.
Believed illness is a result of natural
causes
Used therapies such as massage, art
therapy, and herbal treatment
Stressed diet and exercise as ways to
prevent disease
Average life span was 25-35 years
صفحه 8:
753 BC - AD 410
Ancient Romans
First to organize medical care by providing
care for injured soldiers
Later hospitals were religious and charitable
institutions in monasteries and convents
First public health and sanitation systems
by building sewers and aqueducts
Galen established belief that the body was
regulated by four body humors; blood,
phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
Life span was 25-35 years
صفحه 9:
AD 400 - AD 800
Dark Ages
Emphasis on saving the soul and
study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer and divine intervention were
used to treat illness & disease
Monks and priests provided
custodial care for sill people
Medications were mainly herbal
mixtures
Average life span was 20-30 years
صفحه 10:
AD 800 - AD 1400
Middle Ages
Renewed interest in medical practices
of Greek and Romans
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of
population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included smallpox,
diptheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the
plaque, and malaria
Arabs began requiring physicians pass
examinations and obtain licenses
Average life span was 20-35 years
صفحه 11:
AD 1350 - AD 1650
Renaissance
Dissection of body led to increased
understanding of anatomy and
physiology
Invention of printing press allowed
medical knowledge to be shared
First anatomy book was published by
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Average life span was 30-40 years
صفحه 12:
16 and 17 Centuries
Cause of disease still not known -
many people died from infections
Invention of the microscope allowed
physicians to see disease-causing
organisms.
Apothecaries (early pharmicists) made,
prescribed, and sold medications
Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), a French
0 known as the Father of
Modern Surgery established use of
ligatures to stop bleeding
Average life span 35-45 years
صفحه 13:
18** ۷
Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736)
created the first mercury
thermometer
John Hunter (1728-1793),
established scientific surgical
procedures and introduced tube
feeding
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
Average life span 40-50 years
صفحه 14:
19th Century
Rapid advancements due to
discoveries of microorganisms,
anesthesia, and vaccinations
Infection control developed once
microorganisms were associated with
disease
Formal training for nurses began
Women became active participants in
health care
Average life span 40-60 years
صفحه 15:
20th Century
Increased knowledge about the role of blood
in the body
ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect
against disease
New medications were developed
Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
Antibiotics developed to fight infections
Vaccines were developed
New machines developed
Kidney Dialysis Machine
Heart Lung Machine
Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to
cure once fatal conditions
صفحه 16:
20th Century (continued)
Organ Transplants
Test tube babies
Implanted first artificial heart
Health Care Plans developed to help
pay the cost of care
Medicare and Medicaid marked the
ony of the federal government into
the health care arena
HMOs provided an alternative to
private insurance
Hospice organized
صفحه 17:
215: ۷
The first totally implantable artificial
heart was placed in a patient in
Louisville, Ky. In 2001
The threat of bioterrorism lead to
smallpox vaccination of the military and
first responders in 2002
The Netherlands became the first
country in the world to legalize
euthanasia in 2002
The Human Genome Project to identify
all of the approximately 20,000 to
25,000 genes in the human
صفحه 18:
215: ۷
Stem cells were used in the treatments of
disease early in the 2000’s and lead to
increased research in the treatment of cancer
and other diseases
President George W. Bush approved federal
funding for research using only existing lines of
embryonic stem cells in 2001
Advanced Cell Technology announced it cloned
a human embryo in 2001 but the embryo did
not survive
The U.S. FDA approved the use of the abortion
pill RU-486 IN 200
صفحه 19:
215: ۷
The standards for Privacy of Individually
Identifiable Health Information, required
under the Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act (HIPPA) of 1996,
went into effect in 2003
The Medicare Prescription Drug
Improvement and Modernization Act
was passed in 2003
Vaccinations for cervical cancer and
herpes zoster (shingles) in 2006
صفحه 20:
5 Potential for 21° Century
Cures for AIDS, cancer, and heart
disease
Genetic manipulation to prevent
inherited disease
Nerves in the brain and spinal cord
are regenerated to prevent paralysis
Antibiotics are developed that do
not allow pathogens to develop
resistance
Average life span 90-100 years
صفحه 21:
Individual
Contributions
صفحه 22:
ve ۳ Hippocrates
~ 2 (460 - 377 BC)
Greek physician known as the
“Father of Medicine
Authored code of conduct for doctors
known as the “Hippocratic Oath” that
is the basis of medical practice today
Believed illness was not caused
by evil spirits and stressed
importance of good diet, fresh
air, cleanliness, and exercise
صفحه 23:
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
Invented the microscope
lens that allowed
visualization of araanicme
Scraped his teet
and observed thi
bacteria that 5
causes tooth
decay
0
صفحه 24:
Benjamin Franklin
(1706-1790)
Invented bifocals
" Found that colds could
be passed from person
to person
صفحه 25:
Ephraim McDowell (1771 -1
1830)
Surgeon from Danville, Ky.
Performed the first ovariotomy -
(surgical removal of the ovary) -
to remove a 22 pound tumor
صفحه 26:
Edward Jenner
(1749-1823)
Developed a vaccination for
smallpox in 1796
صفحه 27:
Rene Laennec
(1781-1826)
Invented the stethoscope in
1819
صفحه 28:
Elizabeth Blackwell
(1821-1910)
First female physician in the
United States i
صفحه 29:
-1820) ۱۱۵۵۲۱۵۵۵۱6 ۴۱۵۳۲۵۴6۵ بر
(1910 و
Known as the “Founder of =
Modern Nursing”
Established efficient and =
sanitary nursing units during
the Crimean War in 1854
Invented the call bell =
system and use of
dumbwaiters to deliver
meals
Begin the professional =
education of nurses
صفحه 30:
م
y Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Known as the “Father of Microbiology”
His germ theory proved that
microorganisms cause disea~~
Proved that heat can be use
to destroy germs through a
process called pasteurizatio!
Created a vaccine for rabies يو
1885
Founded the basic rules for
sterilization
صفحه 31:
ey Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
۱
Used carbolic acid on wounds to
kill germs
First doctor to use an antiseptic
during surgery
صفحه 32:
ay Clara Barton (1821-1912)
= Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the
Civil War
After Civil War, established a bureau of records to
search for missing men .
Campaigned for the USA to sign
the Treaty of Geneva, which
provided relief for sick and
wounded soldiers
Formed American Red Cross
in 1881 and served as its first
president
صفحه 33:
Dh
ey Robert Koch (1843-1910)
۷ و نط
Developed the culture plate
method to identify pathoa:
Isolated the bacteriu
that causes tuberculos)
صفحه 34:
م
J
Discovered
roentgenograms
(X-rays) in 1895
Let doctors see
inside the body
X-rayed wife’s
hand
صفحه 35:
Sigmund Freud (1836-
1939)
* Discovered the
conscious and
unconscious part of
the mind
" His studies were the
basis for psychology
and psychiatry
صفحه 36:
Sir Alexander Fleming
(1881-1955)
Discovered penicillin in 1928
which is considered one of the
most
important
discoveries of
the twentieth
century
صفحه 37:
Jonas Salk (1914-1995)
Albert Sabin (1906 - 1993)
Discovered polio vaccini |
Saved many people fror’
this virus that paralyzec >
thousands of adults and أ
children each year. 1
صفحه 38:
3. ۴۳۵۳6۱5 ۳۱۵ (1916 - 2004)
و James Watson (1928- (
Described the structure of DNA and how
it carries genetic information in 1953
Built a three-dimensiona
model of the molecules
of DNA
Shared the Noble Prize
in 1962
صفحه 39:
Christian Barnard
(1922 - 2001)
Performed first successful heart
transplant in 9
صفحه 40:
Robert Jarvik
Creator of the first artificial heart
On December 2, 1982, it was
implanted into Barney Clark, who
lived for the next 112 days
The second patient, William
Schroeder, lived for 620 days
صفحه 41:
)
Currently Director of
Pediatric Neurosurge
at John Hopkins
He has refined
hemispherectomy, a
surgery on the brain ١
to stop seizures
صفحه 42:
۲ eyo
3
۱ Current Trends in
Health Care
صفحه 43:
Cost Containment
Cost of health care began rising due to:
Technological advances
Aging population
Health-related lawsuits
Cost Containment measures include:
Diagnostic related groups (DRG)
Combination of services
Outpatient services
Mass or bulk purchasing
Early intervention and preventive services
صفحه 44:
Health care facilities specialized
to include:
Home health care
Hospice care
Geriatric care
Types of facilities
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
(OBRA)
Telemedicine
صفحه 45:
Ysa
ey
30
Emphasis on promoting wellness
of the whole individual:
Physical wellness
Emotional wellness
Social wellness
Mental and intellectual wellness
Spiritual Wellness
Holistic Health
صفحه 46:
Alternative and Complementary
Methods of Health Care
Chinese medicine practitioners
Chiropractors
Homeopaths
Hypnotists
Naturopaths
صفحه 47:
National Health Care Plan
Has become a leading topic of
debate due to the increasing
number of uninsured Americans
Education and preparation for a
potential pandemic
Due to the high rate international
travel, the possibility for a
devastating pandemic has increased