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www.tabaye.ir
صفحه 2:
~ Indigenous 8
i ل Systems in the |
Philippines
A Literature Survey
by
Alana Gorospe Ramos and Pedrito dela
Cruz
وه
صفحه 3:
Definitions
Indigenous knowledge
- unique, traditional and local knowledge
existing within and developed around
specific conditions of women and men
indigenous to a particular geographic area
(IDRC, 2005)
- the basis for community-level decision-
making in areas pertaining to food security,
human and animal health, education, natural
resource management and other vital
economic and social activities (Gorjestani,
WB 2000)
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THREATS to IK
3 Socio-economic and political changes and
global processes of rapid change
# Socialization of indigenous peoples into the
mainstream culture dominated by western
science and symbols, rather than their own
indigenous cultures, wherein they stand to
lose an invaluable part of their heritage and
knowledge systems (Castro-Palaganas 2001)
3 Capacity and facilities needed to document,
evaluate, validate, protect and disseminate
such knowledge are lacking (SciDev 2005)
صفحه 5:
Value of Indigenous Health
Knowledge Systems in the
# Diversity of IK cultural practices that
includes indigenous health knowledge
systems.
- 110 ethnolinguistic groups with more
than 12 million people
- 12,000 species of plants, from which
1,500 species are used by traditional
herbalists
#t Low access to the formal health care
system by people in remote areas
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
"To identify important indigenous or
traditional health systems studies and
researches, with focus on traditional
medicine, existing in pre-selected
libraries and information centers in
Metro Manila
"To provide an overview of indigenous
or traditional medicine documentation
in the Philippines;
"To document and organize IK
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METHODOLOGY
1. Key informant interviews
. Documents search in libraries,
information centers and thru the
internet
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Historical Milestones of
TradMed in the Philippines
# Spanish Period
- Earliest document is an unpublished
treatise on indigenous medicinal pants
written by a Franciscan around 1611
- Fr. Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas (1737,
1845, 1877)
- Dr. Pardo de Tavera’s Plantas
Medicinales de Filipinas (1892
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Historical Milestones of
TradMed in the Philippines
American Period
- characterized by scientific vigor
- establishment of the Government
Laboratories (Bureau of Science)
- intensive research on chemical
constituents, pharmacology and
therapeutics of medicinal plants by UP
صفحه 10:
Historical Milestones of
TradMed in the Philippines
# Commonwealth Period
- extension of surveys to
regions not previously
explored
- clinical and chemical
investigations were
made though in a limited scale
صفحه 11:
Historical Milestones of
TradMed in the Philippines
Japanese Occupation
- Impetus given to the cultivation of
medicinal plants
- E.O. 14 creating a committee on
medicinal plants for the
purpose of local production
and manufacture of
medicines from herbs
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Historical Milestones of
TradMed in the Philippines
#Immediate Post World War II
Period
- First major exhaustive work on
medicinal plants by a Filipino -
Quisumbing’s Medicinal
Plants of the Philippines,
1951
صفحه 13:
Historical Milestones of
TradMed in the Philippines
#Contemporary Period (1970 -
present)
- establishment of Community-Based Health
Programs (CBHPs) in the early 70s which
promoted the use of indigenous
knowledge and resources for
primary health care
- creation of the National Integrated
Research Program on Medicinal Plants
(NIRPROMP) in 1977
صفحه 14:
Historical Milestones of
TradMed in the Philippines
Technology transfer from NIRPROMP to the
private sector for the production of 7 herbs
into commercial form
#Creation of TradMed Unit at DOH in 1992
HRA 8423 creating the Philippine Institute of
Traditional and Alternative Health Care
(PITAHC)
Inclusion of survey questions on KAP towards
TradMed in the 1998 and 2003 National
Demographic and Health Surveys of NSO
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE
A. Socio-Cultural Aspects of
Indigenous Medicine
1. F.L. Jocano’s Folk Medicine ina
Philippine Municipality (1973)
- an ethnographic account of folk medicine
among peasants in Bay, Laguna
2. M. L.Tan’s Usog, Kulam, Pasma
(1987)
- formulated theoretical typologies of
illness causation based on the
literature
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE: Socio-
Cultural Aspects of Indigenous
Medicine
. Department of Health (DOH)-Community
Medicine Foundation (COMMED), Filipino
Traditional Medicine Comprehensive Database
Project, 1995
- included an annotated bibliography consisting of
ethnographic, historical and
pharmacological literatures
- derived six major themes in traditional medicine
in the Philippines based on literature and
results of the mapping of 191 TradMed
practitioners, their demographics,
healing practices and philosophy, as well as
their distribution and networking
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE: Socio-
Cultural Aspects of Indigenous
Medicine
4. Isidro Sia and NIH Study Group
Documentation of 15
Ethnolinguistic Groups and their
Traditional Medicine Practices
- focused on 15 ethnolinguistic
groups inthe Cordilleras, Palawan,
other parts of Luzon, and
Mindanao
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE: Socio-
Cultural Aspects of Indigenous
Medicine
5. Int’l. Institute of Rural Reconstruction
(IRR), Indigenous Knowledge and
Practices on Mother and Child Care:
Experiences from Southeast Asia and
China (2000)
- contains extensive discussions of maternal
and child care in different cultural settings in
the Philippines as well as other parts of Asia
- chapter on retrieval, documentation and use
of IK, with most of the cases based on
community level initiatives in the Philippines
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE: Socio-
Cultural Aspects of Indigenous
Medicine
6. Planta’s master’s thesis on the
development of traditional
medicine and pharmacopoeia in the
16 to the 19 centuries (1999)
- attempts to portray Filipino
culture and society through
its traditional medical and
healing practices
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Medicinal Plants Inventory
. Medicinal Plants Inventory
1. E. Quisumbing’s Medicinal Plants of
the Philippines, 1951
- regarded as one of the earliest and most
authoritative texts on medicinal plants
2. UP Botanical Society’s Manual on
Some Philippine Medicinal Plants
(1977)
- sought to enlighten people of the potential
healing properties of local medicinal
plants, with sections divided according to
medicinal properties of plants
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Medicinal Plants Inventory
2. M.L. Tan’s Philippine Medicinal
Plants in Common Use: Their
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology
(1977)
- discusssed more than 200 plants; each
plant entry is accompanied by its
scientific and local name, a brief
description of the plant and suggested
preparations and uses
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Medicinal Plants Inventory
3. Leonardo Co’s Common Medicinal Plants
of the Cordillera Region (1984)
- covers 122 species of common medicinal
plants found in the Cordillera region
4. Quintana’s Philippine Medicinal Plant:
Abstract and Bibliography (1989)
- collated and organized references on
medicinal plants resources from the UPLB
campus’ libraries as well as other
private [1 libraries
صفحه 23:
SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Medicinal Plants Inventory
5. Ludivina de Padua’s Medicinal
Plants (1996)
- conceived to be a series of
several booklets that “approaches plant
science from the ecological perspective
rather than purely taxonomic”
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Pharmacological Studies of
Philippine Medicinal Plants
. Jaime Zaguirre’s Some Emergency
Bedside Preparations of Most Common
Local Medicinal Plants (1955)
- written in 1944 and re-circulated in 1949
primarily among the Medical Field
Service of the AFP
Dr. Jocelyn Cruz, Herbal Medicine-A
Viable Alternative for the Filipino
People (1985)
- documents early pharmacologic tests
undertaken by Dr. Alfredo C. Santos
in 1927
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Pharmacological Studies of
Philippine Medicinal Plants
3. NIRPROMP-led pharmacologic
research
- documentation of rapid screening process
to study the efficacy and safety of medicinal
plants, then the agricultural, pharmaceutical
and clinical trials of plants that have
passed initial screening
4. Departments of Pharmacology of the
University of the East and UP Manila,
Pharmacologic studies done by students
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Mainstreaming Traditional
Medicine
1. Segismundo’s Filipino Traditional
Medicine and the Development of a
Relevant Health Care System (1994)
- critiqued the weaknesses of the health care
system and cited efforts through NGOs and
the CBHPs for the integration of TradMed
2. Castro-Palaganas, et. al.,
Mainstreaming Indegenous Health
Knowledge and Practices (2001)
- specific focus on indigenous notions of
health or kasalun-alan and the women’s life
cycle
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Mainstreaming Traditional
Medicine
3. M.L. Tan’s Traditional Medical
Practitioners (1992)
- showed the different types of
traditional medical practitioners, their
socio-geographic characteristics,
skills acquisition, methods of
diagnosis and healing
4. NSO’s National Demographic and
Health Surveys (1998, 2003)
- included questions on the
knowledge, attitude and practices of
Filipinos towards traditional med+e:
صفحه 28:
SURVEY OF LITERATURE -
Mainstreaming Traditional
Medicine
5. Various handbooks on medicinal
plants produced by government,
NGOs and academic institutions
- information on medicinal plants and
their therapeutic uses aimed at
re- educating health workers,
trainors and community members
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CONCLUSIONS
# Good number of ethnographic and
pharmacologic literatures exist
# Theoretical and more inter-disciplinary
studies that link traditional medicine to
discourses in culture theory or social
theory are few
# Lack of literature or policy documents on
the workings of the folkloric-commercial
sector and their implications to health and
safety
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Develop and finance a research agenda
on traditional medicine that taps on
the core competencies of various
agencies and stakeholders
= Harness the results of bio-medical or
pharmacological research for PHC
= Encourage discourses towards the development
of a cognitive framework for understanding the
social-anthropological context of traditional
medical practices and beliefs
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RECOMMENDATIONS
# Develop and finance a research agenda
on traditional medicine that taps on
the core competencies of various
agencies and stakeholders
= Promote safety in the use and practice
traditional medicine
=" Examine the workings of the “folk sector”
and their implications to health and safety
= Encourage and enable participation of
communities in the documentation of their
traditional medicine practices and beliefs
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RECOMMENDATIONS
# Establish a strong medical
anthropology program that will
rationalize and invigorate the
generation, processing and
management of indigenous
health knowledge