صفحه 1:
Chapter 2
Information
Technologies:
Concepts &
Management
صفحه 2:
Learning Objectives
Describe various information systems and their
evolution, and categorize specific systems you
۱۰ وت
Describe transaction processing and functional
information systems.
Identify the major support systems, and relate them to
managerial functions.
Discuss information infrastructure and architecture.
صفحه 3:
Learning Objectives (cont.)
Compare client/server architecture, enterprisewide
computing, and legacy systems, and analyze their
interrelationship.
Describe the major types of Web-based information
systems and understand their functionality.
Describe how information resources are managed.
Describe the role of the information systems
department and its relationship with end-users.
صفحه 4:
Case: Building an e-Business at
Problem: Fed Ex
" FedEx has kept looking ahead at every stage for opportunities to
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overnight deliveries.
Solution:
» In addition to e-Shipping Tools, FedEx is now providing
integrated solutions to address the selling & supply chain needs
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e-business model facilitates better communication and هی
collaboration between the various parties along the supply
ینت
Y It promotes efficiency gains by reducing costs & speeding up the
order cycle.
Y It transforms organizations into high performance e-businesses.
صفحه 5:
Characteristics of Information
<۱5
Y Several different Y Interorganizational
information systems can information systems ۱
exist in one organization. involve information flow in
two or more organizations.
¥ A particular information
icin uite ل An enterprisewide system
of several separate or interorganizational
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composed of large & small
computers & hardware
connected by different
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۱
connected by means of
electronic networks.
صفحه 6:
Data, Information & Knowledge
One of the primary goals of Information Systems is to
economically process data into information or
knowledge.
Data items refer to an elementary description of things,
events, activities, and transactions that are recorded,
classified, and stored, but not organized to convey any
specific meaning.
Information is data that have been organized so that
they have meaning and value to the recipient.
Knowledge consists of data or information that have
been organized and processed to convey understanding,
experience, accumulated learning, and expertise.
صفحه 7:
Classifications of Information
<۱5
Information Systems can be
classified according to;
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» Functional Area
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» System
Architecture
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صفحه 8:
Classification by Organizational
Structure
° Departmental information systems. Frequently,
an organization uses several application programs
in one functional area or department.
* Enterprise information systems (EIS). While a
departmental IS is usually related to a functional
area, the collection of all departmental applications
when combined with other functions’ applications
comprises the enterprisewide information system.
۱ ارات رت رت
systems connect several organizations.
صفحه 9:
Classification by Functional Area
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>» The accounting information system
وراه درا ریا زورره
>» The manufacturing
(operations/production) information
system
» The marketing information system
» The human resources management
information system
صفحه 10:
Classification by Support Provided
The major types of systems under this
classification are:
> Transaction processing system (TPS)
> Management information system (MIS)
» Knowledge management system (KMS)
> Office automation system (OAS)
» Decision support system (DSS)
> Enterprise information system (EIS)
>» Group support system (GSS)
> Intelligent support system
10
صفحه 11:
Evolution of Support Systems
Transaction processing system
(TPS)
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(OAS)
Decision support system (DSS)
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1970s
صفحه 12:
Evolution of Support Systems
(cont.)
Early 1980s_ Executive information systems
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Group support systems (GSSs)
Mid- 1980s _ Expert systems (ES)
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(KMS)
وتا ات روا ۱۱
(ANNs)
12
صفحه 13:
Case: Detecting Bombs with
Problem: الام
* The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) use statistical
analysis and expert systems to prevent terrorists from
sneaking bombs aboard airplanes. Yet, these
technologies cannot detect all types of explosives.
1۱۱۹
* Since 1993, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been
added to improve detection effectiveness.
* The ANN is exposed to a set of historical cases and is
then able to predict the existence of explosives in new
۰
Results:
* The FAA hopes to detect explosives more successfully
and also minimize false alarms.
13
صفحه 14:
صفحه 15:
Classification by System
Architecture
Information systems can be classified according
to three types of architecture:
» A mainframe-based system.
» A standalone personal computer (PC).
» A distributed or a networked
computing system (several variations
نت
15
صفحه 16:
16
Transaction Processing
° Transaction processing systems (TPS) support the
monitoring, collection, storage, processing, and
dissemination of the organization’s basic business
transactions.
¥ They provide the input data for many applications
involving other support systems.
¥ The transaction processing systems are considered
critical to the success of any organization.
¥ The TPS collects data continuously, frequently on a
daily basis, or even in “real time”.
صفحه 17:
17
Functional MISs
» Functional Management Information Systems (MISs) are
put in place to ensure that business strategies come to
fruition in an efficient manner.
» Typically a functional MIS provides periodic information
about such topics as operational efficiency, effectiveness,
and productivity by extracting information from the
corporate database and processing it according to the
needs of the user.
» MISs can be constructed in whole or in part by end-users.
» MISs are also used for planning, monitoring, and control.
صفحه 18:
18
صفحه 19:
Classification by the Activity
Supported
* Another important way to classify information
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support. Such support can be:
¥ Operational
- Day-to-day operations of an organization
¥ Managerial
- Middle-management activities such as short-
term planning, organizing, and control
¥ Strategic
- Decisions that significantly change the manner
in which business is being done
19
صفحه 20:
New Strategic Systems
° Electronic commerce (EC) has become a new way
of conducting business in the last decade or so.
Y¥ In this new model, business transactions take place
via telecommunications networks, primarily the
يت انا
2 ل with
innovative and strategic advantages, such as;
* Increased market share
* Better ability to negotiate with suppliers
* Better ability to prevent competitors from
entering into their territory
20
صفحه 21:
Manage ون وهی
PEOPLE SUPPORTED 7
=
knowiedge \
Staff Support
Managerial Systems. Middle Managers
ne Managers
Operational Systems om
‘Office Automation and Communication Systems:
Information Infrastructure and TPS
21
صفحه 22:
Information Infrastructure
There are five major components of the infrastructure:
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22
صفحه 23:
Information Architecture
Information architecture is a high-level map or plan
of the information requirements in an organization.
In preparing information architecture, the designer
requires two kinds of information:
1. The business needs of the organization—that
is, its objectives and problems, and the
contribution that IT can make.
2. The information systems that already exist in
an organization and how they can be combined
among themselves or with future systems to
support the organization’s information needs.
23
صفحه 24:
Types of Information
Architecture
Mainframe environment. In the mainframe
environment, processing is done by a mainframe
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The users work with passive (or “dumb”) terminals, لا
which are used to enter or change data and access
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PC environment. In the PC configuration, only PCs
form the hardware information architecture.
Networked (distributed) environment. Distributed
processing divides the processing work between
two or more computers.
24
صفحه 25:
Case: Flexible IT Architecture at
Chase
Problem:
* When Chase Manhattan Bank & Chemical Bank merged in
1996, they faced the obstacle of merging different
information systems and creating a new IT architecture.
Solution:
* An innovative 3-layer architecture was constructed using the
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Y¥ Second layer: distribution networks that route traffic
among business units
یار
Results:
* All of this massive networking has one goal: giving customers
extensive real-time access to accounts and a view of their
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25
صفحه 26:
Client/Server Architecture
" A client/server architecture divides networked
computing units into two major categories; clients and
لت يفتكت
= A client is a computer such as a PC or a workstation
attached to a network, which is used to access shared
network resources.
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network and provides clients with these services.
" The purpose of client/server architecture is to
maximize the use of computer resources.
Client/server architecture gives a company as many
access points to data as there are PCs on the network.
26
صفحه 27:
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
» Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the electronic
movement of specially formatted standard business
documents, such as orders, bills, and confirmations sent
between business partners.
> In the past, EDI ran on expensive va/ue-added networks
(VANs).
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multiple organization to provide high capacity, security, and
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» The cost of VANS limited EDI to large business partners.
However, the situation is changing rapidly with the
emergence of /nternet-based EDI.
27
صفحه 28:
Web-based Systems
Two important features
of Web-based
functionality;
(1)The generated content/
data is updated in real
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accessible via the Web
to users (dependent on
defined user-access
زیر
28
" Web-based systems refer
to those applications or
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on a server that is
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anywhere via the WWW.
= The only client-side
software needed to
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based applications is a
Web browser
environment.
صفحه 29:
Web-based Systems (cont.)
" The /nternet is a worldwide system of computer
networks--a network of networks in which users at
any one computer can, if they have permission, get
information from any other computer.
" An intranet is the use of WWW technologies to
create a private network, usually within one
enterprise.
¥ Asecurity gateway such as a firewall is used to segregate
اش ات یت رات رها allan ois
" An Extranet can be viewed as an external
extension of the enterprise intranet.
29
صفحه 30:
e-Commerce & StoreFronts
" One of the natural outcomes of the Internet and
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= Web-based systems are the engines of e-
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¥ They enable business and inventory transactions to be
conducted seamlessly over the Internet 24 hours a day, 7
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products.
30
صفحه 31:
Electronic Markets & Exchanges
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and relationships over which information, products,
services, and payments are exchanged.
» Electronic exchanges are central Web-based
locations where buyers and sellers interact
dynamically, with buyer and sellers going back and
forth on a price.
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صفحه 32:
Mobile-Commerce
" Mobile commerce or M-commerce is the buying and
selling of goods and services through wireless
handheld devices such as cellular telephone and
personal digital assistants.
= Known as “next-generation e-commerce,” m-commerce
enables users to access the Internet without a place to
plug in to.
* Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is the emerging
technology behind m-commerce.
¥ Using Bluetooth technology, WAP-enabled smart phones
offer fax, e-mail, and phone capabilities all in one.
32
صفحه 33:
Managing Information Resources
= The responsibility for the management of information
resources is divided between two organizational
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Y What are the relationships between the ISD and the end users?
33
صفحه 34:
Which Resources are Managed by
Whom?
= The responsibility for
managing these resources
depends on many things:
the size/ nature of the
organization, the amount/
type of IT resources, etc.
™ Generally speaking, the
ISD is responsible for
corporate-level and shared
resources, while the end
users are responsible for
departmental resources.
34
Major categories of
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صفحه 35:
What is the Role of the ISD?
» The role of the ISD is changing from purely technical
to more managerial and strategic.
» As aresult, the position of the ISD within the
organization tends to be elevated from a unit
reporting to a functional department, to a unit
reporting to a senior vice president of administration
or to the CEO.
» The role of the director of the ISD is changing from a
technical manager to a senior executive.
» The ISD can be centralized or decentralized or a
combination of the two.
» The ISD must work closely with external
organizations such as vendors, business partners,
ren
35
صفحه 36:
Managing Relationships with End
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The ISD and the end-user units must be close partners.
Some mechanisms that build the required cooperation are:
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application developments, and maintenance.
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صفحه 37:
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Managerial Issues
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networked computing.
Converting the IT in
organizations to networked
computing may be a
complicated process.
2
Whether and when to move
from the legacy systems to
a client/server
enterprisewide architecture
is an important issue.
صفحه 38:
38
Managerial Issues (cont.)
A el Mee tie Eta ag Yd
Justifying information system applications is not an easy job
due to the intangible benefits and rapid changes in
technologies.
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End users play an important role in IT development and
management. The end users know best what their
information needs are and to what degree they are fulfilled.
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advantages to certain individuals at the expense of others.