Language in Asia

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Language in Asia Bill Baxter 29 October 2007 

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Overview * Actually, not all of Asia (mostly, South, Southeast, and East) ۰ That excludes (for example) Iraq, Iran, Asian part of Russia... * So many languages, so little time 

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Map of Southern Asia 

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Main topics * Spoken language # written language * Spoken language in Asia ° Written language in Asia ¢ Language and history * Europe discovers the languages of Asia 

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Spoken vs. written language * Spoken language is primary; written language is secondary * Everybody talks (almost); only some write. Speech is built into our biology; writing isn’t. * Many spoken languages have no written form. * Writing is only ~ 5,000 years old; spoken language is probably much older (maybe 40,000 - 80,000 years old?). * The same language can be written with different scripts; different languages can be written with the same script. (Languages may look alike but sound very different, and vice versa) 

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Each dot represents a (spoken) language: 

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Families of (Spoken) languages * Descended from a common ancestral language * Ex. 1: Romance languages (47, including French, Spanish, Italian), descended from Latin (attested) ٠ Ex. 2: Germanic languages (53, including German, Dutch, English, Swedish), descended from “Proto-Germanic” (not attested, but can be reconstructed from the daughter languages) 

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Pee | ee ee Ra 0 (449) Includes most languages of Europe, but also Indo- Iranian. 

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Selected language families of Asia (1) ¢ Indo-Iranian branch of IE : Indic (= Indo- Aryan, 219) and Iranian languages (87) * Dravidian (73): Brahui (in Pakistan); Tamil (in India and Sri Lanka), Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, etc.) * ‘Altaic’ (66): Turkic (40), Mongolian (14), Tungusic (12; = ‘Manchu-Tungus’ = ‘Tungus-Manchu’) in Northern Asia * Japanese, Korean (probably related to each other, maybe part of Altaic (continued...) 

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Language families of Asia (2) ٠ Sino-Tibetan (403): Chinese (14), Tibetan (53), Burmese, LOTS of minority languages ¢ Austronesian (1268) (‘Southern islands’): Malay/Indonesian, LOTS of minority languages may include Tai-Kadai (76) (Thai, Lao; and related languages, mostly in China) * Hmong-Mien = Miao-Yao (35): minority languages in China and SE Asia. * Austroasiatic (169) (‘Southern Asian’): Vietnamese, Khmer = Cambodian, LOTS of minority languages in SE Asia, some in India. 

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Indo-Iranian: Iranian branch ۳ Tranische Sprachen 3 ‏عد دم‎ ١ 4 

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Languages of India (Indo-Iranian and others) ۱۱۸۱ تکیت Rue Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684 oper} 

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Languages of India (Dravidian) Legh aca ‏ابردم‎ ۱۱۸۱ ۳۳ Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684 oper} 

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Languages of India (Sino-Tibetan) ۱۱۸۱ ابردم مدع لها "0 om Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684 oper} 

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The Altaic family (controversial) 90000 م0 عت ,سا وله اوه اطصا نما توق 

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The Turkic family (part of Altaic?) 

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Language families of Asia (2) ٠ Sino-Tibetan (403): Chinese (14), Tibetan (53), Burmese, LOTS of minority languages ¢ Austronesian (1268) (‘Southern islands’): Malay/Indonesian, LOTS of minority languages may include Tai-Kadai (76) (Thai, Lao; and related languages, mostly in China) * Hmong-Mien = Miao-Yao (35): minority languages in China and SE Asia. * Austroasiatic (169) (‘Southern Asian’): Vietnamese, Khmer = Cambodian, LOTS of minority languages in SE Asia, some in India. 

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The Austronesian family PACIFIC /OCEAN 101998, Eneyclepaadia Britannic, Ine GontalEastom Malayo- Bolyresian [aa Sent Mave 

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Tai-Kadai تعسو هص امك يات امس سعد لبها ‎Ori CDOS‏ 66 , 

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J امه نع ۳ ۳ تس م sicnuan Chorsdirg ‘THAILAND Hmong- Mien (= “Miao-Yao”) Source: http://www.britannica.com/ eb/topic? idxStructld=379726&typeld =17, 29 Oct 2007 

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Language groups in China 

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How are language families identified? Shared items of basic vocabulary (items not likely to be borrowed), showing reqular sound correspondences. * Where possible, shared morphology (prefixes, suffixes, etc., with grammatical functions) * Members of the same family may look very different because of the accumulation of changes over time; and languages can be structurally similar without belonging to the same family. 

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Tagalog and Malay (~ Indonesian): some basic vocabulary ‎OHO 0‏ 00 | ۵۵۵۵ © 90 © ‎babs‏ مد 00۵ |02 ۹ سل | ۵0۵۵ | ‎٩‏ ‎[oo | wrk oan‏ © ال سا ههوه | و ‎[pew vt © [ooo bar ۳‏ صو| و ا ب همه | 60 ۳ سل همه | ‎few =‏ هی | وم = سل هه و ‎[eco [ew hr ۵00۵ | beer ۳۹‏ 6 ‎a vada‏ همه | وه = ‎[ww‏ ههام ۹ معط ب | 66 ب سل مهو ‎ew 60 [mie [en 3‏ مت | ماي | 69 ‎[ae hk‏ 200000[ 60 فص سور سا | 00 ‎oe‏ مت 2۵0 سا ‎[oe [tare‏ مه ‎thus‏ )200 | 60 سر ‎[henw‏ مهم | و * سر _ ههمهه | وه ۹« مج 1080[ © ‎core‏ منم مها | مه ‎[oe |* to‏ @ مج ‎[re‏ ۷۵۵۵ ]50 تج ‎[ooo [ae ese‏ © ‎ea ee | YOO bs) | ban aude.‏ | همهم | 06 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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Tagalog and Malay (similar words) ۷ 1000/0 ۲ ۰ ۲060۵۵ 3 سیب سا همم ]۱ ۹ ‎[aria‏ مومه | 2 = میت همه | ‎iw ra‏ | ۵۵۵۵ ‎e‏ ‏۹ سا مم | 0 3 ‎ow a‏ ‎omens 000 = =‏ سل همه ‎Seon [ame ro cor [on =‏ ‎leew [ax re enone [iw bas‏ ‎aleve [ow = Coo ow wnat‏ ‎TOL | tase her‏ = تا مصم| 6 ‎[eae io 212 1 =‏ بصم | 6 ‎ao [row [pw ae 0060 | ae hk‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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Regular sound correspondences * Tagalog /t/ = Malay /t/: Tagalog |Malay 1 6۵ itlog telur 2 |DIE mata mata 3 | ۲۳۲ bigat berat 4 | HEAVY bigat berat 5 ۴ 3065 léhér 6 |TO SLEEP |tulug tahun 

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Regular sound correspondences * Tagalog /g/ = Malay /r/: Tagalog |Malay 1 6۵ itlog telur 2 |SAND pasig pasir 3 | HEAVY bigat berat 4 ۷ bago baru 5 |NECK ligig léhér 6 |TO SLEEP |tulug tidur 

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Tone languages (Chinese & others) * The same consonants and vowels, pronounced with different pitch contours or tunes, indicate different words (not just different emotional attitudes) * Tone languages include * the various ‘dialects’ of Chinese * some (not all) other Sino-Tibetan languages * Vietnamese * Kra-Dai languages (including Thai) * Hmong-Mien languages 

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Tones in Mandarin Chinese * G0 (0) ma ‘mother’ * 0 (0) ma ‘hemp’ * 0 (0) ma ‘horse’ * 0 (0) ma ‘scold, attack verbally’ * 0 (GQ) ma (sentence-final particle indicating a yes-no question) )][ is the simplified character, [] is the traditional character.) 

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An example sentence ° 000; o000? O00 ; 0000 ? Ma ma ma; ma ma ma ma? ‘Mother scolds the horse; does the horse scold Mother?’ 

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Origins of writing in eastern Asia * Chinese writing (begins ~13th century BCE): spreads to Korea, Japan, Vietnam ¢ Alphabetic systems (ultimately traceable to the Aramaic version of the Semitic alphabet): * Early (Brahmi and other central Asian scripts) * Later (Arabic alphabet adapted for Persian, Urdu, etc.) * New scripts influenced by older ones * Chinese-like scripts invented from scratch * Korean Hangeul alphabet (invented from scratch) 

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Stages in the development of Chinese writing: Pottery markings (~ 3000 B.C.E.?) ‘Oracle bones’ (13th-11th c. B.C.E.) Inscriptions on bronze vessels (13th-3d c. B.C.E.) Brush and ink on bamboo or silk (rag paper invented ~ 105 C.E.); printing Script reform (Japan after 1945; China from 1950s): ‘simplified’ characters (fewer variant characters, fewer strokes in each character) Computer fonts and encodings 

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0۳3015 65 (turtle plastron) 

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Mao gong ding QU, ca. 900 BCE (Taipei, Former Palace Museum) 

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Shang {j dynasty bronze inscription, ~1100 BCE nooo ‘pie made [for] Father Ding [this] precious treasured vessel’ 

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A Chinese typewriter (1970's) 

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Asahi Shimbun on the World Series ۱ OO0000000000 coor? Fao Qeefdegag go OQODOOOOO000000000000000000 OOOOOOOO000000000000000000 OQOOOOOOO000000000000000000 OOOOOOOO000000000000000000 OQOOOCOO0000000000 000000000 OO0o000 (today) 00 000 MATSUI Kazuo 

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Chosun I/bo on the World Series (2005) ts ‏ی‎ (2۲۲ 210۶ [weol.dew.sir.ieu] si.ko.go hwo.iteu sok.seu, ... 

Language in Asia Bill Baxter 29 October 2007 Overview • Actually, not all of Asia (mostly, South, Southeast, and East) • That excludes (for example) Iraq, Iran, Asian part of Russia… • So many languages, so little time Map of Southern Asia Main topics • Spoken language ≠ written language • Spoken language in Asia • Written language in Asia • Language and history • Europe discovers the languages of Asia Spoken vs. written language • Spoken language is primary; written language is secondary • Everybody talks (almost); only some write. Speech is built into our biology; writing isn’t. • Many spoken languages have no written form. • Writing is only ~ 5,000 years old; spoken language is probably much older (maybe 40,000 - 80,000 years old?). • The same language can be written with different scripts; different languages can be written with the same script. (Languages may look alike but sound very different, and vice versa) Each dot represents a (spoken) language: Source: http://www.ethnologue.com/, 25 October 2005 Families of (spoken) languages • Descended from a common ancestral language • Ex. 1: Romance languages (47, including French, Spanish, Italian), descended from Latin (attested) • Ex. 2: Germanic languages (53, including German, Dutch, English, Swedish), descended from “Proto-Germanic” (not attested, but can be reconstructed from the daughter languages) The Indo-European family (449) Includes most languages of Europe, but also IndoIranian. Selected language families of Asia (1) • Indo-Iranian branch of IE : Indic (= IndoAryan, 219) and Iranian languages (87) • Dravidian (73): Brahui (in Pakistan); Tamil (in India and Sri Lanka), Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, etc.) • ‘Altaic’ (66): Turkic (40), Mongolian (14), Tungusic (12; = ‘Manchu-Tungus’ = ‘Tungus-Manchu’) in Northern Asia • Japanese, Korean (probably related to each other, maybe part of Altaic (continued…) Language families of Asia (2) • Sino-Tibetan (403): Chinese (14), Tibetan (53), Burmese, LOTS of minority languages • Austronesian (1268) (‘Southern islands’): Malay/Indonesian, LOTS of minority languages may include Tai-Kadai (76) (Thai, Lao; and related languages, mostly in China) • Hmong-Mien = Miao-Yao (35): minority languages in China and SE Asia. • Austroasiatic (169) (‘Southern Asian’): Vietnamese, Khmer = Cambodian, LOTS of minority languages in SE Asia, some in India. Indo-Iranian: Iranian branch Languages of India (Indo-Iranian and others) Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684 Languages of India (Dravidian) Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684 Languages of India (Sino-Tibetan) Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684 The Altaic family (controversial) Source: http://ehl.santafe.edu/maps/Altaic.gif, 25 Oct 2005 The Turkic family (part of Altaic?) Language families of Asia (2) • Sino-Tibetan (403): Chinese (14), Tibetan (53), Burmese, LOTS of minority languages • Austronesian (1268) (‘Southern islands’): Malay/Indonesian, LOTS of minority languages may include Tai-Kadai (76) (Thai, Lao; and related languages, mostly in China) • Hmong-Mien = Miao-Yao (35): minority languages in China and SE Asia. • Austroasiatic (169) (‘Southern Asian’): Vietnamese, Khmer = Cambodian, LOTS of minority languages in SE Asia, some in India. The Sino-Tibetan family The Austronesian family Tai-Kadai Source: http://www.proel.org/mundo/tai3.gif , 25 Oct 2005 HmongMien (= “Miao-Yao”) Source: http://www.britannica.com/ eb/topic? idxStructId=379726&typeId =17, 29 Oct 2007 Language groups in China The Austroasiatic family How are language families identified? • Shared items of basic vocabulary (items not likely to be borrowed), showing regular sound correspondences. • Where possible, shared morphology (prefixes, suffixes, etc., with grammatical functions) • Members of the same family may look very different because of the accumulation of changes over time; and languages can be structurally similar without belonging to the same family. Tagalog and Malay (~ Indonesian): some basic vocabulary TAGALO G INDONESI AN TAGALO G INDONESIAN 1 BLOOD dugo darah 17 MOON buwan bulan 2 BONE buto tulang 18 NAME ngalan nama 3 DIE param mati 19 NEW bago baru 4 DOG aso anjing 20 ONE isa esa 5 EAR tenga telinga 21 SALT asin asin 6 EGG itlog telur 22 STONE bato batu 7 EYE mata mata 23 SUN araw matahari 8 FIRE apoy api 24 TAIL buntot ekor 9 FISH isda ikan 25 THIS ito, iri ini 10 FULL puno penuh 26 TONGUE dila lidah 11 GIVE bigay kasi 27 TOOTH ngipin gigi 12 HAND kamay tangan 28 TWO dalawa dua 13 HORN sungay tanduk 29 WATER tubig air 14 I, ME alp aku 30 WIND (n.) hangin angin 15 KNOW alam kenal, tahu YEAR taon tahun 16 LOUSE kuto kutu YOU (sg.) ikaw awak 31 32 Tagalog and Malay (similar words) TAGALOG MALAY TAGALO G MALAY 1 BLOOD dugóq darah 1 7 MOON buwan bulan 2 BONE buto tulang 1 8 NAME ngalan nama 3 DIE patáy mati 1 9 NEW bago baru 4 DOG áso anjing 2 0 ONE isa esa 5 EAR taqinga telinga 2 1 SALT asin asin 6 EGG itlog telur 2 2 STONE bato batu 7 EYE mata mata 2 3 SUN araw matahari 8 FIRE apóy api 2 4 TAIL buntot ekor 9 FISH isdáq ikan 2 5 THIS ito, iri ini 10 FULL puno penuh 2 TONGU dila lidah Regular sound correspondences • Tagalog /t/ = Malay /t/: 1 2 3 4 5 6 EGG DIE EYE HEAVY YEAR TO SLEEP Tagalog Malay itlog mata bigat bigat taqón tulug telur mata berat berat léhér tahun Regular sound correspondences • Tagalog /g/ = Malay /r/: 1 2 3 4 5 6 EGG SAND HEAVY NEW NECK TO SLEEP Tagalog Malay itlog pasig bigat bago liqig tulug telur pasir berat baru léhér tidur Tone languages (Chinese & others) • The same consonants and vowels, pronounced with different pitch contours or tunes, indicate different words (not just different emotional attitudes) • Tone languages include • • • • • the various ‘dialects’ of Chinese some (not all) other Sino-Tibetan languages Vietnamese Kra-Dai languages (including Thai) Hmong-Mien languages Tones in Mandarin Chinese • • • • • 妈 ( 媽 ) mā ‘mother’ 麻 ( 麻 ) má ‘hemp’ 马 ( 馬 ) mǎ ‘horse’ 骂 ( 駡 ) mà ‘scold, attack verbally’ 吗 ( 嗎 ) ma (sentence-final particle indicating a yes-no question) ( 妈 is the simplified character, 媽 is the traditional character.) An example sentence • 妈骂马 ; 马骂妈吗 ? 媽駡馬 ; 馬罵媽嗎 ? Mā mà mǎ; mǎ mà mā ma? ‘Mother scolds the horse; does the horse scold Mother?’ Origins of writing in eastern Asia • Chinese writing (begins ~13th century BCE): spreads to Korea, Japan, Vietnam • Alphabetic systems (ultimately traceable to the Aramaic version of the Semitic alphabet): • Early (Brahmi and other central Asian scripts) • Later (Arabic alphabet adapted for Persian, Urdu, etc.) • New scripts influenced by older ones • Chinese-like scripts invented from scratch • Korean Hangeul alphabet (invented from scratch) Stages in the development of Chinese writing: • Pottery markings (~ 3000 B.C.E.?) • ‘Oracle bones’ (13th-11th c. B.C.E.) • Inscriptions on bronze vessels (13th-3d c. B.C.E.) • Brush and ink on bamboo or silk (rag paper invented ~ 105 C.E.); printing • Script reform (Japan after 1945; China from 1950s): ‘simplified’ characters (fewer variant characters, fewer strokes in each character) • Computer fonts and encodings Oracle bones (turtle plastron) Máo gōng dǐng 毛公鼎 , ca. 900 BCE (Taipei, Former Palace Museum) Shāng 商 dynasty bronze inscription, ~1100 BCE 作父丁寶尊彝 ‘ made [for] Father Dīng [this] precious treasured vessel’ QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. A Chinese typewriter (1970’s) Asahi Shimbun on the World Series (today) Ｒソックスが４ﾑ３で勝利 ３年ぶり７度目の世界王者 2007 年 10 月 29 日 13 時 11 分 米 大リーグのワールドシリーズ（４戦先勝制）第４戦、レッ ドソックス（ア・リーグ）対ロッキーズ（ナ・リーグ）戦 が２８日（日本時間２９日）、コロラド州のデンバーであ り、松坂と岡島が所属するレッドソックスが、ロッキーズ に４ﾑ３で４連勝し、３年ぶり７度目のワールドチャンピ オンに輝いた。 松井 稼頭央 MATSUI Kazuō Chosun Ilbo on the World Series (2005) [weol.deu.si.ri.jeu] si.ka.go hwa.i.teu sak.seu, ...