Managing Data Resources
اسلاید 1: Managing Data ResourcesChapter 7
اسلاید 2: ObjectivesWhy do businesses have trouble finding the information they need in their information systems?How does a database management system help businesses improve the organization of their information?
اسلاید 3: ObjectivesHow do the principal types of database models affect the way businesses can access and use information? What are the managerial and organizational requirements of a database environment? What new tools and technologies can make databases more accessible and useful?
اسلاید 4: Management ChallengesOrganizational obstacles to a database environmentCost/benefit considerations
اسلاید 5: Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1) Byte: Group of bits that represents a single characterField: Group of words or complete numberRecord: Group of related fieldsFile: Group of records of the same typeOrganizing Data in a Traditional File EnvironmentFile Organization Terms and Concepts
اسلاید 6: Database: Group of related filesEntity: Person, place, thing, or event about which information must be keptAttribute: A piece of information describing a particular entityKey field: Field that uniquely identifies every record in a fileOrganizing Data in a Traditional File EnvironmentFile Organization Terms and Concepts
اسلاید 7: Organizing Data in a Traditional File EnvironmentThe data hierarchyFigure 7-1
اسلاید 8: Organizing Data in a Traditional File EnvironmentEntities and attributesFigure 7-2
اسلاید 9: Data redundancy Program-data dependence Lack of flexibility Poor security Lack of data-sharing and availabilityOrganizing Data in a Traditional File EnvironmentProblems with the Traditional File Environment
اسلاید 10: Organizing Data in a Traditional File EnvironmentTraditional file processingFigure 7-3
اسلاید 11: DatabaseCollection of centralized data Controls redundant dataData stored so as to appear to users in one locationServices multiple application The Database Approach to Data ManagementDatabase Management Systems
اسلاید 12: The Database Approach to Data ManagementThe contemporary database environmentFigure 7-4
اسلاید 13: Database Management System (DBMS)Creates and maintains databasesEliminates requirement for data definition statementsActs as interface between application programs and physical data filesSeparates logical and physical views of dataThe Database Approach to Data ManagementDatabase Management Systems
اسلاید 14: Three Components to a DBMSData definition language: Formal language programmers use to specify structure of databaseData manipulation language: For extracting data from database, e.g. SQLData dictionary: Tool for storing, organizing definitions of data elements and data characteristicsThe Database Approach to Data ManagementDatabase Management Systems
اسلاید 15: The Database Approach to Data ManagementSample data dictionary reportFigure 7-5
اسلاید 16: How a DBMS Solves Problems of aTraditional File EnvironmentReduces data redundancyEliminates data inconsistencyUncouples programs from dataIncreases access and availability of dataAllows central management of data, data use, and securityThe Database Approach to Data ManagementDatabase Management Systems
اسلاید 17: Relational DBMSRepresents data as two-dimensional tables called relationsRelates data across tables based on common data elementExamples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL ServerThe Database Approach to Data ManagementTypes of Databases
اسلاید 18: The Database Approach to Data ManagementThe relational data modelFigure 7-6
اسلاید 19: Three Basic Operations in a Relational DatabaseSelect: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteriaJoin: Combines relational tables to provide users with informationProject: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant informationThe Database Approach to Data ManagementTypes of Databases
اسلاید 20: The Database Approach to Data ManagementThe three basic operations of a relational DBMSFigure 7-7
اسلاید 21: Hierarchical DBMSOlder system presenting data in tree-like structureModels one-to-many parent-child relationships Found in large legacy systems requiring intensive high-volume transactions: Banks; insurance companiesExamples: IBMs IMSThe Database Approach to Data ManagementTypes of Databases
اسلاید 22: The Database Approach to Data ManagementA hierarchical database for a human resources systemFigure 7-8
اسلاید 23: Network DBMSOlder logical database modelModels many-to-many parent-child relationships Example: Student – course relationship: Each student has many courses; each course has many studentsThe Database Approach to Data ManagementTypes of Databases
اسلاید 24: The Database Approach to Data ManagementThe network data modelFigure 7-9
اسلاید 25: Disadvantages of Hierarchical and Network DBMSOutdatedLess flexible compared to RDBMSLack support for ad-hoc and English language-like queriesThe Database Approach to Data ManagementTypes of Databases
اسلاید 26: Object-Oriented Databases (OODBMS)Stores data and procedures as objectsBetter able to handle graphics and recursive dataData models more flexibleSlower than RDBMSHybrid: object-relational DBMSThe Database Approach to Data ManagementTypes of Databases
اسلاید 27: Two Design Exercises in Creating DatabaseConceptual (logical) design: Abstract model of database from business perspectivePhysical design: How the database is actually arranged on direct access storage devicesCreating a Database EnvironmentDesigning Databases
اسلاید 28: Conceptual Database DesignIdentifies relationships between data elementsIdentifies most efficient way to group data elementsIdentifies redundant data elementsIdentifies grouping of data elements needed for specific applicationsCreating a Database EnvironmentDesigning Databases
اسلاید 29: Entity-Relationship DiagramA methodology for documenting databases that illustrates the relationship between various elements in the databaseNormalizationThe process of creating small, stable, and adaptive data structures from complex groups of data when designing a relational databaseCreating a Database EnvironmentDesigning Databases
اسلاید 30: Creating a Database EnvironmentAn entity-relationship diagramFigure 7-10
اسلاید 31: Creating a Database EnvironmentAn unnormalized relation for ORDERFigure 7-11
اسلاید 32: Creating a Database EnvironmentA normalized relation for ORDERFigure 7-12
اسلاید 33: Distributed DatabasePartitioned or replicated to more than one locationIncreases service and responsivenessReduces vulnerability of single, massive central siteDepend on telecommunication linesPose security risks through distribution of sensitive dataCentral data must be updated or justified with local dataCreating a Database EnvironmentDistributing Databases
اسلاید 34: Creating a Database EnvironmentDistributed databasesFigure 7-13
اسلاید 35: Creating a Database EnvironmentKey organizational elements in the database environmentFigure 7-14
اسلاید 36: Data AdministrationDevelop information policyDefine information requirementsPlan for dataOversee logical database design and database dictionary developmentMonitor use of informationCreating a Database EnvironmentManagement Requirements for Database Systems
اسلاید 37: Data Planning and Modeling MethodologyEnterprise-wide planning for dataIdentify key entities, attributes, and relationships that constitute the organization’s dataCreating a Database EnvironmentManagement Requirements for Database Systems
اسلاید 38: Database Technology, Management, and UsersDatabases require DBMS software and staffDatabase design group defines and organizes structure and content of databaseDatabase administration: establish physical database, logical relations, access rulesCreating a Database EnvironmentManagement Requirements for Database Systems
اسلاید 39: Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)Multidimensional data analysisEnables users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensionsEach aspect of information – product, price, region – represents a different dimensionDatabase TrendsMultidimensional Data Analysis
اسلاید 40: Database TrendsMultidimensional data modelFigure 7-15
اسلاید 41: Data warehouse: Stores current and historical data for reporting, analysisData mart: Subset of data warehouse with summary of data for specific usersDatamining: Techniques to find hidden patterns, relationships in large pools of data to infer rules for predicting future trendsDatabase TrendsData Warehouses and Datamining
اسلاید 42: Database TrendsComponents of a data warehouseFigure 7-16
اسلاید 43: Benefits of Data WarehousesImproved information and accessibilityAbility to model and remodel dataEnable access to data without affecting performance of underlying operational legacy systemsDatabase TrendsData Warehouses and Datamining
اسلاید 44: Data Reveal New Sales OpportunitiesHow did the use of data warehouses and datamining help management at these companies make better decisions?What value do these systems provide?Database TrendsWindow on Management
اسلاید 45: Hypermedia databaseOrganizes data as network of nodesLinks nodes in pattern specified by userSupports text, graphic, sound, video and executable programsDatabase TrendsData Warehouses and Datamining
اسلاید 46: Database TrendsA hypermedia databaseFigure 7-17
اسلاید 47: Linking Internal Databases to the WebDatabase server: Hosts DBMSReceives SQL requestsProvides required dataMiddleware: Works between Web server and DBMS to take requestsHandles connectivity to databaseCan be application server or CGI scriptsDatabase TrendsDatabases and the Web
اسلاید 48: Database TrendsLinking internal databases to the WebFigure 7-18
اسلاید 49: Advantages to Web Access to DatabasesBrowser software easy to use; little trainingWeb interface requires no changes to internal databaseCosts less than custom interfaces Database TrendsDatabases and the Web
اسلاید 50: Web Access for Royal Bank Statements Pays OffWhat are the business benefits of providing a Web interface for the Bankbook Reconstruct application?What value does this application provide the company and its customers?Database TrendsWindow on Technology
اسلاید 51: Briefly summarize why it is important to connect much of the data in many of the federal, state, and local information systems.Describe the major data management problems in bringing these data together.Describe the management, organization, and technology issues that need to be addressed to make these data easily available to those who need it.Chapter 7 Case StudyDatabase Woes Plague Homeland Security and Law Enforcement
اسلاید 52: Suppose you are a consultant to the federal government. Based on what you have read in this chapter, suggest and describe three approaches you might recommend for making this massive amount of data easily and quickly available when needed.Chapter 7 Case StudyDatabase Woes Plague Homeland Security and Law Enforcement
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