Managing Data Resources

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5 Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources 7.1 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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ام ره ‎FO‏ ‏سوه ©, 0 eae Creag 1. Why do businesses have trouble finding the information they need in their information systems? 2. How does a database management system help businesses improve the organization of their information? 72 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ هه . How do the principal types of database models affect the way businesses can access and use information? . What are the managerial and organizational requirements of a database environment? . What new tools and technologies can make databases more accessible and useful? ©0006 by Prevace “I 73 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ Oe Ola ree 1. Organizational obstacles to a database environment 2. Cost/benefit considerations 74 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ Orc are ce Ge eke Pie Orqadizatos Tere ond Oowep * Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1) * Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character * Field: Group of words or complete number * Record: Group of related fields ¢ File: Group of records of the same type 75 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ Orc are ce Ge eke (Pte Orqactzatos Terws und Oowep * Database: Group of related files * Entity: Person, place, thing, or event about which information must be kept * Attribute: A piece of information describing a particular entity * Key field: Field that uniquely identifies every record in a file 76 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ Orc are ce Ge eke Course File NAME COURSE DATE GRADE NAME COURSE DATE GRADE (01001010 (Letter Jin ASCII) ۰ ra Ea میسن ۳5 تا لعا Prue 7-1 77 ©2006 ty Preece Wd 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ Orc are ce Ge eke اش لب ‎Crates‏ Entity = ORDER Attributes ‘Order Item ‏نش‎ | Sate my ‏لا‎ 02/08/03 1583 2 ۲۱ fields key field مم سب ‎by Preece Wd‏ 0008© 78 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ Orc are ce Ge eke Problens with he Prodiond Pie Corvaved * Data redundancy * Program-data dependence * Lack of flexibility * Poor security ٠ Lack of data-sharing and availability 79 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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11111111 1 0 Oe aah neces ORO ane Nee ks RC acc Trertiond Ple provesstay, Master fle Data elements AtoZ Derivative files ACCOUNTING Application 20 0 © FINANCE | /Users progam! |" (A)(8)()@ HUMAN Pople 7 > resources ‏مین‎ programa [—*) (A)(®)(@) SALES AND Aopen 1 1 MARKETING /, eat 6006 es ‏حا سايم اس هه‎ ©©©© ‏6م سب‎ ام 0008© 2710 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ | Dorbor Oornpwed Oysters Database * Collection of centralized data * Controls redundant data * Data stored so as to appear to users in one location * Services multiple application 211 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ | Phe potewporey tebe swine management) —-| sppiation ce aren programs | /aepartment سیب 7.12 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 يغ ‎Database Management System (DBMS)‏ ‎Creates and maintains databases‏ * * Eliminates requirement for data definition statements ¢ Acts as interface between BO eee programs and physical data files * Separates logical and physical views of data 7:13 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 Outbwr Oornewed Oystews Three Components to a DBMS Data definition language: Formal language programmers use to specify structure of database . Data manipulation language: For extracting data from database, e.g. SQL . Data dictionary: Tool for storing, organizing definitions of data elements and data characteristics ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 1, 714 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 are chances, Sours هم سب ‎ty Preece Wd‏ 2006© 7.15 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 Outbwr Oornewed Oystews How a DBMS Solves Problems of a Traditional File Environment * Reduces data redundancy ٠ Eliminates data inconsistency * Uncouples programs from data * Increases access and availability of data ٠ Allows central management of data, data use, and security 7.16 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 له (ه 1 Relational DBMS * Represents data as two-dimensional tables called relations ¢ Relates data across tables based on common data element ٠ Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server 717 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 (۶ ‏مشاه‎ dota wodet ‘Columns (Attributes, Fields) ‎||P‏ 0 سي نضسسه | سه | مت | یه و ۶ | ها | وه مه ‎cranes,‏ | | ۶ | ها | ی | ‎١ | | necores)‏ | ی ‎Pare Uni || Supper‏ ‎pescipdon_||_prics_||_Noraber‏ ‎Door latch || aso || ۵‏ ‎Doortandle || as | 2008‏ ‎Dor seal 606 |‏ ‎Compressor || 7090 | tas‏ ‎Sup Supple Address‏ | 44950 امه سس | ‎ ‎| Beyane Corp, 51 Elm, Rochester, NY 11349) ‎ ‎Prue PO ‎©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ ‎Table ‎(Relation) ‎‘Order ‎Number ‎‘ORDER ‎1634 ‎1635 ‎1636 ‎ ‎Part ‎Number ‎PART ‎۳7 ‎۳7 ‎150 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Supplier ‎Number ‎SUPPLIER - 4058, 2038, 125 ‎7.18 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ | وی ۴و م۲ ‎Three Basic Operations in a Relational‏ ‎Database‏ * Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteria * Join: Combines relational tables to provide users with information * Project: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant information ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 7.19 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ | ‎oP a rektiond DBOG‏ مت متیر( ‎ ‎Pare‏ اش | مه ‎Naber || Quay‏ یی ‎ame | in | 2‏ ‎cao | |S‏ ‎aie | ows | ot‏ ‎pre | Sipe. |e Aro‏ ‎it‏ مس سس یه ‎Te Tol Eos, MO‏ ‎stb Racha RYU‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎+ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Pare |/ Seppe Speer ta | as | ‏عرست‎ | Winton, SDE ee ‏ال كه‎ “th ‏حدم معو ‎by Prevace Wa‏ 9006© 7.20 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 له (ه 1 Hierarchical DBMS ° Older system presenting data in tree-like structure * Models one-to-many parent-child relationships ¢ Found in large legacy systems requiring intensive high-volume transactions: Banks; insurance companies ¢ Examples: IBMs IMS 7.21 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 09 ‏موه مدحميجا ه سو"| وصجاددل متام‎ syste ROOT FIRST CHILD 2-32 SECOND| Performance] | Salat Life CHILD ates tie, oe Insurance Health ‏سیب‎ 7.22 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 له (ه 1 Network DBMS * Older logical database model * Models many-to-many parent-child relationships ¢ Example: Student - course relationship: Each student has many courses; each course has many students 7.23 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 ۲۳ wetwork hte wet وم سب ‎by Preece Wd‏ 0008© 7.24 

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هو ها وت 9] 20 و ۳۹ <= 4 Dupes oP Orbs Disadvantages of Hierarchical and Network DBMS * Outdated * Less flexible compared to RDBMS * Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like queries 7.25 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 20 Dypes oP Oxides Object-Oriented Databases (OODBMS) ٠ Stores data and procedures as objects * Better able to handle graphics and recursive data * Data models more flexible * Slower than RDBMS ¢ Hybrid: object-relational DBMS 7.26 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ سم سا مها سس سم ده( بو Two Design Exercises in Creating Database * Conceptual (logical) design: Abstract model of database from business perspective * Physical design: How the database is actually arranged on direct access storage devices ما سم ‎by‏ 0008© 77 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ شوت له( مرس 4( وم بو ‎Conceptual Database Design‏ * Identifies relationships between data elements ¢ Identifies most efficient way to group data elements * Identifies redundant data elements * Identifies grouping of data elements needed for specific applications 7.28 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ شوت له( مرس ده( بو Entity-Relationship Diagram A methodology for documenting databases that illustrates the relationship between various elements in the database Normalization The process of creating small, stable, and adaptive data structures from complex groups of data when designing a relational database 7.29 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ سول ما ساره 6۰ Entity Attributes (Order_Number ‘Order Dace Delivery Dace Part Number Part_Quantity Part Number Pare Description Unit Price ‘Suppier_Number Supplier_Number ‘Supplier Name ‘Supplier Address Pree PIO 7.30 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ شوت له( مرس 06 ۳ تاه سل موی »9 ORDER 7.31 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ ‘ORDER ‘ORDERED PARTS sun ‘Supplier ‘Supplier ‘Supplier__ Part Supplier ‏هیا عه‎ Rae re | ‏ی‎ Prue PIO 7.32 ©2006 ty Preece Wd 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ شوت له( مرس ‎Dubos‏ بای ‎Distributed Database‏ ‎* Partitioned or replicated to more than one location * Increases service and responsiveness ‎* Reduces vulnerability of single, massive central site * Depend on telecommunication lines ‎* Pose security risks through distribution of sensitive data ‎* Central data must be updated or justified with local data ‎7.33 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ ORO eek) (@) Partitioned (b) Duplicate database database Central Central database database Remote Remote: ‏نامع نامع‎ Remote database Remote database duplicate duplicate Prue P19 7.34 ©2006 ty Preece Wd 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ ی موی لول نز وله ‎(Key onqaiintiond‏ اما عبط با ۵66069 735 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ سم سا مها سس سم Ounnewed Requreweuts Por Ontos ‏م6‎ ‎Data Administration * Develop information policy * Define information requirements ° Plan for data * Oversee logical database design and database dictionary development * Monitor use of information 739 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ شوت له( مرس ابص صص حن سب Data Planning and Modeling Methodology * Enterprise-wide planning for data * Identify key entities, attributes, and relationships that constitute the organization’s data اما عبط با ۵66069 737 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ شوت له( مرس ابص صص حن سب Database Technology, Management, and Users * Databases require DBMS software and staff * Database design group defines and organizes structure and content of database * Database administration: establish physical database, logical relations, access rules 7.38 ©0008 by Preece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ كلمج ا/ ‎CO‏ حاصادب 8) دك 2) أدمصاص حي كن (1). ‎Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)‏ * Multidimensional data analysis ° Enables users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions * Each aspect of information - product, price, region - represents a different dimension 7.39 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ CO a a ac PRODUCT Bolts Washers Screws East West Central REGION Prue PAIS 7.40 ©0008 by Preece Wd 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ كلمج ا/ ‎CO‏ د10 لج جص حواصف (1) 125 * Data warehouse: Stores current and historical data for reporting, analysis * Data mart: Subset of data warehouse with summary of data for specific users ¢ Datamining: Techniques to find hidden patterns, relationships in large pools of data to infer rules for predicting future trends 74 ©0008 by Prevece We 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ كلمج ا/ ‎CO‏ وب ول و ۴و عون SOURCES ‏حسما‎ ۲200۸ DATA 9 ‏ه‎ | -* a E> sources | |Excermal Prue 9 7.42 ©0008 by Preece Wd 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ CO a a ac Oxta Owrchonwes ued Dutanintoy Benefits of Data Warehouses * Improved information and accessibility ° Ability to model and remodel data * Enable access to data without affecting performance of underlying operational legacy systems 7.43 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ CO a a ac Orndow va Oucngeoet Data Reveal New Sales Opportunities ° How did the use of data warehouses and datamining help management at these companies make better decisions? * What value do these systems provide? 7.44 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag ‏يفا‎ كلمج ا/ ‎CO‏ د10 لج جص حواصف (1) 125 Hypermedia database * Organizes data as network of nodes ٠ Links nodes in pattern specified by user * Supports text, graphic, sound, video and executable programs yes ©0008 by Prevece We 

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Ed ‏م۱۱‎ a a ac ‎ae ke el‏ ما سس هت ی 7 ‎ ‎ ‎(wo) (EE ‎Prue PIP 7.46 ©0008 by Preece Wd 

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0 eae Creag Le lM eh eh ie ht ‏م۱۱‎ a a ac Oxtcbwes ud the Orb Linking Internal Databases to the Web * Database server: - Hosts DBMS - Receives SQL requests - Provides required data * Middleware: - Works between Web server and DBMS to take requests - Handles connectivity to database - Can be application server or CGI scripts 747 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ CO a a ac Dichtoy toterod dutcbuses to the Orb Pe ‏وس‎ = Web Application Database Database ‘Web browser Server Server Server rere P10 7.48 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ CO a a ac ‎ond he Orb‏ ول ‎Advantages to Web Access to‏ ‎Databases‏ ‎¢ Browser software easy to use; little training ‎* Web interface requires no changes to internal database ‎* Costs less than custom interfaces ‎7.49 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ CO a a ac Ondow va Teck Web Access for Royal Bank Statements Pays Off * What are the business benefits of providing a Web interface for the Bankbook Reconstruct application? * What value does this application provide the company and its customers? 7.50 ©0008 by Prevece ‏ادنلا"‎ 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 3 ‏له‎ Dore Phe Loweknd Genwty aad Law ‏اس‎ Briefly summarize why it is important to connect much of the data in many of the federal, state, and local information systems. Describe the major data management problems in bringing these data together. Describe the management, organization, and technology issues that need to be addressed to make these data easily available to those who need it. ©0006 by Prevace “I ne 751 

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0 eae Creag FO ‏ام ره‎ 3 Onkber Over Plaque Lowel Group oad baw OPorvewedt Suppose you are a consultant to the federal government. Based on what you have read in this chapter, suggest and describe three approaches you might recommend for making this massive amount of data easily and quickly available when needed. ©0006 by Prevace “I 4. 752