صفحه 1:
Mapping
صفحه 2:
What is a map?
" 15 2
representation of
something (Earth,
صفحه 3:
Uses of Maps
™ To determine where you are going.
™To act as a model of Earth’s surface.
™ Used to locate various places
= To show the distribution of various
features or types of materials.
صفحه 4:
Quick Review of Latitude and
ol =) LUT) و
- Measured in degrees North and South of
the Equator.
- Lines drawn parallel to each other
running west to east.
صفحه 5:
Quick Review of Latitude and
™ Longitude كاك
- Measured in degrees East or
West of the prime meridian
- Lines drawn Running) North
and So
صفحه 6:
Topography
™ The lay of the land.
™ Shows relief using contour lines.
- Relief- highs and lows of Earth’s surface.
- Relief can be calculated
= Take the difference between the highest
point and the lowest.
= Ex: Mountain peak 20 m. lake 10m
- 20m- 10m= 10m
- The relief of this area is 10m
صفحه 7:
Reading a topograpnic map-
Contour Lines
= Lines on topographic maps.
=™ Connect points of equal elevation.
- Everything connected to that line has
the same elevation.
- Elevation- the distance something is
above sea level. Sea ادج Om or Oft
صفحه 8:
Reading a topographic map-
Contour Intervals
™ Contour interval- gives the difference
in elevation between 2 contour lines.
- Another indicator of height.
- Shown on maps as C.|.= 10ft
- Used to count contour lin|
How it will look on a
map
€C.l.= 1000ft
صفحه 9:
Reading a topographic map-
Index Contours
™ A index contour is a contour line that is
accentuated in thickness and is labeled
with the appropriate measure of elevation.
™ Index contours occur every fifth contour
زرا
مس Bread ARES (AC 7
ect ا
location of index
صفحه 10:
Reading a topographic map-
Streams
= The direction a streams is
flowing is shown ona
topographic map by the way a
contour line crosses the stream.
= Streams are shown as a blue
line on maps.
3 هر ای »رت راز ی
stream it looks like an upsid
down V.
= The point in the V points
upstream. It opens in the
direction the water is
flowing.
صفحه 11:
Reading a topographic map-
Depression Contours
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™ Depression contours Shee.
show areas of lower
6۱6۷۰
= Drawn like contour
lines with marks on
the inside.
™ Hachure marks- tick
marks on inside of
closed circl
صفحه 12:
Reading a topographic map-
Loi al elas aeons a topographic
map by a series of iSite contour که۱۱۱
in a rough cy
صفحه 13:
Reading a topographic map-
lope
™ Closely spaced contour lines represent
steep slopes.
™ Widely spaced contour lines represent
gentle slope:
صفحه 14:
Reading a topographic map-
Benchmarks
™ A benchmark is a place where exact
Veo) a (ola لك ا
- Shown by a B.M. onm
- Ex: BM 60
صفحه 15:
Reading a topographic map-
Colors
™ The colors on a topographic map are
symbolic of different map features.
و۳۱۰۱
- Green = forest
- Brown = contour lines
- Black = cultural features (buildings, place
names, boundary lines, roads, etc.)
- Red = principal roads
- Pink = urban areas
- Purple = revisions to an older map, compiled
from aerial photos. If an area has become
urbanized, this may be shown as purple shading
on the new, revised map.
صفحه 16:
Reading a topographic map-
Map Scale
= Map scale indicates your
distance along the ground, or
the amount of ground covered
عططع باط
™ USGS- United States Geologic
Survey
- Ratio- 1:24000
- one unit on the map is equal to
24,000 units of the same size on
the ground.
= Ex:1 inch on the map = 24000 inches
on Earth.
- Or after converting 1 inch = 2000ft.
™ Bar scale-indicated by a line ©
bar with distances marked in
miles, feet, or kilometers.
صفحه 17:
Reading a topographic map-
Map Scale
صفحه 18:
Reading a topographic map-
تم
™ A topographic profile is a cross-sectional
view along a line drawn through a portion
of a topographic map.
- It is like taking a slice out of a portion of
the Earth and looking at it from the side.
صفحه 19:
صفحه 20:
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