صفحه 1:
صفحه 2:
MEDICINE AND
PHARMACY OF THE
MIDDLE AGES
(5-17 CENTURY)
صفحه 3:
The period of dark ages is
characterized:
By influence of alchemy o:
development of medicine
and pharmacy
By the increase of number
of medicines and
complication over of their
‘ing was brought to the}
igin of independent
pharmacies
A selection pharmacy is in ال
the special industry of i
function of doctor and
chemist
The special state
preparation of druggists is
organized.
صفحه 4:
Medicine in Arabian
Caliphates
woo Pdlestiae, territory oF
woderd stues oP Gpria,
Cxppt ond Tro, workers
port oP Price.
* 40-0 cectutes the @rabs
صفحه 5:
Arabic medicine absorbed all the
best from Hypocrite to Galen.
Prophyladis;
d) Phe syste of the traci oF
doctors.
صفحه 6:
* @rubs troctoted the best Greek, Lota, Persica od
adic wacuscripts iat the foocguage. (robs watched
vuer developed oP sview®, the peters oP موه
und higher educative, bray were oreded fa cities.
* Oediciae io Culipkate va the spevid place und cousidered
the First aoouy sviewes. Ovusideruble develope of
اج خن موم busicess yt ia Culiphutes.
© De Pirst ick ica about ۵ ia oh ۲
بماصط 9 90۰ ٩۰ 4090 هب عادو 90 چیه
vounted ia Duagkdad.
صفحه 7:
The first pharmacy was opened in
704.
صفحه 8:
صفحه 9:
Alchemy got the name in an
Arabic period. _.
Word “alchemy” consists of Arabic
prefix of “al” and “chemistry”, which
knows “stone of wisdom”. Main task
alchemy is converting of cheap metals
into gold. For this purpose they tried to
find a matter which quicker «ripening»
of gold. This powder was named by
elixir, so a word appeared elixir. An
elixir must was own other magical
properties: to heal of all diseases and
give immortality.
صفحه 10:
صفحه 11:
Alchemists were done a lot of openings, among
them is a receipt of sulphuric, nitric and vinegar
acids, salts of mercury; perfection of such
processes as besieging, filtration, crystallization,
making vehicle for distillation of water and
others. Distillation was utilized for a receipt
cleaning of alcohol which was adopted the spirit
of wine, because he turned out distillation of
wine. At this time were convinced, that an
alcohol is most strong medicine, he was named”
Aqua of vitae” (water of life).
صفحه 12:
صفحه 13:
۸41-11221 )985-925(
۱ head oP the Baghdad's
kospital.
© qed work "Ol exebraciag book va wedivice”", thot
powsisted oP CS ules wus prepared by hic.
٠ @1-Razi wus voted Gdeo oP his tive. (01-Rezi was
spevidist io hyoieor. Oke لا wos ueressury to choose >
place Por buiktioy the kospitd, he hua soe weet ict
dPPereut places oP the city. Okere the weot wos
preserved best oP dl, the poostructivg woe stared.
صفحه 14:
@®1-Ruzt
- 9وو)
رووه
صفحه 15:
٠ (@l- Raa developed the wethod oP wake oF
* Ol- Raz wrote the Pirst book Pros wedicice it
SS uke.
* Orsoribicy every ihoess, Or - ذا لصصرادحه نص 2ا)
Prow the poidt oP view the Breek, Gps,
4odica, Persica und Brabic authors,
Wwhereupo fod put his supervisives ocd
pouwhisiows.
صفحه 16:
Avicenna is a prominent scientist
of world history
۰ ) وتو ما oP the Probio world @virecer is
the Pourter oP the phorcvupy oP the Diddle Dyes.
Qvioeuca wus bora at Par away Prow
@ukkara, Pujhistac.
* Drere yt educdiod. We wos eocayed ia the
wdvouved ced provicd study ia Trac. @ tot oF
works ore write thew oo the thewes oP wedicdl
wt.
صفحه 17:
صفحه 18:
صفحه 19:
«Canon of medicine».
He consists of 5 volumes. Two books of «Canon» were
devoted medicines; second - simple, fifth - to the difficult
medical forms.
The second book of «Canon» is divided into two treatises.
The first treatise includes sections about the system of
simple medications, about properuics of simple medications,
about looking to some external medications and about their
storage.
In the fourth book of Canon spared much attention to
poisons and antidotes. Poisons are separately examined
vegetable, animal, and also poisoning these poisons and
helps from poisonings.
In the fifth book of «Canon» Avicenna describes different
difficult medical forms, technology of their making and
application. Pharmacy of Avicenna on many ages passed
pharmacy of Europe. Pharmacists used his works over 500
years.
Avicenna also required the first to conduct the previous tests
of medications on animals and only after it to appoint their
man.
صفحه 20:
Medicine and Pharmacy of
Europe
* Diddle @yes iu the west ure chorocterized the ve
pheorweure whick did oot kup the age-vkd word -
forge epidewirs. Where were the spevid discus
potublishweuts iv the port vies oP Curope (Oruive,
rw), port supervisors - «xquardices of heath»
uppeured, «city doctors appeared ater».
Dke specidl niles - «reyuiaivas» whick kod Por o
purpose wurde oF shiddiog cod distributioa oP
poutyivus ihiesses were published ia sowe cities.
Wospitds were vpeved of wousteries.
صفحه 21:
* During the Middle Ages
remnants of the
Western knowledge of
Pharmacy and Medicine
were preserved in the
monasteries (fifth to
twelfth centuries).
These scientists are
known to have been
taught in the cloisters
as early as the seventh
century.
صفحه 22:
* Manuscripts from many
islands were translated
or copied for monastery
libraries. The monks
gathered herbs and
simples in the field, or
raised them in their
own herb gardens.
* These they prepared
according to the art of
the apothecary for the
benefit of the sick and
injured. Gardens such
as these still may be
found in monasteries in
many countries.
صفحه 23:
٠ ۳ مس touck نی تاه ۴اه oP cide
۷ وین of icqredieuts in poe revipe quite
مها مان too Pew tec. The speci pice wos
oooupied by cctidotes - so-culed terzack, whick
tohidted “PO ued wore powpourd purts, busiv
۲۳۲۳۲۲7۳۲۳۲۲ purt is serpediue weut.
صفحه 24:
۱
DP intercd ihiesses. These لاد ون نامه(
very expeusive. (Dubiey oP thew, us ou rde, wos
حالص ta public, ict the preseuve oP quests ocd
invited persvus.
صفحه 25:
In some European states the functions of
doctor and chemist parted by Kings
Decrees.
orbickteo doctors te trode io wedroives. werd te the devepcists =
eouoyed to reared. Ie te soe period the order of receipt of
checwereuicd educdiog wes keyokzed tt Purope. Por exapk,
2 yet provworeuiicd educatiog io (Prooce it is بيوجععدجه 1 wos i
vist P pears 0 studeot ia 0 porwr, thea IO pears te work to
quoliy the Keiper of له ابیت تعنص Pier ft ue it 2 7 تلو
vo the receipt oF rocks oF كسمل
1» و حون نی موم oF the First هجاوم
revisicus oF pharwuries were set, the vot: of druggists whick
DF poisvus.
صفحه 26:
Late XIV. or Early XV. Century,
(From ae Olt Painting.)
صفحه 27:
¢ The center of medicine in the Middle
Ages were universities which in the
primary kind presented the corporation
of students, which was analogical
workshops.
¢ Then were opened universities in
Bolonii, Paris, Oxford and other cities.
¢ The number of students in these
universities was very insignificant, not
exceeding a few ten on all of faculties.
صفحه 28:
969 و
ونم OF
ke First weded school ,م22 با هوجو
صفحه 29:
صفحه 30:
صفحه 31:
The vip of Gderw, Triy
صفحه 32:
Late period of the Middle Ages are
characterized new direction in
Medicing bemisty eutica dical chemistry.
chemistry is a scientific
discipline at the
intersection of chemistry
and pharmacology involved
with designing,
synthesizing and
eveloping pharmaceutical
drugs. Medicinal chemistry
involves the identification,
synthesis and development
of new chemical entities
suitable for therapeutic
use. It also includes the
study of existing drugs,
their biological properties,
and their quantitative
structure-activity
relationships.