صفحه 1:
صفحه 2:
History of medicine as a
science, its subject of
studying. Medicine in
primitive society (3 million
- 5000 B. C.)
صفحه 3:
PLAN
°1. Introduction to History of
Medicine.
°2. Stages in the Development of
Medicine
°3. Medicine of Primitive Society.
۱ |
صفحه 4:
|
٠ History of medicine is divided into general
which studies development of medical
knowledges in human society on the whole,
and special, development of separate
industries of medicine — therapy, surgery
and other lights up in which Teaching of the
special history of medicine is usually carried
out the proper departments of types. As
development of medicine depends on the
level of development of productive forces
and character of relations of productions, in
basis of exposition of general history of
medicine dividing is fixed by epoches and
periods, accepted in general history.
Though, clearly, here is not and can not be a
complete chronologic coincidence.
صفحه 5:
el
Stages in the Development of
Medicine
*Dedivice oP the Priviive Goviety
*Dedivice oP the Buvieut Dordd
*Dedivice oP the Diddle (Byes
*(Rewiissuuwe Dedivice
* 2 رراعو Oodera Dedivice ۳
*Dedivive in the
00 Crutury
صفحه 6:
Development of Medicine is
influenced by:
۳ مزلم انس(
*(Produciive Porces develppwet
*Phipsophy ced world vuttook
صفحه 7:
*Orckueviogy ord Cxacvicaiod oP
OrtePacts
° Life of existing
prehistoric
(aboriginal)
صفحه 8:
Elements of systems of
medicine
°Magic and Religion
°Folk remedies
Elementary surgery
صفحه 9:
ل 1
Elements of systems of
medicine
°Magic and Religion
*Incantations ۱ =»
¢Dancing 2
* 1/1301 charms
"5
¢Various other measures
صفحه 10:
اس سس
Elements of systems of
medicine
°Folk remedies
5
*Herbs
Roots
¢Berries
¢Fruits
صفحه 11:
|
Surgical Procedures
practiced in ancient societies
* Cleaning and treating wounds by cautery (burning
or searing tissue), poultices, and sutures.
° Trepanation.
* Resetting dislocations and fractures.
* Using splints to support or immobilize broken
bones.
° Laxatives and enemas to treat constipation and
other digestive ills.
° Narcotic and stimulating plant extracts (digitalis, a
heart stimulant extracted from foxglove).
صفحه 12:
Prehistoric Procedure
TURE FRACTURE __OPEN
CLOSED CLOSED
FRAC
crack complete brea
DISLOCATION
° Setting of Bones, Fractures and Dislocations
صفحه 13:
* Treating Burns
صفحه 14:
Prehistoric Procedure
۰ Delivering Babies
صفحه 15:
il
re
Prehistoric Procedu
٠ Trephining, a remedy for demons, insanity, epilepsy,
and headache.
صفحه 16:
اس
Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, *
although muchmay be learned from a study of
the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools
of early man, it is difficult to reconstruct his
mental attitude toward the problems of disease
and death. It seems probable that humans, as
soon as they had reached the stage of
reasoning, discovered, by the process of trial
and error, which plants might be used as foods,
which of them werepoisonous, and which of
them had some medicinal value. Folk medicine
or domestic medicine, consisting largely in the
use of vegetable products, or herbs, originated
in this fashion and still persists.
صفحه 17:
° Archaeologists and anthropologists
who study prehistoric man and
primitive tribes tell us human societies
have always had special individuals,
both men and women, who took the job 3
of healer and were responsible for
preventing illness and curing the sick
and injured. These shaman almost
always held multiple roles as healers,
magicians, rulers, or priests.
صفحه 18:
el
° Primitive medicine men learned how to
splint, but probably not set, bone fractures.
They also frequently performed a type of
brain surgery that we today call
trephination. Trephination was done by
using stone instruments to bore or grind
holes in the skull. Researchers do not know
if the procedure was done to relieve demon
spirits, treat skull fractures, or remove bone
splinters. It is possible ephination was
done at different t 5 0
reasons.
صفحه 19:
سس
Prehistoric Procedure
° Trephining
صفحه 20:
of skull. Major, 14
صفحه 21:
el
Trepanation of the skull
0 peration
° In addition to magic, spells, prayers, and charms,
shaman and healers often used signature, or
symbolic, items to treat their patients. These
signature treatments included things like
drinking the blood of a warrior to increase
strength or eating leaves shaped like body
organs to cure a disease. Sometimes, through
chance, these signatures worked. When they
did, the medicine men, or shamans, would pass
the information to the next generation of priests.
Digitalis, morphine, quinine, and ephedrine are
all modern medicines that have been passed
down to us from prehistoric signature practice.
صفحه 22:
|
* One curious method of providing the disease
with means of escape from the body was by
making a hole, 2.5 to five centimetres across,
in the skull of the victim—the practice of
trepanning, or trephining. Trepanned skulls of
prehistoric date have been found in Britain,
France, and other parts of Europe and in Peru.
Many of them show evidence of healing and,
presumably, of the patient's survival. The
practice still exists among primitive people in
parts of Algeria, in* 1] : and perhaps
elsewhere, though \“@8% ecoming extinct.
‘pa و
صفحه 23:
° Magic and religion played a large part in
the medicine of prehistoric or primitive
man. Administration of a vegetable drug or
remedy by mouth was accompanied by
incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the
tricks of the magician. Therefore, the first
doctors, or “medicine men,” were witch
doctors or sorcerers. The use of charms and
talismans, still prevalent in modern times,
is of ancient origin.
1
Ny |
صفحه 24:
|
° Apart from the treatment of wounds and
broken bones, the folklore of medicine is
probably the most ancient aspect of the
art of healing, for primitive physicians
showed their wisdom by treating the
whole person, soul as well as body.
Treatments and medicines that produced
no physical effects on the body could
nevertheless make a patient feel better
when both medicine man and patient
believed in their efficacy. This ¢ اص
placebo effect is applicable eve ‘
modern clinical medicine.
Del
صفحه 25:
Trepanation of the skull
operation
ek,
صفحه 26:
the skull decorated with images
of trepanation, found in
Hamburg
صفحه 27:
Skulls of ancient people who went
through trepanation of the skull
(regeneration of edges of trepanation
صفحه 28:
صفحه 29:
A scarred skull
demonstrates
evidence of
trephination, a
surgical technique in
which holes were
drilled in the
patient’s skull to
relieve intracranial
pressure caused by
head trauma. (Israel
Antiquities Authority)
صفحه 30:
صفحه 31:
صفحه 32:
Herbalism
° There is no actual record of when the use of
plants for medicinal purposes first started,
although the first generally accepted use of
plants as healing agents were depicted in the
cave paintings discovered in the Lascaux caves
in France, which have been Radiocarbon dated
to between 13,000 - 25,000 BCE.
Over time and with trial and error, a small base
of knowledge was acquired within early tribal
communities. As this knowledge base expanded
over the generations, tribal culture developed
into specialized art به ecialized jobs'
became what are Te ‘s healers or
shamans.
صفحه 33:
صفحه 34:
|
° Shamanism refers to a range of traditional
beliefs and practices similar to animism that
claim the ability to diagnose and cure human
suffering and, in some societies, the ability
to cause suffering. This is believed to be
accomplished by traversing the axis mundi
and forming a special relationship with, or
gaining control over, spirits. Shamans have
been credited with the ability to control the
weather, divination, the interpretation of
dreams, astral projection, and traveling to
upper and lower worlds. Shamanistic >
traditions have existed throughout the w
since prehistoric times.
صفحه 35:
* Some anthropologists and religion
scholars define a shaman as an
intermediary between the natural and
spiritual world, who travels between
worlds in a state of trance. Once in the
spirit world, the shaman would commune
with the spirits for assistance in healing,
hunting or weather management.
Ripinsky-Naxon describes shamans as,
“People who have a strong interest in
their surroundin« environment and the
society of whic J part.”
ی /
صفحه 36:
° Other anthropologists critique the term
"shamanism", arguing that itis a
culturally specific word and institution
and that by expanding it to fit any healer
from any traditional society it produces a
false unity between these cultures and
creates a false idea of an initial human
religion predating all others. However,
others say that these anthropologists
simply fail to recognize the commonalities
between othe
societies.
صفحه 37:
el
Archaeology and Artefacts
صفحه 38:
Medical Equipment used by
Aboriginal People
صفحه 39:
|
Thigh osteosis of primitive man from
Java island. Oldest example of human
مج" دم
صفحه 40:
۳ ااا
“banishing ancestors’ spirits”. Sri
Lanka
صفحه 41:
|
Burial ceremony in a “flower
tribe”
صفحه 42:
صفحه 43:
oO
لا
n OT
ote!
C
1
صفحه 44:
Sacred animals of tribes
00
صفحه 45:
Sacred animals of tribes
صفحه 46:
This gilded bronze
ear was presented
to the Asklepion at
Pergamum by a
woman named
Fabia Secunda,
who had in made
“for the god
Asklepios because
the ear was healed
in a dream.”
صفحه 47:
This first-century
A.D. relief of a leg
was dedicated by a
man named
Tycheas as “a
thank-offering to
Asklepios and
Hygeia” at the
Asklepion on the
island of Melos,
Greece. Bridgeman
Art Library
صفحه 48:
صفحه 49:
۸ 2.5 ۲
wire (indicated
arrow) in
canal is evidence o
rly dentistry.
Discovered in a mass
t Horvat En Ziq,
a a small Na batean
1 the northern
rael,
tains one
of the earliest known
fillings, dating to about
200 B.C.E. (Israel
Antiquities Authority)
e
صفحه 50:
This array of a private
collection in Jerusalem, dates from 40 B. c E. to 400 C.E.
and includes spoons used to scrape out wounds (lower
right), a forked probe (among the spoons), knife and
scalpel handles (center, their iron blades have
disintegrated), spatula probes for working in wounds
(lower left), forceps (upper left), hooks used to hold the
skin back (left of center), and cyathisconele, cupped
tools used to clean wounds (top center).
(Fav; Bannvan)\
صفحه 51:
صفحه 52:
صفحه 53:
صفحه 54:
صفحه 55:
The Journal
OF THE ANCIENT NEAR
EASTERN SOCIETY
صفحه 56:
صفحه 57:
°Ov writea Crideare
“Wow on we vvercowe this problew?
° Archaeology and Examination of Artefacts
* Compare with existing prehistoric societies
Aboriginal
صفحه 58:
Nomadic Lifestyle
-
° Could be Surprisingly Healthy
oFit and Active lifestyle
oEat fresh food
oLittle Pollution or Dirt
U Move to new camps
OLow Population Density
oLittle exposure to animal
صفحه 59:
All change with the
Agricultural Revolution
° When humans settled down to grow
crops and raise animals their health
began to get worse.
ww
Can you list why this may hg
the case?
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org
صفحه 60: