صفحه 1:
Networking
Chapter 12
صفحه 2:
Distributed Capabilities
* Communications architectures
~ Software that supports a group of
networked computers
۰ Network operating system
~ Each computer has its own private
operating system
° Distributed operating system
~ Common operating system shared
by a network of computers
صفحه 3:
The Need for a Protocol
Architecture
* Computer communications
~ Exchange of information between
computers for the purpose of
cooperative action
* Computer network
~ When tow or more computers are
interconnected via a
communication network
صفحه 4:
Two Concepts
° Protocol
~ Used for communication between
entities in different systems
° Protocol architecture
~ Broken into subtasks, each of
which is implemented separately
صفحه 5:
File Transfer
Computer X ‘Computer Y
File transfer
application
File transfer
‘application
Network access
‘Network, module
interface logie
Network
interface ogi
Figure 13.1 A Simplified Architecture for File Transfer
صفحه 6:
The TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture
° Protocol suite
° Five relatively independent
layers
~ Physical
~ Network access
~ Internet
~ Host-to-host, or transport
~ Application
صفحه 7:
Physical Layer
° Specifying
~ the characteristics of the
transmission medium
~ Nature of the signals
~ Data rate
صفحه 8:
Network Access Layer
* Concerned with the exchange of
data between an end system
and the network
° Different standards
~ Circuit switching
~ Packet switching (frame relay)
~ LANs (Ethernet)
صفحه 9:
Internet Layer
° Procedures for data to traverse
different networks
° Implemented in the end
systems and routers
صفحه 10:
Transport Layer
° Ensures all data arrives at the
destination and in the order
sent
* TCP
صفحه 11:
Application Layer
° Supports various user
application
° Example: file transfer
صفحه 12:
12
TCP Header
‘Options + Paling
(a) TCP Header
صفحه 13:
13
UDP
(b) UDP Header
صفحه 14:
5
14
IP
ftom fm [fof om |
es #سسسة [|
ee a |
Bit:
Woctets
صفحه 15:
IPv6
° Provides enhancements over
existing IP
° Designed to accommodate
higher speeds of a mix of data
streams, graphic and video
¢ Provides more addresses
° Includes 128-bits for addresses
~ IP uses 32-bit address
صفحه 16:
16
4 to 16 24 5
Flow Label
Payload Length Next Header “Hop Limit,
Source Address
Destination Address
(b) IPv6 Header
lferentiated services fckt [Note:The §-bit DSVECN fields were formerly
split congestion notification Held [known as the Typo of Service id in the IPVS
hee a he Tae Clas el n the 1Pv6
ل
6
AW octets
صفحه 17:
TCP/IP Concepts
Host B
Por
gles connection
= NCP cannon
را
سس علو صر
عم لا مه مد
سس لان #2
سس سیب با
aa لعن ۳
a ۳
NaP1| NAP2
Physical] Physical
Figure 13.4 TCPAP Concepts
صفحه 18:
Protocols and Headers
Figure 13.5 Protocols and Headers
صفحه 19:
Items in the Header
° Destination network address
° Facilities requests
~ Example: priority
صفحه 20:
TCP.IP Applications
° Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP)
٠ File Transfer Protocol
¢ TELNET
صفحه 21:
Sockets
° Enable communication between
a client and server
° Concatenation of a port value
and an IP address form a socket
صفحه 22:
Two Types of Sockets
° Stream sockets
~ Use TCP
~ Reliable data transfer
° Datagram sockets
- Use UDP
~ Delivery is not guaranteed
صفحه 23:
Socket Setup
٠ socket() command
° Three parameters
~ Protocol family is always PF_INET
for TCP/IP
~ Type specifies whether stream or
datagram
~ Protocol specifies either TCP or
UDP
صفحه 24:
|
2
Batab ih lets connections
ces ee a
تع سان
pen commericatin,
ال
Sealssne date
date ملد
Shute
24
Figure 13.6 Socket System Calls for Connection-Oriented Protocol
ated
chow
متفه مرریزس مرو
at ogni
om,
ats esl)
secon
sks nl
omit
scepter
مس سس
‘let ree
صفحه 25:
25
ser tev
kernel
۱
aaa
|
Figure 13.7 Linux Kernel Components for TCP/IP Processing
