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صفحه 2:
Pharmacognos
y
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Introduction to
Pharmacognosy
A brief history of natural products in
medicine
*Value of natural drug products
* Production of natural drug products
* The role of natural| products in drug
discovery
* General principles of botany:
morphology and systematics
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I. The history of natural
products in medicine
* A great proportion of the natural products
used as drugs
* The study of drugs used by traditional healers
iS an important object of pharmacognostical
research
* Sumerians and Akkadians (3' millennium) BGC)
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منوتاهه خاص ععرصوان 09
Wippoordes كر BC)
BAN 10د Dons oa ol
۳
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4۳2 تم مس بر
EE
‘Iba Olubart (7T?O-OSO)
: i
« احکمه ۳ ja
ا رمرم ما ۳
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eee IDS?)
“لقا
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(-4069-409) -
“اللجامع ۳۹2
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(dor رت das pect)
De era o> Cungpecs exploration
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0 ك1 م1 *©0 عدا ”|١
* ۱0/16۳0 Adam (1759-1809)
® Linnaeus (naming and classifying plants)
At the end of the 18" century, crude
drugs were still being used as powders,
simple extracts, or tinctures
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1 2/۱2 NN UA en em aed history (عدتصلجي خأ
Isolation of morphine from opium
*Strychnine( +)
* Quinine and caffeine( _—)
Nicotine (~~)
*Atropine( (
*Cocaine( —)
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* In the 19% century, the chemical
structures of many of the isolated
compounds were determined
® In the 20% century, the discovery of
important drugs from the animal
kingdom, particularly hormones and
Vitamins,
microorganisms have become a very
important SOURCE of drugs
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سم روت(
۵000517 ۷
It is the science of biogenic or nature-derived
pharmaceuticals and poisons
~ Crude drugs:
It is used for those natural products such as
plants orf part of plants, extracts and
exudates which are not pure compounds
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OUESENG: متا نز
It is a broad term referring to the study of
plants by humans
\ Ethnomedicine:
It refers to the use of plants by humans as
medicine
“Traditional medicine:
It is the sum total of all non-mainstream
medical practices, usually excluding so
called “western” medicine
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۱۱ ۲ هی lors!
Entire organism (plant, animal, organism)
Part of an organism (a leaf or flower of a
plant, an isolated gland or other organ of an
animal)
An extract or an exudate of an organism
Isolated pure compounds
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1. Herbal drugs, derived from specific
parts of a medicinal plant
2. Compounds isolated from nature
3. Nutraceuticals, or “functional foods”
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II. Value of natural
products
* Compounds from natural sources play four
significant roles in modern medicine:
1. They provide a number of extremely useful
drugs that are difficult, if not impossible, to
produce commercially by synthetic means
2. Natural sources also supply basic
compounds that may be modified slightly to
render them more effective or less toxic
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4. Some natural products contain
compounds that demonstrate little or
no activity themselves but which can
be modified by chemical or biological
methods to produce potent drugs not
easily obtained by other methods
Baccatin Ill Taxol
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111. Production of natural drug
0۲00۳06
1. Collection (wild)
2. Cultivation (commercial), collection,
harvesting, drying, garbling, packaging,
storage and preservation e.g. ginseng, ginkgo,
peppermint
3. Fermentation (Recombinant
DNA technology or Genetically engineered
drugs)
4. Cell-culture techniques
5. Microbial transformation
6. Biologics (prepared from the blood of animals)
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IV. The role of natural
products in drug discovery
. Combinatorial chemistry
High-throughput screening of natural
products
Combinatorial biosynthesis
Ethnopharmacology
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V. General principles of
botany: morphology and
* How to ۱۳۳۵ plant
derivediariig ¥ronithe botanical Point of
۳/7
۱ ا ل نل كك ال
Derived from a plant and transformed into a drug
by drying certain plant parts, or sometimes the
whole plant, or
1. Obtained from a plant, but no longer retains the
structure of the plant or its organs and contains
a complex mixture of biogenic compounds (e.g.
fatty and essential oils, gums, resins, balms)
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seize)
* the following plant organs are the most important,
with the Latin name that is used, for example in
international trade, in parentheses:
_ Aerial parts or herb (herba))
, Leaf (folia))
. Flower (flos)
_ Fruit (fructus)
) Bark (Cortex)
, Root (radix)
, Rhizome) (thizoma))
. 3۱۱۱۱ )۱۵۱۵5(
eS a Go ي تس
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۲۱6 ۱۵۲۵6 ۱۳۸۵۵۲۵۷ of botanical drugs in
current use are derived from leaves or
aerial parts.
*A plant-derived) drug should be defined
not only in terms of the species from
Which it is obtained but also the plant
part that is used) to produce the dried
product. Thus, a drug is considered to
be adulterated if the wrong plant parts
aire ineluclsel (2.¢). aerial oeirts insteeicl
Of laavas)
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Taxonomy
® It is the science of naming organisms
and their correct integration into the
existing system of nomenclature
* The names of species are given in
binomial form: the first part of the
name indicates the wider taxonomic
Group, the Genus; the Second) part or
the name is the species.
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(ie a0 aA Ba ated
* Species: somniferum, here meaning ‘sleep-
producing’
® Genus: Papaver (a group of species, in
this case poppies, which are
closely related)
® Family: Papaveraceae (a group of genera
sharing certain traits)
® L.: indicates the botanist who provided the
first scientific description of the species
and who assigned the botanical name
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Morphology of higher
plants
. Flower
It is the essential reproductive organ of a plant.
For an inexperienced observer, two
characteristics of a flower are particularly
noteworthy: the size and the color
Although the flowers are of great botanical
importance, they are only a minor source of
drugs used in phytotherapy or pharmacy e.g.
chamomile, Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae )
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2. Fruit and seed
©» The lower plants, such as algae, mosses and
ferns, do not produce seeds
Gymnosperm and Anigiosperm
* Gymnosperm: they are characterized by
seeds that are not covered by a secondary
outer protective layer, but only by the testa -
the seed’s outer layer
¢ Angiosperm: the seeds are covered with a
specialized organ (the carpels) which in turn
develop into the pericarp.
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® Drugs from the fruit thus have to be
derived from an angiosperm species
4 and seeds have yielded
important phytotherapeutic products,
including:
* Fruit
Caraway, Carum carvi L. (Umbelliferae)
< 50
(white) mustard, Sinapis alba L.
(Brassicaceae)
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3. Leaves
¢ The function of the leaves, as collectors of
the sun’s energy and its assimilation, results
in their typical general anatomy with a
petiole (stem) and a lamina (blade)
* A key characteristic of a species is the way
in which the leaves are arranged on the
stem, they may be:
Alternate
و۱90
Opposite
۱923
Whorled
نا ۱۳
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Node
Internode ل
Alternate Distichious
ae
Decussate Whorled
Fig. 3.3
Types of arrangements of leaves.
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The form and size of leaves are
essential characteristics e.g. oval,
oblong, obovate, rounded, linear,
lanceolate, elliptic, spatulate,
cordate, hastate or tendril
The margin of the leaf is another
characteristic feature e.g. entire,
serrate, dentate, sinuate, ciliate or
spinose
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(orbicular)
2 FF BB A-
Linear Canceciate Elliptic ‘Spatuiate
Cordate Hastate Fenarit
()
Entire Serrate Sinuate Giliate Spinose
(by
Fig. 3.4
la) Characteristic shapes of leaves. (b) Characteristic margins of
leaves.
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Numerous drugs contain leaf material
as the main component. e.g.
Deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna L.
(Solanaceae)
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۹
The bark as an outer protective layer
frequently accumulates biologically
active substances e.g.
Red cinchona, Cinchona succirubra L.
(Rubiaceae)
- No stem-derived drug is currently
of major importance
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latte [-) تلهم یار
Underground organs of only a few
species have yielded
pharmaceutically important drugs e.g.
Sarsaparilla, Smilax regelii
(Smilacaceae)
Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng
(Araliaceae)
. The bulbs and exudates
. Garlic, Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae)
. Aloe vera L. (Asphodelaceae)