Principles of Computing and Information Technology Lecture 2 - Hardware

صفحه 1:
>صاكح ‎٩۰۳9‏ اه رانمون) اه وطم۳۷) ‎Veckalowy‏ bevture © - Wardware Oudy Osa ©chool of Lbray, Orohue & dePorcation Gxntes, DOL 

صفحه 2:
Coe eer er ene LS certo Ee Oke we wil cover todo © Wistory od develppwedt oP powputers 0 * Processors Orwory ٠ WO devices|periphercts: — put devices — vuiput devices = store devices eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? e 

صفحه 3:
He eds Darren rnp of Omapnten ‏مم1 لجن‎ ‏ی‎ 

صفحه 4:
ee eee eee erro Ee ®ut ubv... ٠ GOES doko Org Deuvaad - © Dke Ovg Oeuond Couwept - Nhe vowputer us a! — Gequectuly-executed — Gored Propane — Duckice eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 5:
Coe eer er ene LS certo Ee Ovw Oeuwuca priwipes ° Dke ochitecture oP a powputer pousists oP ther wid parts: CPO, wewory, ved ‏ول شوه و‎ (dota bus) whick core ‏لب ول ره و توا‎ ot o fie betwee the tv. ° Dke wewory isu faeur vevior oP data words ‏ار‎ are اك 

صفحه 6:
Coe eer er ene LS certo Ee Ovw Oeuwuca priwipes * Dke prograd whick directs the uniiviies oP the CPO is stored io the save wesory us the data Wwhirk is to be ‏تون‎ by the proycow - the powputer is u stored ‏و مر‎ اك 

صفحه 7:
Coe eer er ene LS certo Ee Ovw Oeuwuca priwipes ٠ ‏عهه تمصع مه ول مرها فص صم جز جردو"‎ fudeed betuerd poe date ype cod covther. ‏مه وا و‎ fuheredt weadiay to the Words whick ure stored ict weoory. Vke ioterpretaicg of a word is Pred aly by the vowtert ut the fie the Word is Petched Prow weworp. اك 

صفحه 8:
ee eee eee erro Ee Ovw Oeuwuca priwipes ٠ Giowe the device pooeeviog the wewory ord OPO vara poly trocsnit oe word of u five, festruntivas ‏امه‎ pxvevited sequential. eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 9:
ee eee eee erro Ee جعأماصواام م2 مون) ° dust ‏من‎ ۰ ...Qut the basis Por the physicd wooiPestaivd oP octet ow puters ۰ Persisteure of the Ova Oeuwann wodel © Represeuted it powputer systew urchitevture ٠ Ooderd dverqeue Prow the wodel 9 اك 

صفحه 10:
Coe eer er ene LS certo Ee Cowwputer syste urvhitevture ow the vowputer is physicdly built (at the ‏مشاه‎ ‏موه‎ bevel) اه مرن “lack box” wodels ve dita logic woodel> 0" اك 

صفحه 11:
0 00 ae eae ‎a‏ اك 

صفحه 12:
0 ee eee eee erro » , MEMORY 1/0 DEVICES ands Draronrs - Pricer of Orr ‏لالم‎ Pech 

صفحه 13:
0 00 ae eae PhircHevel block ‏ممبحف‎ =a ‎LoGic‏ أعد سر ‎‘OPERATIONS: OPERATIONS.‏ ‎ ‎ ‎9 ‏اك 

صفحه 14:
ands Draronrs - Pricer of Orr ‏رویط لالم‎ 

صفحه 15:
9 ee eee eee erro The boy yor © Basis oP of cowputers ۰ @kysicd piece of nina ۰ Cixed inputs — Trak tables اك 

صفحه 16:
0 ee eee eee erro © kaPeedder c اك 

صفحه 17:
we اك ۱ ‏و‎ ‎i 

صفحه 18:
ee eee eee erro Ee جادبره عندحوجج ۱ ۰ )(۳ ۶ — Dive tokeo ty “Reick” oo fosteurtioa Pro wesppry urd exer” itis the processor — “Cxenue” possibitties - deterxpiced by iustructica set — Gpeed of execuiiva - detercviced by ‏طلسه) له امه‎ tie) ۰ Oh és it sv ‏و‎ 7 eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 19:
He ل ل Qekive speeds eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 20:
Coe eer er ene LS certo Ee he Ovg Oeuwace ‏لاه‎ ‎© Gpeed is retaivel! © Dorkiey ud the problews ٠١ 5 0 لو ۰ archet provessicy مشاه مولو() ۰ ‎eo‏ اك 

صفحه 21:
ee eee eee erro Ee QOewory pes © Priweay ve Sevouday * Obtkate vs wewvhatle * Oewory pes! — RGD, ROM, PROD, ERROO, CEPROD — Chips, 6100s, O10 Os, pics, ‏معدم‎ — GROD, DROD, OROD, ORODO, EOO ROD, GORGD, DOR ROO etc etc etc! ‎ea‏ اك 

صفحه 22:
ee eee eee erro Ee apt devices © Data ioput vs dota paptune = Dota faput is the vrightal aeaive oF data it digital Pore — Onto capture is the pouwersivd oP eadstiog dota foto digital Pore ٠ apa device types eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 23:
هه He ل ل eput devices eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 24:
ee eee eee erro Ee Output devices © Ward us Oph copy = Weord copy is persvoordt ued portable — Got copy is vol! * Output device types eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 25:
ee eee eee erro Ee risters: ۰ ‏اون‎ vs page * Iwpet ve uosricppuct © Oaswkeel, Ont watrix, Lice printer ۰ dakiet, Bubblejet ٠ Drerwdl trowsPer جرا ۰ Plotters eds auras ~ ‏وس‎ of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 26:
ee eee eee erro Oupul devices * OOO — Outkode ray (ORT) - 0 - — Proswa * Ovive ۰ COM * Others? eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 27:
ee eee eee erro Ee Gtorage devices * @usiv storage ‏و‎ ‎— Gequectal ‏د‎ ‎— locked ٠ Gerd ond rondow uvess ee eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 28:
ee eee eee erro Gone devices ° Orda = Dugeetic — Optical + Pope ohane — Gold stot eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? 

صفحه 29:
ee eee eee erro Ee Gtorene Porsous © Whe ceed Por Porcvatiog ٠ Oueetic ope — Cussetielowtridye, reel, DOT * Ouquetic disk — Poppy, Ward, — “GuperPoppies”, portubles|rewovedbles © Optic — CO-R (DOOR), CO-RYO, DODO, DOO-RO ٠ Gold-state devices ‎eo‏ اك 

صفحه 30:
ee eee eee erro Ee ‎devices‏ م66 ‎۰ Whe Pature ocd developed treads — Giicks, cards, ood who bows wot color? - Dhe dewise of the disk? — Revediratsaica? 0 Cucdavedtd coosidercdicns: - - ‏جوصدمه خم لجوم8©)‎ — Cost — Ovkroe ‏هه اك 

صفحه 31:
on 0 eee ce ene caer oe ۸ Ths week's previcds * Excel busics © Gicople koedout, bockup woterias vo the web — see ۰ ‏و()‎ detail (oad wore cowplex persia) boter ic the fer اك 

صفحه 32:
ee eee eee erro Ee What's t Por this weeh! © Wistory oP Ovxsoputtery site - hitp!//ei.cs.vi.edul~kistory/ * Oru bit Aashier ‏اهاط‎ ٠ Wow GrbP Dorks (tech stuPP explaiced!) ‏اج تسس جد سرمحمص | أنصها‎ * Oext week — GoPiware.... eds auras ~ Prac of Overy ed “eb eras Poche? oS 

Principles of Computing and Information Technology Lecture 2 - Hardware Andy Dawson School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL School of Library, Archive and Information Studies What we will cover today • • • • • History and development of computers Computer architecture Processors Memory I/O devices/peripherals: – input devices – output devices – storage devices Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 2 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies How computers developed Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 3 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies But also... • 1945 John Von Neumann critical paper on computing principles • The Von Neumann Concept - The computer as a: – Sequentially-executed – Stored Program – Machine Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 4 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Von Neumann principles • The architecture of a computer consists of three main parts: CPU, memory, and a connecting device (data bus) which can transmit a single data word at a time between the two. • The memory is a linear vector of data words which are referenced by sequential addressing. Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 5 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Von Neumann principles • The program which directs the activities of the CPU is stored in the same memory as the data which is to be manipulated by the program - the computer is a stored program machine. Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 6 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Von Neumann principles • There is no distinction between data and instructions, nor indeed between one data type and another. There is no inherent meaning to the words which are stored in memory. The interpretation of a word is fixed only by the context at the time the word is fetched from memory. Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 7 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Von Neumann principles • Since the device connecting the memory and CPU can only transmit one word at a time, instructions must be excecuted sequentially. Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 8 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Von Neumann principles • Just an idea... • ...But the basis for the physical manifestation of actual computing • Persistence of the Von Neumann model • Represented in computer system architecture • Modern divergence from the model Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 9 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Computer system architecture • How the computer is physically built (at the electronic component level) • Specifies/describes the components and how those components interact • “Black box” models vs digital logic models Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 10 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies A black box diagram Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 11 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Second-level block diagram Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 12 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Third-level block diagram Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 13 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Fourth-level block diagram Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 14 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies The logic gate • • • • Basis of all computers Physical piece of circuitry Fixed inputs Predictable outputs – Truth tables • Linked together to perform meaningful functions Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 15 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies A half-adder Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 16 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies A full adder Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 17 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies The Fetch-execute cycle • What is it? – Time taken to “fetch” an instruction from memory and “execute” it in the processor – “Execute” possibilities - determined by instruction set – Speed of execution - determined by internal clock (cycle time) • Why is it so important? Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 18 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Relative speeds Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 19 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies The Von Neumann bottleneck • • • • • • Speed is relative! Working round the problems RISC/CISC Caching Parallel processing Modern solutions Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 20 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Memory types • Primary vs Secondary • Volatile vs nonvolatile • Memory types: – RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM – Chips, SIMMs, DIMMs, pins, parity – SRAM, DRAM, VRAM, WRAM, EDO RAM, SDRAM, DDR RAM etc etc etc! • Banking, matching and compatibility Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 21 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Input devices • Data input vs data capture – Data input is the original creation of data in digital form – Data capture is the conversion of existing data into digital form • Input device types Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 22 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Input devices Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 23 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Output devices • Hard vs Soft copy – Hard copy is permanent and portable – Soft copy is not! • Output device types Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 24 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Printers: • • • • • • • Character/line vs page Impact vs non-impact Daisywheel, Dot matrix, Line printer Inkjet, Bubblejet Thermal transfer Laser Plotters Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 25 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Output devices • VDU – – – – Cathode ray (CRT) LCD TFT Plasma • Voice • COM • Others? Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 26 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Storage devices • Basic storage formats – Sequential – Cyclic – Blocked • Serial and random access Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 27 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Storage devices • Media – Magnetic – Optical • Phase change • Magneto-optical – Solid state Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 28 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Storage formats • The need for formatting • Magnetic tape – Cassette/cartridge, reel, DAT • Magnetic disk – Floppy, Hard, – “Superfloppies”, portables/removeables • Optical – CD-R (WORM), CD-RW, DVD, DVD-RW • Solid-state devices Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 29 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies Storage devices • The future and development trends – Sticks, cards, and who knows what galore? – The demise of the disk? – Recentralisation? • Fundamental considerations: – – – – Usage Speed of access Cost Volume Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 30 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies This week’s practicals • Excel basics • Simple handout, backup materials on the web – see http://www.ucl.ac.uk/is/training/resources/#excel • More detail (and more complex operations) later in the term Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 31 School of Library, Archive and Information Studies That’s it for this week! • History of Computing site - http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/ • Or a bit flashier http://www.thocp.net/ • How Stuff Works (tech stuff explained!) http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ • Next week – Software…. Andy Dawson – Principles of Computing and Information Technology 32