Service Orientation

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SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 4 

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SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 9 

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Apartment (immediate, cheap} Agency 1 Apartment? Rental agreement SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 15 

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SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 26 

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Service Service development deployment تعنوتت ‎administration‏ SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 38 Service oriented ‏5أكل/ا/ة30‎ Service oriented design 

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Top-down ‏5أك/ا/ة30‎ Revisit business ‏علاين وی‎ (and process) services SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 45 

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Service Orientation Main issues: • What’s special about services? • Essentials of service-oriented SE Overview     Services, service description, service communication Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Web services SOSE: Service-Oriented Software Engineering SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 2 Italian restaurant analogy  Restaurant provides food: a service  After the order is taken, food is produced, served, …: service may consist of other services  The menu indicates the service provided: a service description  The order is written down, or yelled at, the cook: services communicate through messages SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 3 Main ingredients  Services  Service descriptions  Messages  Implementation: through web services SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 4 Other example  Citizen looking for a house:      Check personal data  System X Check tax history  System Y Check credit history  System Z Search rental agencies  System A,B … SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 5 What’s a service  Platform-independent computational entity that can be used in a platformindependent way  Callable entities or application functionalities accessed via exchange of messages  Component capable of performing a task  Often just used in connection with something else: SOA, Web services, … SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 6 What’s a service, cnt’d  Shift from producing software to using software     You need not host the software Or keep track of versions, releases Need not make sure it evolves Etc  Software is “somewhere”, deployed on as-needed basis  SaaS: Software as a Service SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 7 Key aspects           Services can be discovered Services can be composed to form larger services Services adhere to a service contract Services are loosely coupled Services are stateless Services are autonomous Services hide their logic Services are reusable Services use open standards Services facilitate interoperability SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 8 Service discovery Service registry lookup Service requestor publish bind Service provider SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 9 Service discovery Rental agency 1 Rental agency 1 Rental agency 2 Apartment (immediate, cheap) Municipality system publish Agency 1 Apartment? Rental agency 1 2 Rental agreement SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 10 Service discovery  Discovery is dynamic, each invocation may select a different one  Primary criterion in selection: contract  Selection may be based on workload, complexity of the question, etc  optimize compute resources  If answer fails, or takes too long  select another service  more faulttolerance SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 11 Is discovery really new?  Many design patterns loosen coupling between classes  Factory pattern: creates object without specifying the exact class of the object. SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 12 Services can be composed  Service can be a building block for larger services  Not different from CBSE and other approaches SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 13 Services adhere to a contract  Request to registry should contain everything needed, not just functionality  For “normal” components, much is implicit:  Platform characteristics  Quality information  Tacit design decisions  Trust promises?  Quality of Services (QoC), levels thereof  Service Level Agreement (SLA) SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 14 Service discovery Rental agency 1 Rental agency 2 Apartment (immediate, cheap) Municipality system Agency 1 Apartment? Rental agency 1 Rental agreement SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 15 Services are loosely coupled  Rental agencies come and go  No assumptions possible  Stronger than CBSE loose coupling SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 16 Services are stateless  Rental agency cannot retain information: it doesn’t know if and when it will be invoked again, and by whom SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 17 Services are autonomous, hide their logic  Rental agency has its own rules on how to structure its process  Its logic does not depend on the municipality service it is invoked by  This works two ways: outside doesn’t know the inside, and vice versa SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 18 Services are reusable  Service models a business process:  Not very fine grained  Collecting debt status from one credit company is not a service, checking credit status is  Deciding on proper granularity raises lots of debate SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 19 Service use open standards  Proprietary standards  vendor lockin  There are lots of open standards:     How services are described How services communicate How services exchange data etc SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 20 Services facilitate interoperability  Because of open standards, explicit contracts and loose coupling  Classical CBSE solutions pose problems:  Proprietary formats  Platform differences  Etc  Interoperability within an organization (EAI) and between (B2B) SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 21 Overview  Services, service description, service communication  Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)  Web services  SOSE: Service-Oriented Software Engineering SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 22 Service-Oriented Architecture  Architecture:  the fundamental organization of a system in its components, their relationships to each other and to the environment and the principles guiding its design and evolution  SOA: Any system made out of services? SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 23 What is SOA? Orchestration/coordination layer service service Business services layer service Infrastructure service layer service service bus physical logical SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 24 Service bus  Event-based messaging engine  Origin: EAI, solve integration problems  Often takes care of:     Mediation: protocol translation, data transformation, etc Quality of Service issues: security, reliable delivery of messages, etc Management issues: logging, audit info, etc. Service discovery  Can be central (broker, hub), or decentral (smart endpoints) SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 25 Service coordination  Orchestration: central control  Choreography: decentral control SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 26 Overview  Services, service description, service communication  Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)  Web services  SOSE: Service-Oriented Software Engineering SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 27 Web services  Implementation means to realize services  Based on open standards:      XML SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol WSDL: Web Services Description Language UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery and Integration BPEL4WS: Business Process Execution Language for Web Services  Main standardization bodies: OASIS, W3C SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 28 Coordination of Web services BPEL4WS WSDL Java WSDL Java WSDL Java SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 29 Web services stack composition description BPEL4WS WSDL UDDI messages SOAP network HTTP, FTP, … discovery SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 30 XML     Looks like HTML Language/vocabulary defined in schema: collection of trees Only syntax Semantic Web, Web 2.0: semantics as well: OWL and descendants SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 31 SOAP  Message inside an envelope  Envelop has optional header (~address), and mandatory body: actual container of data  SOAP message is unidirectional: it’s NOT a conversation SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 32 WSDL  Four parts:     Web service interfaces Message definitions Bindings: transport, format details Services: endpoints for accessing service. Endpoint = (binding, network address) SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 33 UDDI  Three (main) parts:  Info about organization that publishes the services  Descriptive info about each service  Technical info to link services to implementation SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 34 UDDI (cnt’d)  Original dream: one global registry  Reality: many registries, with different levels of visibility  Mapping problems SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 35 BPEL4WS  Three main parts:  Partnerlinks: dependencies between services: who sends what to whom  Global variables  Workflow model: “program”  BPEL4WS is an orchestration language; executable  WS-CDL (Web Services Choreography Description Language) is a choreography language; not executable SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 36 Overview  Services, service description, service communication  Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)  Web services  SOSE: Service-Oriented Software Engineering SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 37 SOSE life cycle Service oriented analysis Service development Service deployment Service oriented design Service testing Service administration SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 38 Terminology  service oriented environment (or service oriented ecosystem)  business process + supporting services  application (infrastructure) service  business service  Task-centric business service  Entity-centric business service  hybrid service SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 39 Terminology entity centric order fulfilment service hybrid services hybrid services entity-centric task centric task-centric purchase order service business services business services infrastructure infrastructureservices services wrapper service send utility service customer profile service verify PO service notification service SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 40 Strategies for life cycle organization  Top-down strategy  Bottom-up strategy  Agile strategy SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 41 Top-down strategy Service oriented analysis Service development Service oriented design Service testing Service deployment SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 42 Top-down SO analysis step step 11 Define enterprise business models step 2 2 step Compose SOA step 3 3 step step 4 4 step Define enterprise service model Perform service oriented analysis Service oriented design .... SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 43 Bottom-up strategy Model application services Develop application services Design application service Test services Deploy services application service = infrastructure service SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 44 Agile strategy Top-down analysis SO analysis align with current state business models SO design Develop services Test service operations Deploy services on-going align with current state business models Revisit business (and process) services SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 45 Service oriented analysis  The process of determining how business automation requirements can be represented through service orientation SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 46 Goals of SO analysis Service operation Service candidates candidates (logical contexts)  Appropriateness for intended use  Identify preliminary issues that may challenge required service autonomy  Define known preliminary composition models SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 47 3 Analysis sub-steps step 1 Service oriented analysis Define analysis scope step 2 Service oriented design ... Identify automation systems step 3 Model candidate services SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 48 Step 1: Define analysis scope  Mature and understood business requirements  S = ∑i Si, where smaller services may still be quite complex  Can lead to  process-agnostic services/service operations (generic service portfolio)  services delivering business-specific tasks  Models: UML use case or activity diagrams SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 49 Order Fulfillment Process start Transform PO receive PO validate PO PO valid no Send notification Import PO yes Send PO to queue stop SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 50 Step 2: Identify automation systems  What is already implemented?  encapsulate  replace  Models: UML deployment diagram, mapping tables SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 51 Order Fulfillment Process already automated by Order fulfillment service start receive PO same as previous validate PO same as previous PO valid no Send notification Transform PO (XML -> native format) (currently custom component) service candidate Import PO (into accounting sys.) service candidate (currently custom legacy) service candidate yes Send PO to queue (to accounting clerk's work queue) same as previous stop SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 52 Step 3: Model candidate services  How to compose services?  Service (candidates) conceptual model  operations + service contexts  SO principles  Focus on task- and entity-centred services  Models: BPM, UML use case or class diag. SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 53 Example service operation candidates Receive PO document <<include>> Validate PO document PO processing service <<include>> ... (If PO document is invalid,) send rejection notification (and end process) Transform PO document into native electronic PO format SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 54 Example business process logic  Not service operation candidates  if PO document is valid, proceed with the transform PO document step  if the PO document is invalid, end process SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 55 Task- versus entity-centred services  Task-centred  (+) direct mapping of business requirements  (-) dependent on specific process  Entity-centred  (+) agility  (-) upfront analysis  (-) dependent on controllers SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 56 Benefits of business-centric SOA  introduce agility  prepare for orchestration  enable reuse SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 57 Service-oriented design: design sub-steps Service oriented analysis step 1 Compose SOA Service oriented design ... step 2 Design entity-centric business services step 3 Design infrastructure services step 4 Design task-centric business services step 5 Design SO business process SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 63 Entity-centric business services  Goal: entity-centric business service layer + parent orchestration layer Invoice Customer Hours billed Order * 1 * 1 PO 1 * * 1 * <<include>> ... Validate PO document * 1 Employee Email Weekly hours ... 1 * 1 Customer 1 Receive PO document PO processing service <<include>> ... (If PO document is invalid,) send rejection notification (and end process) Transform PO document into native electronic PO format ... SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 64 Infrastructure services PO processing service Verify PO service Orchestration/coordination layer PO service Business service layer Notification service Transform service Infrastructure service layer SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 65 Task-centric business services  UML sequence diagram  express and refine order of invocations implicit in the UML use case diagram Receive PO document <<include>> Validate PO document PO processing service <<include>> ... (If PO document is invalid,) send rejection notification (and end process) Transform PO document into native electronic PO format Verify PO service PO service Notification service get_PO [PO data] verify send_reject SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 66 Summary Services have a long history (telephony) Most important characteristic: dynamic discovery of services SOA as architectural style Today’s Web services mostly syntax-based Key design decisions in SOSE concern service layering, industry standards, and relevant SO principles  SOSE differentiates from traditional life cycles mainly in the analysis and design phases      SE, Servic Orientation, Hans van Vliet, ©2008 67