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CIS 105
Survey of Computer Information Systems
Essential Concepts and Terminology
Study Unit Three
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File.
A named collection of data (such
as a computer program, document,
or graphic) that exists on a storage
medium such as a hard disk,
floppy disk, or CD-ROM.
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Directory.
A list of files contained on a
computer storage device.
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Folders.
PC. The subdirectories that can
contain files or other folders.
Macintosh. Same as directories on
a PC.
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Memory.
The computer circuitry that holds
data waiting to be processed.
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Storage.
The area in a computer where data
is retained to be used again later.
Storage devices retain information
after the device is turned off.
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Volatile Memory.
Memory contents that are erased
when a computer is shut off.
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Saving.
Transfer of data to a storage
device.
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Read-Write Media.
Storage disks that allow a
computer to both read and store
(write) data. Examples are CD-RW
and floppy disks.
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Sequential Access.
A form of data storage (such as a
computer tape) that requires a
device to read or write data one
record after another starting at the
beginning of the medium.
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Random-Access.
The ability of a storage device to
go directly to a specific location
rather than searching sequentially
from a beginning location.
Magnetic disks are random-access
storage media.
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Pits.
Microscopic indentations on optical
storage media used by laser beams
to read patterns of data on the
surface of disks. The light-sensing
reading device receives no light
from a pit and returns a "0" signal.
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Land.
Flat, reflective areas on optical
storage media the bounces laser
light, returning a "1" signal.
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Online Storage.
Immediately available storage
which does not require a user
action, such as inserting media.
Typically, a hard disk is a personal
computer's online storage device.
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Near-Online Storage.
Secondary storage that requires
insertion of media. Storage readily
made available by user action.
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Access Time.
The estimated time for a storage
device to begin reading data ona
disk, usually measured in
milliseconds for disks and
nanoseconds for RAM.
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Nanosecond.
One-billionth of a second.
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Solid State Disk.
A high-capacity storage device
with rapid access time,
comparable to hard disks. The
device stores up to 8 GBs of data
and uses batteries to provide data
involatility.
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Double-Density (DD)
Floppy Disk.
A type of disk with a higher
storage capacity (800 K) due to
increased disk density.
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High-Density (HD) Floppy
Disk.
A disk that stores more data than a
double-density disk, up to 1.44 MB.
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Write-Protect Tab.
A sliding notch on floppy disks
that, when open, protect disks
from being overwritten or deleted.
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Tracks.
Concentric or spiral storage areas
created in series during formatting
on storage medium.
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Sectors.
Pie-shaped subdivisions of tracks
on storage media.
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Clusters.
Groups of sectors on a storage
medium that, when accessed as a
group, speed up data access.
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File Allocation Table (FAT).
A table of information recording
the physical location of files on
storage medium.
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Fragmentation.
Storage of a data file in non-
contiguous clusters.
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Activity Light.
An indicator that illuminates while
the head is reading or writing data
on a disk, indicating not to press
the eject button.
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Formatting.
The process of preparing a
magnetic disk to store information.
The process of a disk drive's head
laying down the magnetic pattern
of tracks and sectors.
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Hard Disk.
One or more magnetic disk
platters providing high-capacity,
high-speed online storage.
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Platters.
Fixed, rapidly-rotating magnetic
storage component disks of a hard
disk.
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Head Crash.
A collision between the read-write
head and the surface of a hard
disk platter, resulting in disk
damage.
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Partition.
A section of a disk established to
operate as if it were a separate
disk.
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Positioning Performance.
The speed at which a drive can
position the read/write head to
begin transferring data.
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Transfer Performance.
The speed at which a drive can
transfer data.
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Spindle Speed.
The number of revolutions per
second at which hard disk platters
rotate.
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Hard Disk Controller.
A circuit board on the mother
board, on an expansion card, or in
a hard drive that acts as an
interface between the CPU and the
hard disk.
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Small Computer System
Interface (SCSI).
An interface standard used for
attaching peripheral devices such
as drives, scanners, and other
peripherals. Pronounced "scuzzy.
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Disk Cache.
A type of RAM used to temporarily
store information read from a disk,
dramatically improving up hard
disk performance.
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Archiving.
The process of moving data off a
primary storage device to a long-
term storage medium such as a
CD-ROM or removable magnetic
medium.
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Backup.
A duplicate copy of data.
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CD-ROM.
A read-only, optical disk storage
medium that uses laser technology
to read data. An acronym for
compact disc read-only memory.
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CD-ROM drive.
A device that uses laser
technology to read data from a CD-
ROM. CD-ROM drive speed is
stated in multiples of 150,000 bits
per second, such as 2x or 4x.
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Multisession CDs.
ACD that allows a device to write
(burn) data during more than one
session.
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CD-R.
An optical disk technology used to
create CD-ROMs and audio CDs. An
acronym for compact disc-
recordable.
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CD-RW.
An optical disk technology that
allows data to be written onto a
CD, then changed much like on a
floppy or hard disk. An acronym
for compact disc-rewritable.
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DVD.
An optical storage medium similar to
CD-ROM, except with higher storage
capacity (up to 17 GB). The acronym
for "digital video disc" or "digital
versatile disc.” DVD-ROM drives are
downwardly compatible with CD-ROM.
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PC Card (PCMCIA Card).
A credit-card-sized circuit board,
typically used to connect a
modem, memory, network card, or
storage devices to a notebook
computer.
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IS 105 Concepts and Terminology Unit 3 Created by James Q. Jacobs
