Traditional Medicine & Herbal Technology in India

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Director 1 National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Luckesey - 225 O01 

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Traditional Medicine - The tradition of health management/ treating ailments practiced by traditional communities or medicinal practicés,prevalent before the emergence of modern, Medicine (1819 century) are generally termedjas Traditional Medicine - Traditional medicine has almost \ now dissappeared in developing countries but ‘still a living tradition in Third World Nations. * The biodiversity-rich Third World nations have an associated medicinal knowledge systems using the various medicinal plants of 

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42 ‏رس مراک درم‎ Oh The Traditonal Medicine in India function through two streams: 1. Folk stream: Comprising mostly the oral traditions practiced by the rural villagers. The carriers of these traditons are millions of housewives, thousands of traditional birth attendants, bone setters, village practitioners skilled in acupressure, eye treatments, treatment of )snake bites, and traditional village physicians/herbal healers, the ‘vaidyas’ or the tribal physicians. Thesestreams of inherited traditions are together known aS) ‘local health _traditions’(LHT). LHT represent »an autonomous, community -supported living tradition) It is still alive and runs parallel and the great service the LHT render to the primarv health care 

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‎reeked ee en (Orne ))‏ رس ‎2. Classical stream -Organized systems ‎(1) This comprises of the codified and organized medicinal wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundations and _philosophicah explanations expressed in several classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita, Bhela Samhita, and hundreds of other treatises (including some in the regional language) covering all branches of medicine and surgery. ‎Systems like Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Amchi or Tibetan are expressions of these classical streams. 

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Local Health Traditions (LHT) The folklore medicine or LHT is‘again at two 1671: Rural village based: This involves home remedies practiced at almost every home, mostly by the mothers and grand mothers - to specialized individuals, healers or family traditions treating single or general ailment. This system is mostly\oral in tradition except in certain cases mostly in Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat where some written tradition maintained through hand written transcripts in lo¢al languages, some of which are now been available in printed form. Such village folklore medicine or LHT Shea Vo) hom Mal cE Mo) ‏شرت‎ 5000 ty ٩26665 ‏لمي‎ 

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ay coe Sam coer “Orbe cere ys "DOO in ek aay ‏عه‎ ae cre 00 eae ce Source - Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions 

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Local Health-Traditions (Contd.) 2. Tribal based: This is practiced.by the tribal communities who inhabit in and around the forests. This tradition is currently fast eroding due to the change of life style of the tribal people. India has over 67.8 million tribal people belonging to 550 communities of 227 ethni¢e groups as per the classification made by anthropologists om linguistic basis. They inhabit in about 5000-forested villages orilead a nomadic life in the forest. Each tribal community haSpa distinct social and cultural identity of its own and ‘speaks a common dialect. There are about 116 different dialects and 227 subsidiary dialects spoken by tribals in India. According to a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, under the “All India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology” (AICRPE- 1992-1998; Pushpangadan 1994), over 10000 wild plants are reported to be used by tribals for meeting their primary health care, food and material requirements (Figure 1). About 8000 wild plant species are used by the Indian tribes for a variety OE Oe ‏او‎ peer en Tr ey 

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Indian System of Medicines The promotive, preventive, corrective and curative approach in health care and the medicinal ‘plants possessing such properties are indeed the strength of the Indian Systems of medicine (ISM). The ancient masters of Ayurveda and Siddha had organized, codified and synthesized the medical wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundation and ‘philosophical explanations. They adopted the fundamental doctriftes of “Darshana” philosophy, particularly the ‘Nyaya’, “Sankhya’ and ‘Vaiseshika’, which encompassed all sciences - physical, chemical, biological and _ spiritual. While ‘Darshana’ philosophers discussed and debated their theories, Ayurvedic masters put them to practical test and applied them successfully to interpret the laws governing the material objects of the universe and the dynamics of biological evolution. The modern physicists and biologists are now demonstrating the precision and exactness of many such cosmological theories and other rationale and hypothetical assumptions intuitively discovered and developed by the ۳۱۳9۳۳0 0 ۱۵ ۰۱ | ی اد 

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Indian System of Medicines (Contd) Rasayana Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) isa speciality of Ayurveda, which mainly deals \ with the preservation and promotion of health. It promotes longevity and prevents or delays the aging. process. Rasayana promotes rsistance against infections and other causative factors for the disease by maintaining the equilibrium of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The Rasayana, if administered at an early age, also helps the body metabolism\in such a way that he genetic predisposition for\a particular disease is avoided and the intensity of the symptoms of a particular disease is greatly reduced. 

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Indian System of Medicines (Contd) Panchakarma ‎Therapy) ded wold, wit the rewovd of‏ اك ورد ماما زاس و لا لا متا اا ل ا ‎ce eM cae oe RRS cen icc Oe od es od‏ ا ‎Dea A‏ ‎Dee eas STR conse Rays ceca Da ea Beara ol aM Soe oa ces ed‏ ‎as A ee‏ تست دا اا ا ‎Tas a aaa eg Maths OAR cea CR on ec PM‏ ‎Tac‏ ا ‎ae NS a‏ ما ‎ans Me om Pains eM cr 9‏ 0 ل ‎Da‏ ‎Vice er ea oe ad cee cS OR cr a eMac orcas‏ ل ‎ries‏ ‎fe @poveda, takes Ourven (ewesis), Otrevhood ((Puatiog),‏ ‎Ostrapaca (Deveriva evewa), Powvoscca (Oly ecews) ood Ossye‏ تسد ال( 

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Indian System of Medicines ‏لتاعتطعتم‎ (Contd) In this therapeutic measure, warm medicated oil is poured all over the body followed by massage, insseven positions in a systematic manner for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system like paralysis, sciatica, \osteoarthiritis, musculo-skeletal, neuro-muscular and degenerative diseases. Pizhichil is very useful as a health restorative measure,for elderly persons when it is regularly used once a year Or SO» This treament cleanses the minute channels in the body of morbid substances. ل كت This is an oil treatment applied to the head in which a leather belt is tied to ht clean shaven scalp. The junction of scalp and leather beld is sealed with paste prepared from wheatflour or black gram. Medicated oil is then poured into it and kept for the stipulated time. This is recommended for 

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Indian System of Medicines (Contd) Shirodhara This therapeutic measure is carried out.by pouring oil or medicated liquids on the forehead. for treating headaches, vertigo, insomnia, anxiety, ete. It is also useful in many psychosomatic disorders) and hypertension. ال كا This Alkaline Thread threpy is a popular herbal treatment for ano-rectal diseases likes fistula-in-Ano\and haemorrhoids (piles) under the _ speciality \ of Shalyatandra are prepared from plants like Arka and Snuhi by using their milk or herbal alkaline material and typing a the site. The advantage of this therapy is that the patients may remain mobile during the treatment. It 50006 7100751020006 712170290000990( لاف ادساف ا ل ل ل ل 00 

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۱: AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEG' Sey CUCU eer sa Ee eg) come STC) * Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of 5800@linical signs and symptoms in ‏عله ستيه‎ Ce ee eee etn eerie etn 0000 000000 ets nt eet ee ee ec ttt ee ec Utilising 1200 plants, 100 minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations. 

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TREATMENT OF-ANIMALS IN AYURVEDA Some Ancient“lreatise 19 Untana eects atc e oer Cree aneemeccanc aoe tose TCs Cate ‏ععحمط که ووققهعنة ۶ه خصمصامه۲۳ بمانطهگ متامونلمرگ‎ Wo Wate eemanct enol Cmncr ser) ea etact muni and Somaputra Budh for treating fishes. CaO ‏ا‎ omer tne as’ ‏بعلصلط‎ ‏و‎ Veterinary Physicians in Mahabharat ~ ۱7 ‏ا‎ tee ‏ا‎ ‎accion om ory Nakula is said to have authored a treatise on horses Nala was an expert in treatment of horses and also' called Ashwavid ا 00 كرام م oy 

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MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES Hospitals & Dispensaries of ISM & Homeopathy in India oma eee Se ‏ووهوه‎ Medical education facilities in India om ad ‏سه طن دده هيفك‎ Cree fe 68 ‏وه سوه‎ 6 ore 3 3 0 es) 02 ‏لس‎ 06 7 ] 2 2666© 660 

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MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contth) Number of Ayurveda ‏تست‎ ۳9۱ CL ‎oa‏ عه ده ‎Core Ov.‏ و جر سوه ‎Pradesh ini 0‏ لته ل ] سب 1۳3 ‎Orson‏ ‎Oke 2 ||] ae. || akg Pronto‏ ‎ul oe ora‏ 3 ص ||| .© |0 0 ان ده سسن]| ‎Coy en‏ سم ‎Avery a es‏ لسن ]| ]ان 0 ‎ne on en ec‏ ‎cre ae oe‏ ‎prea eo)‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1۳1۳11۳1209 ‎3 ‎2 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Conti) 9 Nee Ot Ty 00 eae ۳۹ rea 5 eee co a) ood 9 Pond 0 Acts administered in the ISM Sector (ee ent POM exO reo aac) كم 4 هذا بولسدصصياا” إن ‎Ferner‏ ۱ ۹ ‏ل‎ tet cen oamen od ۵ ‏.م1990 سل( 6 2 سم سا 8 مسا‎ 

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MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.) Statutory Regulatory Bodies for ISM under Government of India eer Tomer eto Ce a a 9 0-5 ‏مك‎ een 0000 Research Councils under Central Government 5 Engaged in clinical research activities on drugs of Indian Systems, survey on Medicinal Plants, drug standardization, tribal and \family welfare research carried out through units setup in different parts of the 7 Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha 36 ‏دحا‎ ‎Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine 32 و مع و و را 

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MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.) National Institutes set up by Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Government of India For producing graduates and post-graduates of high quality for conducting research and to provide quality medical care National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (under establishment) National Institute of Homeopathy, Calcutta National Institute of Naturopathy, Pune Moraji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New Delhi National Institute of Siddha, Chennai (under establishment) Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New Delhi Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine (۷ 

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PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE The role of herbal medicine in ‘effectively meeting the primary health care needs of the rural people, particularly of the Third World countries is now well appreciated. This has led to the widespread interest in placing herbal medicine in a appropriate scientific framework, by assessing their safety, efficacy and quality, according to modern standards}WHO idelines for asse: ‏ق۱9۵9‎ the followii ‏ا ا‎ Gare CRDE RENT USer Ib) preparations, finished products, Perea 2. Safety assessment (toxicological studies, documentation of safety based on experience). 5 of efficacy and intended ‏تا‎ ‎(pharmacological activity, evidence required to support indication). 4, Product information to consumers. 5 Marketing 

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Flowering plants used in Traditional Systems of Medicine in India 0170007 0007 000000 لا 5 ل لا 

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Examples of some important plant derived drugs 7 he Omer Goalie “Bid oe 9 a =a ۳ ‏رس‎ os eas 0 سح any ee = —— ~ os aay ered eed ۷ =a 22s تسا فسستت مس سي يه ‎a‏ جسبیه = — ‏بط ‎adda‏ سس تسيا ‎= ees ‏اي ملس سنا ‎deel‏ ای سیم ماسقا اس هت هت اس سس هت ‎Ss‏ لس سم ترس ‏تهج ,= ‎ ‎ ‏خصو ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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Examples of seme important plant derived drugs (Contd..) سا 3 eon’ cee ee ۱ Garon. 0 سم ماه سس سر سامت aay Corer Sas hee ee Cree toe) cd 

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Institutions operating Central scheme for development of Pharmacopoeial standards for ASU T7.Govt. Ayurvedic & Unani Pharmacy Nanded 0 ‏ا‎ ‎(CSIR),Hyderabad SCRE to nace see Fitters Pere erin Meee ec Peston sina stat Ma طمزصبط ,وعمدء نعو (لةعتاياةعمسمهطم 2ه ملنط ناعم .21 > طنهوتةصفط نا PON ee eee ese UT ۳ ۹ مد ا سي ,23 ‎Research, Mohali‏ & Pree eee ec aeRO ale) Peres ceees Snecma ۷ ‏طعدوتلة رنه بندنا‎ 3. B. H. U. Varanasi (CCRAS Unit) PU Naan tee a eS Research development Centre, Thalteji, ‏قلطم لع سملم‎ 0 ‏ل‎ ۳0 Ayurveda, (CCRAS), Chennai 0 ORC mronts 0 EMO CN ABET ety 8. ‏عنامهمته ل‎ Plants, Lucknow نطاط باعلا روممصهطط که موعلامی ,9 1 ‎So cake nem ena TE 8‏ > اكه ال ان روماه امعصعاع لمعنلع 1 زه مم86 .11 ل 0 تعقصهمة .[8.51.1 ,تطاهصك1 .8 بلا م .12 لتملتطكنظ ,اتسنا ‎ee‏ ‏00 ا ل ‎(CCRUM), Aligarh‏ 27. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine, Chennai ae 1 ‏ا ی رس را‎ eG eee eee ACE 15. Drugs Standardisation Res, Project, Gujrat ae ١ 3 هم ا ‎eee‏ حرط (31ل1ظع0) ترعمصصهطط عه والنامة؟ .16 ا ا 

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eC EO Kee ‏ب مانا‎ ۱ ۱ fone ca oo) on es 0 مامت مت ‎hae‏ ناموت تا 9 ‏الات ص ‎ 

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اب( 00 << rer mer 020 eC ea 01 000 ee ed CRC SOR Oe anes 3 مامت سس .9 Ne ‏مدنا‎ Cr ‏ل‎ comes csr TTS ‏لا‎ 2) Gara 0101 00 001 ۱ CO Neen ed ۱ ۱ Se ete een بصنا مسحت ماد ةا .1060 ‎ees‏ 000 تس مسبت ‎SON‏ ماع سم ,66 a aed Rs Oe oa Oe eee ee Cs Dene CRO Tog Oran pers Dew. 

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ب همادا ‎Soa anes (eee oar ke lraad‏ له «صادص 089:4 لحف جحو وج ان) أصن ةا .0.0 جا تمصت عدجا إن اانا سس ل كك ‎a Cee eet ade‏ ‎RG‏ .16 ۱ فك ۵ مه جم ‏ .49 ‎Come‏ ا ‎CON‏ ‎a 00, oe‏ ۱3 فک ‎cee ele Re‏ ‎ke‏ فك اقا ۱9 ‎ee‏ ‎aoe‏ ل ‎oH CO ae‏ ا ل ال 9 .8 و ل ل .9 و 0 0 0000 ‎CRG na ee ook ene) for eee ted ad‏ 0ك 4ه ‎Cea (Sor eee‏ ‎ee ane ™ eer‏ خسنت ‎Ca ea rN ١‏ ‎oa‏ تفا 0 ‎CO ete kc]‏ ‎a Ora‏ 0000 ‎ ‎ ‎cern.) ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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تم مو ا 0 100000 ‌هب مس 020000 wore ‏ز[ [ ز ز ز ز ز‎ comer cad 66. هو .90 .66 ۵ 60. 66. 66. Coenen ee OCC ceed dn da Cone een ‎ceed‏ سوه مه ‏سامت وت ‎as‏ ‎eee‏ ‎Ce Rete Cee RC ‏مس مه ‎Ceo‏ ‎Oe ea‏ ‎fone omen‏ مس مین ‏2ه هم 2 ه همد هه 88 ‎AE‏ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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OBJECTIVES ‘GE RESEARCH ON AYURVEDIC DRUGS er yu Byer USCC ETC Bectel Cole iti eLomew Naira Teles ate) Use of GMP procedures and QC * Certified shelf life and improved-dosage form ‏لا‎ cr (aloes * Deletion of obsolete or toxic formulation هتم تمعتصناه همه ها وونل عنقونو۸ ۵۶ ووتا ۵ 7 * Adjunct to existing drugs ۱ ater ‏ل‎ Coa NT unsatisfactory SPC tome Bente Ve CONome ENG T cert ‏عاحعت‌تاعدم عنامه‎ ۱ ۱ C mC) ۱ عوسست ا 3۲۵ ۵ را ‎Utilizing leads from other countries‏ * ‎Study of unscreened flora, specially endemic or threatened‏ * دورو ا 01 5" ۲ 

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17 Name of the D: Botanical features Habitat 1 ۱ Species and part used’ Way of storage and pri AYURVEDIC PROTOCOLS FOR DRUG EVALUATION (Yogyamapi Aoushdam Evam A. Pharmacognostical Study 1. ۷2۵ 2. Rupam 3. Desa jatam 4. Ritu grhitam 5. Grhitam 9۱ 

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عنطحصرحت ومع ومزط مط ععمعمعع ا عم صمنعهط]کزط ‎—zones/provinces_of India‏ 1,700 500 تم 0 es Sy 7 3 es aero ey re ns Snr ‏مما‎ ‎ees ‏الح سس‎ nny [۱ 00101000 acters SLNo. | _Bio-Geographic Zone—— 0 on 2 The ‏امسا‎ ‎0 ‏تس‎ ‎5 ee 9 errr 10. or ا 00 

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The 2000 IUCN Red List-of Threatened Indian Medicinal plants 1. Aquilaria malaccensis 9. Pinus gerardiana 2. Butea monosperma 10. Pterocarpus indicus ‏.قن‎ 6 11.Pterocarpus santalinus 3. Chloroxylon swietenia ‏بر‎ album 4. Commiphora wightii bi Syewneere 5. Euodia lunuankenda wa Some ene 6. Hydnocarpus gamblei geacrocarpa 15.Tabernaemontana 7. Mangifera indica heyneana 8. Ochreinauclea 16. Taxus wallichiana missionis 

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IUCN-RED LIST CRITERIA IUCN Red List criterfa(1995) include the following: poem ‏ی‎ ‎has died. Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in ۱ nes eect Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered. when it is facing an Prcesu hat een aod antec en hai Ren Ceuta nem tar) aes Cena ees SOR ‏ل ا‎ eet ‏ا‎ eee) 0 ‏(حامنلذنن‌ها 50 صهطة متمصه امه گه همتخهلت‌ومح‌طنه عه لقن‎ ۳ Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical, but is facing a Very high ۱۱ ‏ل ا‎ con Tt) RU Rg etc ome MES CLS so ag ‏ا ا تور‎ ١ 1 ‏ا ل‎ a very high risk of extinction in the wild, in the medium term future. (50% decline in the PPL eter rrr et OCU cn OMe aecer gee ee PMT RTE Gl population, estimated 10,000 individuals or subpopulation of 1000 mature individuals). Conservation Dependent (CD): A taxon is under taxon-specific or habitat Specific ‏همنامددم» م1۳ .عمتاهعنو هز حمدها عطا مامعتگه ولاممتنک طمنطنه عصصهتومتط حمتاهته‌عدوع‎ 0۶ 8 program would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories. 0101 uO ae Ge OR ieee cn ak eum re ROC Care coaatar 1) Pree Tete art este eee Rete Seah ‏ا‎ WC ene SCE population status. | beh OE eS OL OR Ce a Bene ACC oe ORCC CI (oo 

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مت مه اهب با ‎od 00 eer‏ یت ‎od‏ ‎ero 0 8 a 02‏ 66 ۳ 90 0 ‎eee 0‏ 96 0 ‎ee eee‏ 00 0 ‎Cee 60 ee an‏ 0ك 26 سينا ‎a 3 eee‏ سوه لس 07 — تسه ما۳ 9۰ ‎Cee‏ ‎ee 666 ed‏ ‎ao 9 ee‏ ‎eres ay Ce eer ner‏ سیم 2 ‎Ce‏ 

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د علصدط عدعن 5610 01 عتطتهاع ‎Germplasm‏ en © & AP سا کل 7 0 ‏ا‎ ‎eon) ‎Cree eo ee) Cee ee) 97 eee a eee eee) one a) eee ee) eee ee Word وود |ه |ه و | |« |« |ه |هزقزاع 

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۱ cnn Ce CC nm Att tg various institution: Sl.No. Reena Grop(Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used 3 sey Plantago ovata Raya ‏عاشناط ,5638 عدم‎ 2 000006 00 ‏هلا ,اه‎ ۵ 3 62 oe ‏سح‎ 0 3 ‏من‎ . Cornero “ 3 ‘Sona 535222255 ‏ا‎ Leaves, pods 3 ‏میم‎ “ ey 7 7 Shweta ee en aed tt ae 9 Shyama ak — 3 7 ‏دسر‎ a 8 ‏اد‎ 1 7 1 erry a 8 ‏م‎ 11 ‏مه‎ 2 x me 12 Ty oe og 13, pears ‏بت‎ Re ene) امه مه ‎oe ce‏ من 14 00000 2001 رم :15 و ‎=e‏ خر .16 17 000 ‏لات‎ Wao 18. Arrest os aay 1 cory ree en ae ey 20 5 ak pei لطلفط ولا راهطا 8 ‎a‏ مور 2 22 ‏تس‎ Pac fencer 

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Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various eo ۲ ‏تاه من‎ Ceca Parts used Flowers | See ey aaa) Saar on eg ‏هط تا‎ هتفه ,ماه دمل ‎ceo‏ = Si 05000 0 ped See eon cra 5 Jholum ‘Nirmal cet ony 5 مهو 90-1 ‎ron‏ ‎rere‏ ‎Peery‏ ‎Poshita‏ RRL (Purple) ‏رت‎ ‎Pe ‎00 ‎020 ‎5 HR 2n-11 Ca pene omer} ۳3 23 24 25 3 27 2۳ ‎a 1‏ 1ك ‎Source: Sharma, J.R. (2001) ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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۱۵۱ Tacs Cyril by ICAR and SAUs~ 9 Come et Cn] lee ere) ed ee eee) ence area) 0 Sen ar] eee) eae eae) ‏لي يك‎ eae eae) ۱ ‏مك‎ ا ‎OO‏ 0% 070 © © 8 28288 ع ‎