صفحه 1:
Traditional systems of
herbal medicine
صفحه 2:
و
صفحه 3:
Oriental systems
* there is a resurgence of interest in the
older oriental systems due to:
1. A dissatisfaction with conventional
treatments
2. The recent interest in all things
natural, environmentally friendly and
biodegradable
صفحه 4:
These older types of medicine are
philosophically based, and are holistic
in that they treat the patient as a whole
rather than as the ‘owner’ of a disease
or malfunctioning organ
CHolistc medicine:
An approach to medical care that
emphasizes the study of all aspects of
a person’s health, including physical,
psychological, social, and economic
influences on health status
صفحه 5:
* It is necessary for pharmacist to know about
the basic principles of the older medical
systems for two main reasons:
1. to be in a position to advise patients who
may wish to consult an alternative
practitioner
2. because traditional use is a common starting
point in the ongoing search for new drugs
bee 5 2
1 53500007 Chinese Medicine Aon
Pa NUL aire]
صفحه 6:
Od era rm Me ra الا ا ا ا
or sevitay disorders, or chou or serio disorders
Minor or self-limiting disorders
such ailments include aches and pains,
diarrhea, wounds or injuries, and facilitating
childbirth, for which a common remedy will be
اوبا ۵۱۱۷ ۵
v The remedy would usually be an
indigenous plant or herb or a remedy
obtainable from a local market, and
would be well known within the
community
صفحه 7:
* Chronic or serious disorders
these may be fatal, life-threatening or
debilitating conditions, or those that cannot be
diagnosed by indigenous healers; they are
often considered to have a “supernatural”
component e.g. forms of cancer and genetic or
metabolic disorders
صفحه 8:
The dose
* In traditional medicine, this usually means a
lack of specific dose e.g. calabash, seashell,
وت و۰۱
* Traditional medicine is more concerned with
how to take remedy rather than how much
~ this aspect of traditional medicine is very
important indeed because it means that highly
potent plants are rarely part of a traditional
pharmacopoeia and some plants which we
now find useful were considered dangerous
e.g. foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.)
صفحه 9:
Oa gn AN WE aye Ate RUD Ss
۳۹ id
* There may be a correlation between
traditional usage and pharmacological action,
such as the isolation of antipyretic principles
from a ‘fever’ remedy, but, even so, it may
turn out different to our expectations. For
example:
the periwinkle Vinca (Catharanthus) rosa was
traditionally used for treating diabetes, but on
further investigation yielded the powerful
anticancer alkaloids vincristine and
vinblastine
صفحه 10:
Dredtond 0
(TCO)
صفحه 11:
Dedote (TOO) !0 ال
*The study of TCM is a mixture of myth
and fact, stretching back well over
5000 years
* Chinese medicine is philosophically
based, and as an holistic therapy the
concept of balance and harmony is
supremely important
صفحه 12:
Concepts in TCM
a aaeeed یا
.اوه CON (Cots) Nice Cin ecm cca NN
Ce ee NSEC ca
OD cree و cm eee Be
۱ او
000 cece ed roe cn acd
aR a ا Cn Za aC cecal
رل
صفحه 13:
(er) the essratd ie Porce
*\t is the quality, quantity and balance of
qi that determine your state of health
Food and air affect health, so diet and
breathing exercises are very important
It is considered that the original vital
energy, qi, is gradually dissipated
throughout life, so it is important to
conserve it using diet, kung fu, breathing
exercise and herbal medicine
صفحه 14:
ابا ی ۱
The theory of yin and
yang still permeates
all aspects of Chinese
thought. Attributes of
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female/water
The yin-yong symbol.
positive/active/bright/
male/fire
صفحه 15:
aR Pa
Yin is considered to be the stronger:
fire is extinguished by water, and water
is ‘indestructible’. So yin is always
mentioned before yang
*Yin and yang are always in balance
صفحه 16:
ON eR Vd cas rcas og
* The earth is divided into wood, fire, earth,
metal and water. They dominate everything
on earth, and each is associated with a vital
organ of the body:
© Heart: fire
' Kidneys: water
! Liver: wood
1 Lungs: metal
| Spleen: earth
صفحه 17:
سا ماهر
| These do not correspond to our organs exactly
| Exact anatomy was not considered important
since it was the relationship between the
organs, the five elements, gi and yin and yang
that mattered. Cor excacnple:
if a person with a red complexion (fire color)
and who laughs a lot (fire sound) may have an
over-fired heart; in this case, herbs to sedate
the heart will be given
صفحه 18:
سا ماهر
! The organs are considered to be yin or yang
and are paired.
Coupled organs are connected by meridians,
or energy channels, through which qi flows.
Meridians are not associated with the
nervous system and cannot be seen
physically.
Meridians are stimulated with herbs and by
acupuncture and will have a direct effect on
a particular organ as well as a toning effect
on the system.
صفحه 19:
ل ۱0
' Bacteria, viruses and chemicals are not
considered to be causes.
If an organ is weak, it may be attacked,
and therefore the weakness is the cause
and must be rectified.
The disease may be the result of
external forces and internal emotional
factors.
صفحه 20:
Cuuses oP dsewse
The external forces are called the six
excesses:
Most people, if healthy, are not affected by
the six excesses but, if the body is deficient in
qi or weather conditions are abnormal, then
this may cause problems.
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1
صفحه 21:
rated ا
! These are considered to be the major internal
causes of disease.
‘ Excessive emotional activity causes:
1. Asevere yin/yang imbalance
2. Blockage of qi in the meridians
3. Impairment of vital organ function
! Excessive emotional activity will lead to
damage of the organs and allow disease to
enter from outside, or a minor weakness from
inside to develop.
صفحه 22:
rang اك
*The seven emotions are:
1. Joy
2. Anger
3. Anxiety
4. Concentration
5. Grief
6
. Fear (A feeling of agitation and anxiety caused by
1176© عع عوعرم 01 OLEAN EL ترا
. Fright (Sudden intense fear)
5
صفحه 23:
ع اج موروو ۷
Once physical damage has occurred, by
whatever cause, it will need more than
emotional factors to cure it and herbs will be
used.
1
' There are a few other causes, which are not
emotional or external excesses. These are the
exception of the rule, and include:
لا ی لب تج
صفحه 24:
Ne rig od
Various methods are used:
. Examination of the tongue
. Pulse diagnosis
. Palpation of internal organs (to determine consistency
0
and tone)
. Massage (to detect temperature and knotted muscles and
nerves)
7 Interviewing (vital tions are asked about sle ۳۹۹۵
tastes in food and drink, stool and urine
quality, fever, perspiration and sexual
activity)
صفحه 25:
امعردوادس !|4
8 مغ 5أ ع05مانام عط rectify harmony, restore qi
and the yin/yang balance.
For example:
‘cold’ diseases, such as cold in the lungs,
coughs, vomiting and nausea are considered
to be a deficiency of yang and treatment
would be with a warming herb such as a
ginger.
Once the prescription has been chosen and
written out, the patient takes it to a Chinese
herbalist who prepares the remedy.
صفحه 26:
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of 5 Ae eof | eof | Example | Desire
disea di diseas | remed | of remedy |d effect
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Nausea
5 5 5 Warmi
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5 ۷۱ :
WY Fave Wa tel 5 Coolin
Hot 0م Yang 2۱ ون g
صفحه 27:
صفحه 28:
صفحه 29:
¢ Ayurveda is considered to be the most
ancient of all medical disciplines.
¢ Ayurveda is a system of sacred Hindu
medicine, originating in India.
medi , the patient is اب
ue, 2 (۲۳۳۵ 85 زج 15 لع الاع ألا
aT mer is in contrast to
Western medicine, where populations
are generalized and ‘normal’ means
what is applicable to the majority.
صفحه 30:
>» Ayurvedic medicine is worthy of study because:
1. It is the most ancient system of medicine still in
use today.
2. It has influenced so many other types.
* Philosophically, Ayurveda has similarities with
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM):
1. In TCM, there are two (yin and yang), and in
Ayurveda there are three (the tridosha).
2. There are five elements in both, but they are
slightly different.
3. Many remedies are common to both systems
although the philosophical rationale for their
application may be a little different
صفحه 31:
صفحه 32:
(AU od modo cm Oy
' Prana is the vital energy, activating both
body and mind.
' Nutrient prana from the air gives energy to
the vital prana in the brain, via respiration,
and is thus the equivalent of qi in TCM.
In the body it is seated in the head, and
governs emotions, memory and other
functions of the mind.
Prana (1) kindles the bodily fire [agni] and
(2) governs the functioning of the heart,
entering the bloodstream from where it
controls the vital organs [dhatus].
صفحه 33:
NCA od od ancien od
° The basic elements of cosmic energy are:
the ether (space), air, fire, water and earth.
° The five elements are related to the five
senses: hearing, touch, vision, taste & smell.
For example:
Ether is related to hearing, since sound is
transmitted through it, and from there to the
ear, the associated sense organ, leading to
speech, from the organs of action which are
the tongue and vocal cords.
صفحه 34:
Ges oe eRe ee ore
اص اج eee
مقصنط فطع ما غوع]أصمم عق 5أمعمصعاء عاق عط[ 3
body as three basic principles or humors
known as the ‘tridosha’.
The three humors (vata, pitta, kapha) govern
all biological, psychological and
physiopathological functions of the body and
mind.
The primary requirement to diagnosis and
treatment of disease is to understand the
relationship between the humors.
صفحه 35:
! The tridosha affects the creation,
maintenance and destruction of bodily
tissues and the elimination of toxins
(ama) from the body.
The tridosha is responsible for
psychological phenomena, including basic
human emotions such as fear, anger and
greed, and more complicated sentiments
such as understanding, compassion and
love, and as such is the foundation of the
psychosomatic nature of man.
صفحه 36:
tS} ارت ت۵0 وا کات
an equilibrium, balance and coordination
between the three vital body systems:
the central nervous system (CNS) >
the endocrine system >
the immune axis >
* The tridosha can be considered to govern all
metabolic activities:
| 1 ا لووك »اه اعة عه
metabolism — pitta
anabolism > kapha
صفحه 37:
¢ For example:
When vata is out of balance, the
metabolism will be disturbed,
resulting in excess catabolism, which
is the breakdown or deterioration
process in the body; excess would
therefore induce emaciation.
When anabolism is greater than
catabolism (excess kapha), there is an
increased rate of growth and repair of
organs and tissues.
8
صفحه 38:
* The tridosha can be described further:
" Vata, affiliates to air or ether (space), is a
principle of movement. It can be characterized
as the energy controlling biological movement
and is thus associated with the CNS, and
governs functions such as breathing, blinking,
heartbeat and nervous impulses.
| Pitta, is affiliated to fire and water, and
governs bodily heat and energy. It is involved
in metabolism, digestion, excretion,
manufacture of blood and endocrine secretions
and is also involved with intelligence and
understanding.
صفحه 39:
Kapha, is associated with water and earth.
It is responsible for:
. Physical structure
. Biological strength
. Regulatory functions
. Immunity
. Production of mucus and synovial fluid
. Wound healing
. Vigor and memory retention
صفحه 40:
Crom, the hucvod تم
* Humans can be divided into personality types,
and the constitution of an individual is
determined by the state of the parental
tridosha at conception.
Most people are not completely one type, but
can be described as vata-pitta or pitta-kapha.
¢ As well as the vata, pitta and kapha type of
personalities, there are three basic attributes
(satva, rajas & tamas) provide the basis for
distinctions in human temperament, individual
differences and psychological and moral
dispositions.
صفحه 41:
! 51۷2 60۲۵5565 6556۳066, ۲,
purity, clarity, compassion and love.
! Rajas describes movement,
aggressiveness and extroversion.
! Tamas manifests in ignorance, inertia,
heaviness and dullness.
صفحه 42:
موه ات هر ۱۳۰
* Agni governs metabolism and is essentially
pitta in nature. An imbalance in the tridosha
will impair agni and therefore affect
metabolism.
* Agni plays a vital role in the creation and
maintenance of dhatus (body tissues).
®@ Agni contains heat which helps in the digestion
of external elements that enter our body. The
food which enters our digestive tract is
converted into life sap with the help of agni.
+ Agni also helps in destroying ama (toxins).
These are produced if there is an imbalance of
doshas.
صفحه 43:
Odes, the three weste products
These are as may be expected the
feces, urine and sweat, and production
and elimination of these are vital.
Their appearance and properties can
give many indications of the state of the
tridosha and therefore health.
صفحه 44:
Okuts, the seven tissues
The human body consists of seven
basic tissues or organs (constructing
elements) or dhatus.
When there is a disorder in the balance
of the tridosha, the dhatus are directly
affected.
The dhatus do not correspond to our
definition of anatomy, but are more a
tissue type than an individual organ.
صفحه 45:
۱6۱/۰ ang
* Taking the case history involves
astrological considerations as well as a
thorough examination, where the
appearance of the tongue, properties of
the urine, sweat and sputum will also
be examined.
صفحه 46:
iran | اك
Treatment may involve:
Diets
Bloodletting
Fasting
Skin applications
enemas
Yogic breathing
Herbal treatments
تدلوت ویر
«
ا ا ا ا
صفحه 47:
CT RN CaN Br a ceo OD NB nicl Occ
Medical use
Digestive,
antiseptic
Digestive,
2-7
Colo) ge (1g)
Digestive,
blood tonic,
antiasthmatic
Effect on
dosha
Pacifies
vata &
kapha
Pacifies
vata & pitta
iste تتعروت
tridosha
Ayurvedic
۱3۳06
Kalonji
Kalmirch
Haritaki
Botanical
name
Nigella
۳0-1
اوه
nigrum
زور۱2
51-26
صفحه 48: