درج رفرنس در مقاله و کتاب MLA& APA

Chapter Three Use Outside Resources Essay Writing Course V.Jami Spring2026 Working with Sources How to use outside source material correctly When you research a topic and “borrow” material from the sources you found in your research, you must give credit to those sources. What are “outside sources” for a research paper? Traditional sources include:  Books  Entire books  Chapters  Works within an anthology  Articles  Professional journals, magazines, newspapers …but there are many other types of sources, such as: Web pages  Personal interviews  Videotaped interviews  Movies  E-mail correspondence   And other sources. Whenever you find information for your research paper (except in your own head), you are using a source. It’s important to let your readers know that you used material from someone else. Why should you document the sources you use? It’s because the material you use from these sources doesn’t belong to you. When someone conducts a study, analyzes a topic, proposes a new idea, puts words together in a distinctive way, or does other intellectual work, the work is his/her “intellectual property.” This idea of “ownership” is the way professors, scholars, and professionals in Western culture look at research. To your professor, using an outside source without telling your readers that you are “borrowing” material from it is like… …”borrowing” someone’s money and using it for yourself. Not to indicate your source is considered academic dishonesty, i.e. plagiarism. Colleges have rules against plagiarism—and there are penalties. Everyone can recognize intentional plagiarism:  Buying a paper on the Internet.  Turning in your brother’s research paper with your name on it.  Putting material from outside sources in your paper and making it look like your own ideas or words. But there is also unintentional (accidental) plagiarism—not giving credit to your sources because you don’t know how, or because you were careless. Even if it was a mistake, you can still get into trouble! There are other good reasons to acknowledge your sources:  Your readers will trust what you write.  You will be showing your instructors that you know how to do research correctly. In today’s workshop, we’ll look at the correct ways to integrate source material into your paper. To summarize: When you use the information, words or ideas of someone else, be sure to tell where they came from. Rule of thumb for deciding what to document:  Borrowed language (exact words)  Borrowed ideas, explanations, theories, etc.  Borrowed statistics, information, definitions, etc. All need to be documented. Here’s an exception: You do not need to document information that is common knowledge— that is, something everyone “just knows.” For example, --Most cars have four wheels. --Lansing is the capital of Michigan. --Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. Some guidelines:  Can you find the same information in at least four general sources?  Is it information that does not change over time?  Is it something that “everybody just knows?” If so, you don’t need to cite a source. Where do you put the information about your sources in a research paper? Two places:  If you use MLA or APA style, you put the information in “in-text citations”—that is, right in the body of your paper. If you use CMS, you put it in notes, right after the body of the paper.  You also put information about your sources on a page at the end of your paper. The kind of information you put in your in-text citations (or notes) and how you organize the information at the end of your paper depends on the documentation style you are using. In this workshop we’ll look at how to insert the borrowed information correctly into the body of your paper. No matter which system of documentation you use, you will want to use something to “signal” to your reader at the beginning and end of the borrowed material, whenever possible. Today we’ll use MLA (Modern Language Association) style in our examples. In MLA, you insert the name of the author and the page on which you found the information into the body of your paper. (APA uses name and year. CMS uses name and note number.) You can use these two pieces of information to tell your readers where the material you borrowed starts and stops. Example: Williamson conjectured that Martians landed in Minnesota approximately two decades ago (22). When you borrow from an outside source, there are three basic ways to use the material: Quote directly Summarize Paraphrase There are specific rules for quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing that help you avoid accidental plagiarism. A quotation is when you use the exact words of a source— no changes. Use a quotation when: --you can’t think of a better way to express an idea. --there is something noteworthy about the language. To quote from a source:  Use the exact words of the source. Don’t change a thing!  Enclose short quotes (fewer than four lines) in quotation marks. The page number goes outside of the quotation marks and before the end punctuation.  For longer quotes, don’t use quotation marks. Indent the whole quotation 10 spaces. If you MUST make a change in the quote, use brackets around the item you changed. Jackson stated that Martians “wash [their] tentacles with chamomile soap before dinner” (132). If you leave something out of a quote, indicate this with ellipses: Hobson refuted Jackson’s assertion at length, stating that “Martians have never been known to use chamomile soap…indeed, they prefer Palmolive” (97). When you paraphrase, you are using an idea from a source, but you put it in your own words. You try to use different words and phrasing. Your version will be roughly the same length as the source’s version. Use a paraphrase: --to make the idea blend into your paper more smoothly. --to demonstrate that you understand what the source was saying. (Profs like this!) When you paraphrase:  Put the information into your own words.  Keep all of the points the author made.  Keep the points in the same order as they appear in the source.  Do not shorten/condense anything.  Do not use quotation marks. The third strategy is summary. You summarize when you want to give your readers a quick overview of what the source material says. When you summarize:  Put the information into your own words.  Shorten/condense the material.  Do not use quotation marks. Let’s pretend you are writing a research paper about the social lives of Martians. You found a useful book by Harold Hobson. Here is material that you want to use from the book by Hobson: “Notorious shopaholics, Martians enter shopping malls with a gleam in their eyes—a gleam that comes from knowing exactly where every store is and where to find the best bargains ” (Hobson 88). As you can see, this is a direct quote—Hobson’s exact words. If you decided to paraphrase the material, it would look something like this: According to Hobson, Martians are shop-’til-you-drop fanatics. They take pride in knowing when, where and how to locate the true bargains (88). If you were summarizing the material from Hobson’s book, it would look something like this: Hobson claims that Martians are expert shoppers, even fanatics (88). The best research papers usually use all three strategies — quotations, paraphrase, and summary. Finding Sources  The most authoritative sources come from refereed [or peer reviewed] journals.  Use scholarly publications  Look for signed articles  Check for a bibliography  Make sure the article really pertains to your topic Quotations = Evidence  Read Beware! your Make sources surethoroughly. that your paper Don’t is remove not merely a quotation a compilation from of a text quotations! without  understanding the context thoroughly. Refer to secondary source material only  Follow when required protocolto fordoincorporating so. source material. Use a Direct Quote* When the author’s language is expressive and effective for your particular purpose  When you are looking for technical accuracy  When a person’s opinion should be expressed in his or her own words  When you can appeal to a noted authority  When you are analyzing or interpreting a text  *This segment of the presentation is an adaptation of Diana Hacker’s chapter called “Integrating Quotations” from her excellent text, A Writer’s Reference. Use Quotations Effectively  Using A “dropped” a “signal” quotation verb or phrase” California law prevents the killing of mountain lions except for specific lions that have been proved to be a threat to humans or livestock. Tony points out that, ironically, “Fish and Game “Fish Perry and Game is even blocked from keeping is even blocked from killing keeping lionsdesert from killing the mountain lions from themountain endangered bighorn endangered desert bighorn sheep” (B4). sheep” (Perry B4). A “signal” verb Signal Verbs  An example: Suggests In her book on Venezuela, Maggie  Illustrates Cunniff asserts that Chavez Frias will “adopt a political, rather than economic  Asserts solution to [his] country’s ills” (50).  Claims  Points out  Contends Quoting Correctly  Sometimes it’s more effective to use just a phrase from a source: In late 1923, author and journalist Morgan Fleming wrote that spiritual and philosophical notions were buried in the customs practiced by the “spirited tribes of the Pacific Northwest” (124). Quoting Correctly  Use ellipsis marks [. . .] to indicate that a segment of the passage has been omitted. This is useful when you want to condense a lengthy quotation:  Martin Xavier contends that the “life of the poet… should never steer the interpretation of individual poems, but may inform us about the writer’s complete oeuvre” (55). In this example, the key segments of the quotation are used and extraneous material is represented by the ellipsis marks. Rules Governing the Ellipsis  If you intend to omit a full sentence or more, use a period before the three ellipsis dots.  Ellipsis marks do not belong at the beginning or end of a quotation.  Be sure that your use of ellipsis marks does not lead to a misrepresentation of the original text. The Bracket [ ]  Brackets are a nifty way for you to legally insert your own words into quoted material.  Use brackets to clarify a point.  Use brackets to maintain grammatical consistency. For example, the text you are citing may be written in a conflicting verb tense. Robinson felt that “ the impossible [was] likely anytime you [didn’t] expect it” (4). The Long Quotation Make a sensible and effective transition to long quotations, usually with the aid of a colon.  Do not use quotation marks; just follow the standard indented format (ten spaces or one inch from the left margin with no adjustments on the right margin).  Do not single space long quotations.  When using a long quotation, place in-text citations OUTSIDE of the final period.  The Long Quotation – An Example Freccero clearly elaborates the connection between pilgrimage and conversion: The process of the poem, which is to say the progress of the pilgrim, is the transformation of the problematic and humanistic into the certain and transcendent, from novelistic involvement to epic detachment, from a synchronic view of the self in a dark wood to a diachronic total view of the entire world. (13) Documentation  Use the Modern Language Association format (MLA) for most papers in the Humanities.  MLA relies on signal phrases and brief in-text citations.  Keep track of all pertinent information, especially when you are using databases. MLA Axiom # 1  Introduce a source with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name.  In this case, follow the quotation with a brief in-text citation listing the page in parentheses.  Remember that the period of the sentence belongs OUTSIDE the final parenthesis. Wellington claims that “rubber boots are a requirement of life when walking in the Cotswolds” (40). MLA Axiom # 2  If you use no signal phrase or provide a paraphrase with no direct reference to the source, you must include the author's last name in the parentheses with the page number: If you have a chance to take a walking vacation in the Cotswolds, you will need to include rubber boots in your supply pack (Wellington 40). MLA Axiom # 3  Cite works with no author by using an abbreviation of the title.  This occurs frequently when citing Web resources: Public bathing facilities were more elaborate in Herculaneum, but “Pompeii rivaled any city of its time in the availability of plumbing conveniences” (“Pompeii”). MLA Axiom # 4  Always keep a text nearby to guide your citation and bibliography format.  The Penguin Handbook by Lester Faigley offers a complete section of rules and examples for using MLA.  Academic reading and writing challenges your convictions, broadens your experience of the world, and brings you knowledge of yourself. Heaps Of Luck  V.Jami  Fall 2025  Khayam University  V.Jamee@gmail.com