رویکرد نقد ادبی در ادبیات انگلیسی (The Psychologic Approach)

رویکرد نقد ادبی در ادبیات انگلیسی (The Psychologic Approach)

اسلاید 1: The Psychologic Approach: Freud

اسلاید 2: AIMS AND PRINCIPIESThe psychological has been one of the most controversial, the most abused, and-for many readers-the least appreciated.No single approach can exhaust the manifold interpretive possibilities of a worthwhile literary workEach approach has its own peculiar limitations. the limitations of the historical-biographical approach lie in its tendency to overlook the structural intricacies of the work.The formalist approaclu often neglects historical and sociological contexts that may provide important insights into the meaning of the work.the crucial limitation of the psychological approach is its aesthetic inadequacy

اسلاید 3: Abuses and Misunderstandings of the Psychological approachSome writers who used psychological criticismAristotle used it in setting forth his classic definition of tragedy as combining the emotions of pity and terror to produce catharsis. Sir Philip Sidney, with his statements about the moral effects of poetry, was psychologizing literatureRomantic poets as Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Shelley with their theories of the imagination.

اسلاید 4: During the twentieth century, psychological criticism has come to be associated with a particular school of thought, the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939) and his followers. Abuses of the approach have resulted from an excess of enthusiasm, which has been manifested in several ways. the practitioners of the Freudian approach often push their critical theses too hard, forcing literature into a Procrustean bed of psychoanalytic theory at the expense of other relevant considerationsthe literary criticism of the psychoanalytic extremists has at times degenerated into a special occultism with its own mystique and jargon exclusively for the in-group.many critics of the psychological school have been either literary scholars who have understood the principles of psychology imperfectly or professional psychologists who have had little feeling for literature as art

اسلاید 5: Conservative scholars and teachers of literature, often shocked by such terms as anal eroticismphallic symbolOedipal complexconfused by the clinical diagnoses of literary problemsfor example, the interpretation of Hamlets character as a severe case of hysteria on a cyclothymic basis-that is, a bipolar disorder