ایمنی مواد شیمیایی خواص فیزیکی و شیمیایی مواد

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ايمنى مواد شيميايى خواص فيزيكى و ‎Perea‏ مواد Physical and Chemical Properties 

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خواص فیزیکی و شیمیایی مواد وزن مولکو1 ‎on re‏ شكل فيزيكى رنگ حلالیت آب حلالیت در حلالهای آبی ‎(esp ee‏ فرمول شیمیایی دمای انفجار دمای خود آتشگیری نقطه اشتعال 

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جدول شماره ۶-۵: بوی بعضی از مواد شیمیایی و حداقل غلظت لازم برای ایجاد بو نام ماده توصیف بوی آن حداقل غلظت قابل درک در هوا ‎mg/l‏ آلیل سولقید بوی سیر 8 ‎Sir‏ ‏آمیل استاث (ایزو) - | بوی موز و بتزو آلدئيد بادام تلخ ‎sen‏ ‏کر بلوی محرک و تند ۰ كومارين بوى وانيلء دلچسب 0-6 کروتیل مرکاپتان | بوی راسوی بد بوی آمریکایی رت دی فنیل کلر آزین | بوی واکس کفش ‎shee ek‏ هیدروژن سولفید _ | بوی تخم مرغ گندیده ‎oe)‏ ‎os‏ بوی تند و زننده بوی محرک فنیل ایزوتیوسیانات | بوی دارچین فسژن بوی علف یا پونجه_تازه درو شده 

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ا 00 أأعلايت ‎eT ayer el)‏ ۳ [ دانسیتهبخار و دانسیته نسبی نقطه اشتعال 

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خواص فیزیکی و شیمیایی مواد ۰ نقطه ذوب: ‎٠‏ دمايى است كه در آن دما يك جسم شروع به ذوب شدن مى كند. ۰ نقطه جوش: ‎٠»‏ دمايى است كه در آن دما يك جسم شروع به جوشيدن مى كند. ‎ 

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حك ‎aes‏ ‎ee ceed‏ 5 ارشميدس كشف كرد كه اكّر جسمي را در آب فرو برندء مقداري از وزن آن كاسته مي‌شود. مقدار كاهش وزن مساوي با وزن آبي است كه جسم جاي آن را ككرفته است. ‎ner hier‏ ل ل ال ۳ ‎ESD Jo De Py Tacs Mere ET Cm OE eee meen‏ ل لت ‏كرفت. ‏آنكاه ديد كه تاج بيشتر از طلا آب را جابجا كرده است و فهميد كه تاج از طلاي ۳ ‎0 Sey ey ere ‏ا‎ reece Eel “a a ‏بگوییم طلا سنگی‌تر است:‎ ‏جرمهايي كه حجم مساوي داشته باشند و از اجسام مختلف باشند» جكالي مختلف‎ ‏دارند.‎ ‏ا 7 9 کمتر بود. ‏واحد چگالي در سیستم متريك» گرم بر سانتيمتر مکعب است. 

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= براي اينكه جكاليها را هلو باید اجسامي را که چگالي مختلف ‎BOP renee eer Coy ence eB A)‏ ۱ دانشمندان براي مايعات و جامدات»؛ آب و براي كازهاء هوا را مقياس اصلي قرار داده‌اند يك سانتي‌متر مکعب آب» يك گرم جرم دارد. ‎Lema p eee‏ و ‏جكاليها به مقياس اصلي را با كلمهي (( مخصوص )) نشان ميدهيم. ‎on‏ جسم به چگالي مقیاس اصلي» وزن مخصوص نامیده مي‌شود. ‏ما اج ۳۳۱5۳۳۲ ‎— Samana ‎۳-۳ ES) ese ho) o Pare eset ‏الل ا ل ل ‎Pere‏ ‏پا م آن و سپس حجم آن را معین مي‌کنيم» آنگاه جرم را به حجم تقسیم مي‌کنيم تا ‎aes‏ بدست أوريم. جرم را ميتوانيم با ترازو معين ‎Pia be oy ck) 1117 ‎OSE Loe Ib ‏ا ا‎ reemgrestr pe ‏ا م‎ ‎ 

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YU اف یمه VIF > AKI Yet اتاتول گلیسرول ۸٩۳۲ ۴ ۳ موه VY Tot > ALAx 

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اه ۱ ‎tlio‏ جگالي ب ۲ است. ارتفاع يك مخزن ذخیره آب که طول و عرض أن به ترتیب 120 سانتي متر و 1 متر و 91680 آب در درون آن قرار دارد, چند متر است؟ پاسخ؛ pe (8 si hye ۱۷۱۲۷۱۴ > m= py cm m 19۸ ‎Pye‏ عست و چ ۱۱۱۱۷۱۲۸۱۷ ۱۶۸۰۶ 5 

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5 ۳ 85 ی التسمة که جر ‎gl‏ أرنقرة به جرم 315 درم بر میرتاي مثالا مجسمة پاسخ! ‎mi,‏ ۳ ِا ‎pe! ۹1‏ “ = 3 ‎ry ‏و‎ 

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تکنعه» اگر تعدادي چسم به جرمهاي ۱ر وود و 000 و حجمهای ۷, و 2 و ۷و و 000 را با یکدیگر مخلوط نماييم. در صورتي که به علت مخلوط شدت حجم تقییر ننماید و حجم مخلوط برایر مجموع حجم جسمهاي اولیه باشد چگالي مخلوط از رابطه‌هاي زیر بدست مي‌آید: ...ملاب لجرل 0 ‎ey Sl‏ و حجم عتاصر ‎ton‏ لاپ ی باشد. هن كوم ا ب ‎NE AS HIS EI‏ 2750" تشکیل دهنده آلباژ مشخص باشد. 

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1 111 مفال: 300 سانتي متر مكعب أب را ب 100 سانتي متر مكعب از مايعي به جكالي 58 مخلوط نموده‌ایم چگالي مخلوط دو مابع چند گرم بر سانتي متر مکعب است؟ باسخ: ا 1 

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hats Sd ‏خصوميات‎ .1 ‎ale‏ شفاف ؛ روضی ؛ بدون بو وبدون رلک با نهره ای ‎ ‏بره كه بسك به درجه خاوص من باد قله جوش آن 338 درجه ‎ ‏ودهای لسماد آن 4 درجه سانیگراد اس ‏به مقدار زیادی در آب محلول برده و بشدث با آپ ‏واکش مي دهد . چگلی آن 1/84 میباشد ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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6284-2 

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0۰- مشخصات فیزیکی و شیمیایی درجه سانتیگراد ۲۰ درجه سانتیگراد 

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Material Safety Data Sheet Acetic acid MSDS Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Acatic acid Contact Information: Catalog Codes: SLA3784, SLA1438, 5۱۸2101, 50۸3804 Sciencelab.com, Inc. SLAT25 14025 Smith Rd Houston, Texas 77396 CASE EET US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 RTECS: AF 1225000 Intemational Sales: 1-281-441-4400 Order Online: Sciencelab.com CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: 4-800-424.9300 International CHEMTREC, cal: 1-703-527-3887 For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400 TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Acetic acid (Cif: Not applicable. Synonym: Acetic acd; glacial acetic acid Chemical Name: Acetic Acid, Glacial Chemical Formula: C2:#4-02 

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Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties Physical state and appearance: Liquid. Odor: Pungent, vinegar-ike, sour (Strong ) jnegar, sour (Strong) Molecular Weight: 60.05 gimole Color: Colorless. Clear (Light) pH (1% solniwater): 2 (Acidic | Bolling Point: 118.1°C (244.6°F) Melting Point: 16.6°C (61.$°F) Critical Temperature: 321 67°C (611°F) Specific Gravity: 1.049 (Wator= 1) Vapor Pressure: 1.5 KPa (@ 20°C) Vapor Density: 2.07 (Air= 1) Volatility: Not available Odor Threshold: 0.48 ppm WateriOil Dist. Coeff. The product is more soluble in water; log(oilwater) =-0.2 lonicity (in Water): Not avaliable. Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether, acetone Solubility: Tas Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in diethy! ether, acetone. Miscible with Glycerol, alcohol, Benzene, Carbon Tetrachloride. Practically insoluble in Carbon Disulfide. 

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برگ اطلاعات ایمنی مواد 

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‎-١‏ مشخصات ماده و اجزاء تشكيل دهنده أن ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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28 Personal Protection Material Safety Data Sheet Methyl alcohol MSDS. Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification Contact Information: Sciencelab.com, ne. 14025 Smith Ra Houston, Texas 77306 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 ‘Order Online: Sciencelab.com CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call 1-800-424-9300 International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887 For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400 Product Name: Methyl alcohol Catalog Codes: SLM3064, 72 CAS#: 67-56-1 RTECS: PC1400000 TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Methyl alcohol Cif: Not applicable. Synonym: Wood alcohol, Methanol; Methyol; Wood Spirit; Carinol Chemical Name: Methanol ‘Chemical Formula: CH30H 

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Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties Physical state and appearance: Liquid Odor: Alcohol like. Pungent when crude. Taste: Not available Molecular Weight: 32.04 gimole Color: Colorless. pH (1% solniwater): Not available. Boiling Point: 64.5°C (148.1°F) Melting Point: -97.8°C (-144°F) Critical Temperature: 240°C (464°F) Specific Gravity: 0.7915 (Water = 1) Vapor Pressure: 12.3 KPa (@ 20°C) Vapor Density: 1.11 (Air= 1) Volatility: Not available Odor Threshold: 100 ppm Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in water; log(cilWwater) =-0.8 lonicity (in Water): Non-onic. Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water 

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defined traditionally in a sense; the ele) Properties of an object may include, but electrical cond location radiance eee im luminance solubility 1 م ‎luster specific heat‏ 066 ‎electric field malleability resistivity‏ ‎magnetic fiel reflectivity‏ نیت ‎ae 3 spin‏ ‎em 0۳‏ ‎magnetic flu‏ تس ‎flexibility x strength‏ ‎flow rate mass temperature‏ ‎fluidity, melting poin tension‏ ‎frequency ۳ thermal conduc‏ ‎inductance moment tivity‏ ‎Intrinsic impe ۳ velocity‏ ‎bilit viscosity‏ سس ‎intensity permeability 0‏ ‎irradiance Permittivit ere‏ wave impedanc e length pressure 

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‎properties‏ :۸27۱۵ رس ‎appearance, include:‏ ‎texture, color, odor, ‎melting point, ‎boiling point, ‎l@ensity. ‎solubility, ‎polarity, ‎and many others. ‎The three states of matter are: solid, liquid, and gas. ‎The melting point and boiling point are related to changes of the state of matter. ‎All matter may exist in any of three physical states 01 3 

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Physical Changes: A physical change takes place without any changes in molecular composition. The same element or compound is present before and after the change. The same molecule is present through out the changes. Physical changes are related to physical properties since some measurements require that changes be made. Melting Point: As solid matter is heated it eventually melts or changes into a liquid state at the melting point. Ice (a solid form of water) melts at 0 °C and changes to the liquid 6 Carbon dioxide melts at -56.6°C 1 emit} As the liquid matter is heated further it eventually boils or vaporizes into a gas at the boiling point. Liquid water boils and changes into a gas, usually called steam or water vapor at 100 °C. In all three states the same molecules of water (H,O) are present. 

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in the presence of another chemical substance es of chemical bonds to form, for example metallic, 

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Hydrogen Balloon Zinc + Hydrochloric acid -> Hydrogen + Oxygen --> Hydrogen gas + zinc chloride Water + Energy Zn + HCl--> Hz + 2nCl, 222+ 02 --< 2 0 3 .ه ,۵۴۳۲9۵ 

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Ice Water Hydrogen ¢. Ophardt, c. 2003 

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Dry Ice - Carbon Dioxide, CO5 ee . Ophardt, ¢. 2003 

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lodine, I5 Physical Properties lodine in the lodine in the solid gas state, violet state, purpie iodine gas black crystals molecules ©. Ophardt, ¢. 2003 

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What are Cnemical Froperties ana Chemical pee ile! nges? Chemical properties of matter describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition. What elements, electrons, and bonding are present to give the potential for chemical change. It is quite difficult to define a chemical property without using the word "change". Eventually you should be able to look at the formula of a compound and state some chemical property. At this time this is very difficult to do and you are not expected to be able to do it. For example hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right conditions. This is a chemical property. Metals in general have they chemical property of reacting with an acid. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. This is a chemical property. 

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Chemical Cnanges or Chemical Changhteachons: Chemical change results in one or more substances of entirely different composition from the original substances. The elements and/or compounds at the start of the reaction are rearranged into new product compounds or elements. A CHEMICAL CHANGE alters the composition of the original matter. Different elements or compounds are present at the end of the chemical change. The atoms in compounds are rearranged to make new and different compounds. Magnesium reacts with oxygen from the air producing an تیا هه یرت 2۹۹ This is a chemical change since magnesium oxide has completely different properties than magnesium metal shown ۱ oe ‏كرت‎ Safety: Do not try this without supervision and DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE LIGHT! The atoms are rearranged - diatomic oxygen molecules are split apart so that one oxygen atom combines with one magnesium 0۰ 

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Magnesium and Oxygen Reaction ee €.Ophendt, ©, 2008 Magnesium burning in the air Magnesium Ribbon ۳ exothermic - heat and light producing reaction. Magnesium + Oxygen ———j» Magnesium Oxide ولا 2 ۲ وه + ‎Mg‏ 2 ‎Gee‏ @ و سهد ‎oo‏ + ۵ 

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Ft at a ‏ل ا اد‎ PPE 1 ‏ا‎ For example iron has the potential to rust given the right conditions. This is a chemical property. If iron does rust, this is a slow chemical change since rust is an iron oxide with different properties than iron metal. In the graphic on the left, iron or steel wool is burning in a fast reaction with oxygen as contrasted with the slow rusting of iron also with oxygen. In the element iron only atoms of iron are in contact with each other. In the element oxygen each oxygen is joined with one other to make a diatomic molecule. These atoms and molecules are rearranged so that two iron atoms combine with three atoms of oxygen to form a new compound. 

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Burning Steel Wool Steel Wool is Iron, Fe Air contains oxygen, Og Iron + Oxygen ---> Iron oxide, rust 2Fe + 305 > Fe,O0, ¢. Ophardt, ¢. 2003 

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Alka Seltzer e reactions in both of the (left and lower) cases start when a solid tablet is dropped into water. The chemicals in dry solid form must dissolve in the water before a reaction may take place. In both cases gas bubbles are observed. This is an initial chemical reaction. A flaming or glowing splint is used to test for the identity of the gases by using their chemical properties. Reactions: Alka-Seltzer: (Baking soda or sodium bicarbonate) NaHCO, + Citric acid ---> CO, + H,O + Sodium Citrate QUES. : Define chemical property. Then use this definition to describe the behavior toward the flaming splint for carbon dioxide in the example on the left. Answer: A chemical property defines whether a chemical reaction will or will not take place. Because the flame goes out, this shows that the chemical property of carbon dioxide gas is that no combustion reaction can take place in its presence. 

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Reaction of Alka-Selzer with Water ی فا Products are gas bubbles of > ۱ carbon dioxide. If the flaming splint is Chemical test for carbon dioxide: extinguished, then carbon dioxide Use a flaming splint. is present. 

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* The reactions in both of the (left and upper) cases start when a solid tablet is dropped into water. The chemicals in dry solid form must dissolve in the water before a reaction may take place. In both cases gas bubbles are observed. A flaming or glowing splint is used to test for the identity of the ‏ات‎ + Reaction: Efferdent: (sodium perborate - a source of hydrogen peroxide) = H,O, + catalyst ---> O, + H,O * QUES.: Define chemical property. Then use this definition to describe the difference in behavior toward the flaming splint for both gases in the above examples. 

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Efferdent Denture Cleaner Reaction in Water Og, gas Reaction produces gas bubbles. 5 ‏0خ‎ 2002 ۱ If the glowing splint bursts Chemical test for oxygen: into flame, then oxygen gas is test with a glowing splint. present. 

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Zinc and lodine Reaction The reaction in this case is between two elements, zinc metal and iodine. Both look sort of grayish in the photo. The reaction is started between the dry powders by adding a few drops of water. The reaction occurs as a combination reaction between the two elements to produce a single compound. During the reaction zinc metal gives two electrons to two iodine atoms to produce zinc *? ions and iodide + ions. The reaction is: Zn metal + I, ----> Znl, The reaction between the two elements to produce zinc iodide is very exothermic. Some of the unreacted iodine solid is heated to ‘a gaseous iodine which is purple in color. QUES.: A molecule is only defined as the simplest part of a compound with two or more atoms. (True or False) QUES. : For an exothermic reaction, heat is given off in the process. (True or False) 

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lodine and Zinc Reaction Exothermic - —~ Violet color is heat producing —_iodine element ly reaction in gaseous state, see Zine Zn Todi me Zn €.Ophardt 2002 Product is zinc iodide (dark color on bottom) ied Zine "7 

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دتم رها ۱۵ یک Examples 11 ‏توت‎ color, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, infra-red spectrum, attraction (paramagnetic) or repulsion (diamagnetic) to magnets, opacity, viscosity and density. Examples of chemical properties are: heat of combustion, reactivity with water, PH electromotive force. 

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Chemical and Physical properties * Physical properties: Properties that do not change the chemical ‏عأ 05 عالاأةم‎ ٠ Chemical properties: Properties that do change the chemical nature ‏و۹(‎ 

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لب اللخ نيس الل لبف اللخلقةا ۱ . Changes in Pro; 90 © ‏ات‎ les ‎property changes of matter do not produce a new‏ اج ‎substance and are typically described by the following:‏ ‎Color - every object has a color ‎Odor - intensity of smell ‎Density - mass divided by volume ‎Luster - how shiny it is ‎Ductility - ability to be drawn into thin wires ‎Malleability - ability to be beaten into thin sheets ‎Elasticity - ability to return to original shape ‎Hardness - ability to be scratched ‎Conductivity - allows energy flow, electricity or heat ‎Insulator - resists flow of energy, electricity or heat Organic/Inorganic - was once alive or is alive/was never alive Chemical property changes of matter produces a new substance and can be typically described by the following: Color - change in color indicates a chemical change ‎Temperature - change in temperature indicates a chemical change ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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standard entnalipy or sree cele col) Ce) ¢ arn Corr ‏ی‎ ‎۱ tn shasta tues eames Ores Mets steer eet in ere ear Net Pee ere ‏5أ أمطتم رد 5ذا . (كنا تداع‎ og ae | ‏ی اپ‎ ۱ seo ۳ Poteet eye cet aia tots amet ha Rte elt measuredin per mole, «= per 1 orkilocaloriesper -- (any combination of ‏ل ا ا ل‎ 000 ‏ا ل‎ is rd stat ۱ ‏ا و‎ ‏ا و‎ ner tener sete ant formation. 

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U"(@) + Fig) +e step 4 step 3 | Liv(g) + % Fa(g) +e ROUTE 2 Lit(g) + F-(g) Lig) + % Faq) ‏عقن‎ Stort . step 1 T Lis) + % Fa(g) ROUTE 1 

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system عر عر ايلم ‎A‏ Vapor pressure, atm absolute 5 | | | | NI A / A 15 94 -30 -20 -10 010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Temperature, *C VAPOR PRESSURE CHART Deposition Enthalpy Color code: — Propane — Diethyl ether ‏سس‎ Methyl chloride — Methyl acetate — Butane ‏ا سس‎ — neo-Pentane — 2-Heptene 

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مت اد فا( ‎The colors of the visible light spectrum[1}‏ color wavelength interval frequency interval red ‏لت‎ - 430-480 12 orange 2 480-510 - ممم 635-590 - 

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Diluted <> Concentrated ا ا ا ‎a ae ee‏ ۱ دع عل دمص سا 

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2 He 6 10 61۷ Ne 2 2 1 325 G Ga Br 38 43 51 | 52 Sr 1 sh | Te 72 [ 2 18 a1 3 Ht | Te Pt 1 11 11 00 Uuh} Uus J Uuo 65 67| 68| 69| 0] 7 th Hof Er | Tm] Yb} 390 Th 

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۳ لل للنااللب 8 ts Ph CCRT He cy Dey ie CUR ‏ل دنا‎ Configuration pes Rr ‏ا‎ ome Cg Seared ered ‏هه‎ ‎00 ‏ا ا‎ coe} Sorat) © NSO CCR me cee Tara 6 ed 3 9 Cro Ce ee) Perit} 

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(ط).جهدعه نا ۱ (ط) لفمط .8 ENO pT ‏يي‎ عماهای «مناهفند» ی 00 carted (ه)عسنل‌هال متصمنه (ه)«انعدهظ اصنهظ وصناله۲۸ اصنوظ نا Radio Isotopes (e) (ه) دنق ها 0«وظ Name Pert aNd ۳ ععورمامعا ماطاو .ول 1.۳.) 

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