بازرسی خطوط لوله گاز بر اساس استاندارد ASME B31.8

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بازرسی خطوط لوله گاز بر اساس استاندارد ‎ME B31.8‏ 

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«aN NO 2 0 %oi9 هويت 

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1 Z > (0مخفف سه کلمةٌ ‎a‏ ‎Orrekt‏ ماس مسا هل( (تشنیش رأوبرواحونكز فراين) > به معنى "اتحاديه بازرسى و يايش فنى“ > آرم ثبت شدة بينالمللى > شخصيتهاى مستقل حقوقى در مناطق مختلف آلمان TWH cg) ‎a‏ — 2 له 

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TUV NORD Holding ٩96 ‏تأسیس‎ 

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Asia China Hong-Kong it + Indonesia + Iran. Korea - Malays + Pakistan “Philippnes “Taiwan Thailand “Uzbekistan -Veetram Midile & —Eastern-Europe * Bulgaria = Groatia ‏امن‎ 866۷ Estonia “Georgia «Hungary Latvia stebanon Lithuania Poland Rotiania Russia. + Slovak) “Tukey ‏همان‎ ‎+ Yugoslavia’ Midale East Jordan ‘Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Western Europe Cyprus Denmark Finland ~France 3 y: Germany 7 > Great Britain “ Greege \ Italy Netherlands. ‘Sweden + Spain Atria Ghana “Kenya ‘aie “Tanzania Argentine Brazil ) Usa 

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تناسبات بین گروه 172 170127 11۷ و ‎TUV‏ ‎NORD‏ " 9 TUV NORD Holding @ Mother Company: TUV NORD International (IND @ TUVNORD Iran TUV NORD 25,5 ‏ضو‎ ‎5 LUV NORD 25,5 92s ivnono ) ‎HQ‏ ملسم 

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NORD Iran @ تأسیس از اردیبهشت ۱۳۷۷ تاکنون. 8 شرکت مشارکتی ایرانی و آلمانی با مشارکت ‎۴٩‏ 4 ۰71777 بت شده در تهران 8 تأسیس آکادمی توف ایران- آلمان ‎culgine LeS8(TUV Academy Iran-Germany)‏ محدود. 1/۱۰۰ متعلق به ‎TUV NORD Iran‏ ‎at‏ = ته ‎ 

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TUV NORD Iran Group 3 ‏ار‎ ‎Organization Chart - Level TUV NORD Iran ‏ساختار گروه‎ بخش صدور گواهینامه ید ss ۱ 

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صدور گواهینامه سیستم System Certification 

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10۳00 @HACCP 65۸ 0 6۱50 5 @TUV med @AS/EN 9100 @ISO 27001 ا — 0۱50 1 @OHSAS 1 @EN 16001 @HSE- MS @ISO/TS 16949 @ISO/TS 29001 5595 ae RRO 

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8 پروژه‌های بازرسی فنی 9 بازرسی تجهیزات حمل و نقل ‎(Product Conformity Assessment) Jycre glial obj) @‏ 8 بازرسی پروژه‌های مرتبط با 260 8 مدیریت یکپارچگی دارایی (Asset Integrity Management-AIM) (Dependability Management) size! ubB cy pro @ _— 28 ته 

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برنامه‌ریزی وبرگزاری بیش از ۲۵۰ عنوان دوره آموزشی به صورت منظم با درنظرگیری محورهای تخصصی مورد نیاز در سازمان‌های صنعتی و خدماتی at 

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ای پروژه‌های 9 برنامه‌ریزی جامع سازمانی تعالی سازمانی 8 مهندسی عملکرد (... ISO 15189, 150 17025( ‏خدمات مرتبط با آزمایشگاه‌ها‎ 8 (SIX SIGMA) Luo (ts @ (Benchmarking) ¢¢,! 58)! /obils @ 8 مهندسی ارزش و بهره‌وری 8 _مدیریت پروژه Fav NORD 

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9 بازرسی کیفیت ساخت 8 بازرسی مرتبط با مقاوم‌سازی و بهسازی 9 ارزیابی ایمنی و تحلیل‌های فنی ساختمان‌ها و سازه‌ها بازرسی کیفیت برای بیمه ساختمان نظارت عالیه و کارگاهی 9 مدیریت طرح‌ها و پروژه‌ها ا — 

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انرژی و اکولوژی صنعتی ۳۲۱۵۲ ‎Industrial Ecology‏ 

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مدیریت/ ممیزی/ مهندسی آنرژی ‎(Energy Management/ Audit/ Engineering)‏ © اكولوزى صنعتى ‎(Industrial Ecology)‏ (Green Engineering) jo wx @ at 

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Information Technology 

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فناو ری اطلاعات 9 سیستم‌های مدیریتی حوزه فناوری اطلاعات @ سیستم‌های فنی حوزه فناوری اطلاعات 9 طرح‌ریزی فناوری اطلاعات 9 راه حل‌های جامع 9 نرم‌افزار 8 سخت‌افزار شبکه و ارتباطات ا — 

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هويت ۷0۵ لی. 0 ال وروم40 

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آشنایی با شرکت کنندگان و نام و نام خانوادگی 9 معرفی —_ م متبوع 9 سمت شغلی در سازمان متبوع میزان آشنایی قبلی با موضوع دوره آموزشی 8 هدف از شرکت در اين دوره _— 7656 ) وت 

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نکات لازم برای افزايش اثربخشی دوره 9 عدم استفاده از موبایل در کلاس ‎D‏ مشارکت فعال در کلاس و کارهای تیم ‎P‏ ‏9 همراهی کامل با توجه به محدودیت زمانی 8 احترام به افکار و عقاید شرکت‌کنندگان در دوره _— سح ته 

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CONTENTS General Provisions and Definitions 2 Chapter I Materials and Equipment @ Chapter II Welding @ Chapter III Piping System Components and Fabrication Details @ Chapter IV Design, Installation, and Testing @ Chapter V Operating and Maintenance Procedures @ Chapter VI Corrosion Control @ Chapter VII Intentionally Left Blank @ Chapter V III Offshore Gas Transmission re Chapter Ix Sour Gas Service 20 2 EGS Fav NORD 

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General Provisions and Definitions ‏تسه‎ ۱۳۳9 

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SCOPE This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of those facilities. — سم 

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This Code does not apply to: (1) design and manufacture of pressure vessels covered by the BPV Codel1. (2) piping with metal temperatures above 450°F (232°C) or below —20°F (—29°C) (For low temperature considerations. (3) piping beyond the outlet q meter set assembly . سم 

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This Code does not apply to: (4) piping in oil refineries or natural gasoline extraction plants, gas treating plant piping other than the main gas stream piping in dehydration, and all other processing plants installed as part of a gas transmission system, gas manufacturing plants, industrial plants, or mines (See other applicable se Code for Pressure Piping, B31.) (5) vent piping to operate at s atmospheric ١ ۹۹ for waste gases of any kind 7۳۲۳۳ an ‏اه‎ 

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This Code does not apply to: (6) wellhead assemblies, including control valves, flow lines between wellhead and trap or separator, offshore platform production facility piping, or casing and tubing in gas or oil wells (For offshore platform production facility piping, see API RP 14E.) (7) the design and manufactu items of equipment, apparatu 

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This Code does not apply to: (8) the design and manufacture of heat exchangers (Refer to appropriate TEMA2 Standard.) (9) liquid petroleum transportation piping systems (Refer to ASME B31.4.) (10) liquid slurry transportation piping systems (Refer to ASME B31.11.) (11) carbon dioxide transportation piping systems ته 6 م 

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This Code does not apply to: (12) liquefied natural gas piping systems (Refer to NFPA 59A and ASME B31.3.) (13) cryogenic piping systems 

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PIPING SYSTEMS DEFINITIONS hot taps: branch piping connections made to operating pipelines, mains, or other facilities while they are in operation. The branch piping is connected to the operating line, and the operating line is tapped while it is under pressure. system or pipeline system: either the operator’s entire pipeline infrastructure or large portions of that infrastructure that have definable starting and stopping points. mz — 73۳ سس 

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PIPING SYSTEMS DEFINITIONS pipeline section: a continuous run of pipe between adjacent compressor stations, between a compressor station and a block valve, or between adjacent block valves. segment: a length of pipeline or part of the system that has unique characteristics in a specific geographic location. 

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PIPING SYSTEMS DEFINITIONS sample piping: all piping, valves, and fittings used to collect samples of gas, steam, water, or oil. cold expanded pipe: seamless orwelded pipe that is formed and then cold expanded while in the pipe mill so that the circumference is permanently increased by at least 0.50%. 

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PIPING SYSTEMS DEFINITIONS diameter or nominal outside diameter: the as-produced or as-specified outside diameter of the pipe, not to be confused with the dimensionless NPS (DN). For example: NPS 12 (DN 300) pipe has a specified outside diameter of 12.750 in. (323.85 mm), NPS 8 (DN 200) has a specified outside diameter of 8.625 in. (219.08 mm), and NPS 24 (DN 600) pipe has a specified outside diameter of 24.000 in. (609.90 mm). ات 2 — 

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tres: Se the stress in a pipe of wall 10122655, acting circumferentially in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe, produced by the 1 (UES. Customary Units) 4 ‏ر5‎ > 2 liameter, D, and is dist Units) rmula: PD (su 2 = 7 و ع ار م 

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PIPING SYSTEMS DEFINITIONS dent: a permanent deformation of the circular crosssection of the pipe that produces a decrease in the diameter and is concave inward. gouge: mechanically induced metal-loss, which causes localized elongated grooves or cavities in a metal pipeline. indication: a finding of a nondestructive testing technique or method that deviates from the expected. It may or may not be a defect. ته Se ‏ع‎ — 

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Chapter I Materials and Equipment را 

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QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT Materials and equipment fall into the following six categories pertaining to methods of qualification for use under this Code: (a) items that conform to standards or specifications referenced in this Code (b) items that are important from a safety standpoint, of a type for which standards or specifications are referenced in this Code but specifically do not confi to a referenced standard (e.g., pipe ‏و‎ to_a specification not referenced 2 20 ‎HED‏ شما و 

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QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT (c) items of a type for which standards or specifications are referenced in this Code, but that do not conform to the standards and are relatively unimportant from a safety standpoint because of their small size or because of the conditions under which they are to be used (d) items of a type for which no standard or specification is referenced in this Code (e.g., gas compressor) (e) ‏یی ی‎ items (see definition, para. 804.3) 3 ‏م0‎ ntified or-used pipe ‏مج ب‎ 

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Steel Pipe (a) Steel pipe manufactured in accordance with the following standards may be used: API 5L Line Pipe ASTM A 53/A 53M Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated Welded and Seamless Pipe ASTM A 106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service ASTM A 134 Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)- Welded Pipe (Sizes NPS 16 and Over) ASTM A 135 Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe ASTM A 139 Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (Sizes NPS 4 and Over) me om 2 —_ 

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Steel Pipe ASTM A 333/A 333M Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-temperature Service ASTM A 381 Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use With High-Pressure Transmission Systems ASTM A 671 Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures ASTM A 672 Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures ته gold #۰ — 

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Steel Pipe ASTM A 691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric- Fusion-Welded for High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures ASTM A 984 Electric Resistance Welded Steel Line Pipe ASTM A 1005 Longitudinal and Helical Double Submerged-Arc Welded Pipe ASTM A 1006 Laser Beam Welded Steel Line Pipe ته gold # 6 — 

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Plastic Pipe and Components (a) Plastic pipe and components manufactured in accordance with the following standards may be used: ASTM D 2513 Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe,Tubing, and Fittings ASTM D 2517 Reinforced Epoxy Re 4 Pressure Pipe and Fittings | ير سم 

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CONDITIONS FOR THE REUSE OF PIPE Equivalent Service Level. Removal of a portion of an existing steel line and reuse of the pipe, in the same line or in a line operating at the same or lower rated pressure, is permitted, provided that the fracture toughness of the removed pipe is commensurate with or exceeds that of the line operating at the same or lower rated pressure and the used pipe meets the restrictions of paras. 817.1.3(a), (f), and (i). Reuse of the pipe in the same line or in a line operating at the same or lower pressure and the same or higher temperature is permitted subject to the same para. 817.1.3 restrictions above and any derations as required by Table 841.1.8-1.Removed pipe that is re- installed i in the same location need not be re- ‏ينا‎ Used pipe installed elsewhere is subjG@ViWORD 

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Chapter IT Welding اس | 

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Weld Acceptance The standards of acceptability for welds of piping systems to operate at hoop stress levels of 20% or more of specified minimum yield strength as established in API 1104 shall be used. 

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QUALIFICATION OF PROCEDURES AND WELDERS Welding procedures and welders performing work for new construction and out-of-service pipelines shall be qualified under Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code or API 1104. 

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ervice welding, welding procedures and elders shall be qualified under Appendix B of API 1104. ‎at‏ سس ته ‎ 

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PREHEATING Carbon steels having a carbon content in excess of 0.32% (ladle analysis) or a carbon equivalent (C + 1/4 Mn) in excess of 0.65% (ladle analysis) shall be preheated to the temperature indicated by the 

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ilar Materials welding dissimilar materials having different _ preheating requirements, the material requiring the higher preheat shall govern. my) #66 at 

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STRESS RELIEVING Welds in all carbon steels shall be stress relieved when the nominal wall thickness exceeds 114 in. (32 mm) If either material in welds between dissimilar materials requires stress relieving, the joint 4 stress relieving. 

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Exceptions OF STRESS RELIEVING (a) fillet and groove welds not over 1/2 in. (13 mm) leg size that attach connections not over NPS 2 (DN 50) pipe size (b) fillet and groove welds groove size that attach sup] other nonpressure attachments 

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Stress Relieving Temperature (a) Stress relieving shall be performed at a temperature of 1,100°F (593°C) or greater for carbon steels, and 1,200°F (649°C) or greater for ferritic alloy steels. The exact temperature range shall be stated in the procedure specification. (b) When stress relieving takes place in a joint between dissimilar metals having different stress relieving requirements, the material requiring the higher stress relieving temperature shall govern. (c) The parts heated shall be brought slowly td required temperature and held at that temper; a period of time proportioned on the basis of a 1 hr/in. (1 hr/25 mm) of pipe wall thickness, b case less than 1/2 hr, and shall be allowed to cBgy and = TWikademy 

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PREPARATION FOR WELDING Fig. -1_ Welding Details for Openings Without Reinforcement Other Than That In Header and Branch Walls Branch N N N GENERAL NOTES: (@) When a welding saddle is used, it shall be inserted over this type of connection () Wi, = % but not less than Yin, (6.35 mm). (© N= Yin. (1.59 mm) min, Yq in. G.18 mm) 2. unless back welded or hacking strip Is used. _— 2 ته 

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PREPARATION FOR WELDING Fig. 1-2 Welding Details for Openings With Localized-Type Reinforcement Saddle Pad 28s, but not lees than Vy in. (6.95 men) ‏و‎ 00 

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PREPARATION FOR WELDING Fig. 3 Welding Details for Openings With Complete Encirclement Types of Reinforcement ‘Options! wold Optional weld “Thos longitudinal vio may be ‏مه‎ 1 around circumference 1 Tee Type Sleeve Type ۳۳ as — 

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PREPARATION FOR WELDING Optional weld 

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] deg min. (approx) Pressurized hot tapping tee Effective weld throat = 0.7rto 1.07 reinforcing sleeve | Pipe wall thickness = t ‘ ۱ Fillet weld leg = 1.01 + gap ‏ما‎ 1.4t+ gap ‎at‏ سح ته ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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binations of Pipe End Preparations ی 37h deg ‏وه ات‎ “hein. Yin 13.05 me) | 41.58 mm +£0.78 mm) 0 at 

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binations of Pipe End Preparations وه وراه و 00 = ۱ 75 ود 

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Acceptable Design for Unequal Wall Thickness 0 eg in.(2.38 mm) max. oe ‏ع د‎ fg, min. خم الت مما a tb 30 deg, max. 30 dea, max. (ay 14.420, min, (1:4) {Note (1)) Internal ‏ا ات‎ comity 206 — 

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Acceptable Design for Unequal Wall Thi ess 

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Attachment Details of Flanges (a) Lap Joint Flange {b) Butt Welding Flange ‎ao at‏ ته ‎ 

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Recommended Attachment Details of Flanges LLL LLL Mp in.(12.7 mm)max. (4) Face and Back Wold — ود ته 

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۳ 1 (1) Sockot Welding Flange , min, = 1Me ¢, but trot Con ‏ره‎ ۵ {0} Socket Welding Only 

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Attachment Details of Flanges y Size has ‘Theoretical throat ‘Theoretical throat Size of weld (a) Convex Fillet Weld (h) Concave Fillet Weld ‎at‏ 75 ته ‎ 

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Table I-1 Lightweight Flanges Inside Outside _Daling Template Nominal Outside Diameter, Length Diameter Number Diameter Dlometey Approx. Wetght Pipe Glameter, Thickness, Bf Muh, of Hub, af and Length of Bot tach Size ۸ ‏سد ل‎ 3 Bots “et Botls Circe 6 1 “he 672% 1 ‏دا‎ 0 1 0 te ‏مد 1 0 ره‎ 1% 18 19 6 he ross 07 ‏دم وه‎ ay 26 2 13 Ye ‏ما و 1% موه‎ 7 2 1 2 7 ‏ل‎ po Tea aa 3 ‏يود منود 3 مود كد‎ ۳ 1 18 6 7 1 Sh 8 SOR 8 2۵ 6 2 2020 2 2 xs 2 3 ‏تس 1 29% و2‎ 24%, 20 a, 6 2 9 1 24.25 26% 20 28% 13 ‏ود‎ Mi 1 26.25 28% 2 31% 26 2 ee 0 28.25 30% ‏هد‎ 36 59 ‏ود‎ 38h 1 30.25 ‏مد‎ 25 %6 a3 ‏ود‎ MK % 32.5 wh 2 38% 206 ‏مد‎ 0 00 3625 36%, 2 20% nr 36 46 1% ‏مد‎ 22 42% 2a 38 a8 0 40% 2 ‏مه‎ 268 

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Inspection and Tests for Quality Control of Welds (a) The quality of each weld shall be examined by visual inspection. (b) In addition, a certain percentage of the welds shall be examined through radiographic examination, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, or other comparable and acceptable methods of nondestructive testing. (1) 10% of welds in Location Class 1 (2) 15% of welds in Location Class 2 (3) 40% of welds in Location Class 3 (4) 75% of welds in Location Class 4 (5) 100% of the welds in compressor stations 

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[E B31.8-Offshore 

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Scope of ASME B31.8-Distribution Piping ۱ High-pressure High-pressure LNG or LPG poak shaving plant distribution system distribution system Labave 60 psi 10 WPaj} above 60 psi (410 KPa) or less] Holder filling regulator Low-pressure holder Low-pressure distribution system Low-pressure distribution system — 76 مه 

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Main line (pipeline) transmission line Gas main or distribution main Gas vice line ‘Overpressure protection device for pipelines and mains Service line with meter and no service regulator (low-pressure distriaution system) Service line with meter and one service requlator high-pressure distribution system not over 60 psi (410 KPa)l Service line with meter and service regulator and series regulator or other protection devices [high-pressure distribution aystem over 60 psi 410 KPa)] City gate messuring and pressure regulating station Distribution pressure regulating station Compressor station Meter station at ‎BQ‏ شح سه ‎ ‎ ‎ 

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Chapter ITT Piping System Components and Fabrication Details اس 00 عير 

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Valves API 6A Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment API 6D/ISO 14313 Pipeline Valves ASME B16.33 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping Systems up to 125 psi (Sizes NPS 1/2 Through NPS 2) ASME B16.34 Valves — Flanged, Threaded,and Welded End ASME B16.38 Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution (Manually Operated, NPS 21/2 to 1 a 125 psig Maximum) Rei HPP Fg NORD 

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Valves ASME B16.40 Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas Shutoffs and Valves in Gas Distribution Systems MSS SP-70 Cast Iron Gate Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends MSS SP-71 Gray Iron Swing Check Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends MSS SP-78 Cast Iron Plug Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends ته gold #70 — 

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Flanges ASME B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Classes 25, 125, and 250 ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 12 Through NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard ASME B16.24 Brass or Bronze Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME B16.42 Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Classes 150 and 300 ASME B31.8, Appendix I,Table I-1 Lightweight Steel Fla on er PO od le 

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Reinforcement of Welded Branch 06014136613938 ‏ترمو‎ required in the crotch section of a welded branch connection shall be determined by the rule that the metal area available for reinforcement shall be equal to or greater than the required area as defined in this paragraph as well as in Mandatory Appendix F, Fig. F-6. (c) The required cross-sectional area, AR, is defined as the product of d times t: AR =dt where d= the greater of the length of the finished opening in the header wall measured parallel to the axis of the run or the inside diameter of the branch connection t= he nominal header wall thickness required a) TWacadiemy / para. 841.1.1 for the design pressyig Apay ,.... Uv 

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Example An NPS 8 outlet is welded to an NPS 24 header. The header material is API 5LX 46 with a 0.312-in. wall. The outlet is API 5L Grade B (Seamless) Schedule 40 with a 0.322-in. wall. The working pressure is 650 psig. The fabrication is in Location Class 1. The joint efficiency is 1.00. The temperature is 100°F. Design factors F=0.60, F=1.00, and T=1.00. 

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Rules for Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections L =smaller of 22 4 A or 2%) B+M 2 

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Rules for Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connechionsn area required Ag = dt Area available as reinforcement = Ay + Az + Ag Ay = (H= 8) (a) (if negative, use zero for value of Ay) له - 205 - و Ag = summation of area of all added reinforcement, including weld areas that lio within the area of reinforcement Ay + Az + Ag must be equal to or greater than Aq where nominal wall thickness of branch nominal wall thickness of header actual (by measurement) or nominal thickness of added reinforcement the greater of the length of the finished opening in the header wall measured parallel to the axis of the run or the inside diameter of the branch connection = required nominal wall thickness of the header (under the appropriate section of the Code) tp = required nominal wall thickness of the branch (under the appropriate section of the Code) a 220 von = — 

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wall thickness Kk red: p= —PD_ 95 4.48 x 609.6 = 2 5۳۲۲ ~ 2x 317.16 x 0.60 x 1.00 x 1.00 4 = 7.178 mm Excess thickness in header wall: H-t = 7.925 - 7.178 = 0.747 mm و 266 

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5 4.48 x 4 ۸ ۳ 2 24132 < 0.60 x 1.00 x 1.00 = 6.290 mm Excess thickness in outlet wall: B- t, = 7.925 — 6.290 = 1.635 mm d = inside diameter of opening = 406.4 - 2 x 7.925 = 390.55 mm my) #66 at 

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Ap = dt = 7.981 x 0.283 = 2.259 in? 

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ded by Header A; = (H-1#)d = 0.029 x 7.981 = 0.231 in? 

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Height L = 2'/>B +M (assume !/,-in. pad) < )21/ 0.322) + 0.25 = 1.055 in. 4 or L = 2!/,H = 2.5 x 0.312 = 0.780 in. Use L = 0.780 in. Ay = 2(B- t,) L = 2 x 0.189 x 0.780 = 0.295 in? my) #66 at 

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Area in Outlet a multiplied by 35,000/46,000 [see para. 831.4.1(f)]. 35,000 46,000 Effective A’y = 0.295 x Required area: Az = Ap- Ai - A’ = 2.259 — 0.231 - 0.224 = 1.804 in? 

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in Outlet -a reinforced plate that is 0.250 in. thick (minimum practicable) 15.5 in. in diameter. Area = (15.500 - 8.625) x 0.250 = 1.719 in? Fillet welds (assuming two Yin. welds each side): ‏و1‎ )025 x 0.25) x 4 = 0.125 in? Total A3 provided = 1.844 in? my) #60 at 

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Reinforcement of Multiple Openings When two or more adjacent branches are spaced at less than two times their average diameter (so that their effective areas of reinforcement overlap), the group of openings shall be reinforced ته aa — 

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Chapter IV Design, Installation, and Testing 

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Location Classes for Design and Construction Location Class 1. A Location Class 1 is any 1-mile (1.6-km) section that has 10 or fewer buildings intended for human occupancy. Location Class 2. A Location Class 2 is any 1-mile (1.6-km) section that has more than 10 but fewer than 46 buildings intended for human occupancy. 3 56 — 

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Location Classes for Design and Construction Location Class 3. A Location Class 3 is any 1-mile (1.6-km) section that has 46 or more buildings intended for human occupancy except when a Location Class 4 prevails. Location Class 4. Location Class 4 includes areas where multistory buildings are prevalent, where traffiex Tig HAKYy pretense, and where there aoe 

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at Formula 1 - - م rer| (U.S. Customary Units) 2st D (SI Units) ‎zone‏ م] ‎ ‏0 لهس ‎ 

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Steel Pipe Design Formula where D = nominal outside diameter of pipe, in. (mm) £ = longitudinal joint factor obtained from Table 841.1.7-1 F= design factor obtained from Table 841.1.6-1. P= design pressure, psig (kPa) S = specified minimum yield strength, psi (MPa) T = temperature derating factor obtained from Table 841.1.8-1 rd minal wall thickness, in. (mm 20 wh ‏سم‎ OO ۹ ) Fav NORD 

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Table 841.1.7-1 Longitudinal Joint Factor, ‏ع‎ ‘Spec. No. Pipe Class E Factor ‏دوه کم‎ Seamless 1.00 Electric-Resistance-Welded 100 Fumace-Butt Welded, Continuous Weld 0.60 ASTM A108 Seamless 1.00 ASTM A134 —Electric-Fusion ArcWelded 0.80 ASTM A135. Electric-Resistance-Wolded 1.00 ASTM A139 Electric-Fusion ArcWelded 0.80 ASTM A333 Seamless 1,00 Electric-Resistance- Welded 1.00 ASTM A381 Submerged-Are-Welded 1.00 ASTM A671 Electric-Fusion-Welded 7 Classes 13, 23, 33, 43, 53 0.80 Glasses 12, 22, 32, 42, 52 1.00 ASTM A672 _Electric-Fusion-Welded Classes 13, 23, 33, 43, 53 0.80 Glasses 12, 22, 32, 42, 52 1.00 257۷ ۸ 691 Electric-Fusion-Welded Classes 13, 23, 33, 43, 53 0.80 Classes 12, 22, 32, 42, 52 1.00 ASTM A984 Electric-Resistance-Welded 1.00 ASTM A 1005 Double Submerged-Arc-Welded. 1.00 ASTM A 1006 Laser Beam Welded 1.00 APISL Electric Welded 1.00 Seamless 1.00 ‘Submerged-Arc Welded (Longitudinal 1.00 Seam or Helical Seam) Fumace-Butt Welded, Continuous Weld 0.60 Fav NORD 

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کت Table 841.1.6-1 Basic Design Factor, F Design Factor, Location Class 7 Location Class 1, Division 1 0.80 P Location Class 1, Division 2 0.72 Location Class 2 0.60 Location Class 3 0.50 Location Class 4 0.40 

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میو 0.0 مهو 040 0.40 040 مده ممه 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.0 0.40 0.40 040 Fav NORD 7 0.50 0.50 0.50 oso 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 موه 0.0 0.50 0.50 Table 841.1.6-2 Design Factors for Steel Pipe Construction Location Class 0.60 0.60 0.60 موه 0.60 0.60 0.60 060 060 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 050 موه Div. 2 072 072 60 0.60 97 072 072 072 072 0460 0.60 0.60 60 موه 0.80 0.80 060 0.60 080 072 072 ۳ 080 0.60 0.60 0.60 060 050 موه Facility Pipelines, mains, and service tines [see para. 841.2.1(b)] Crossings of roads, raliroads without casing: (a) Private roads (©) Unimproved public roads (6) Roads, highways, or public streets, with hard surface and railroads Giossings of roads, rallroads with casing: (@) Private roads (©) Unimproved public roads (6 Roads, highways, or public streets, with hard surface and railroads Parallel encroachment of pipelines and mains on roads and railroads: (a) Private roads (@) Unimproved public roads (© Roads, highways, or public streets, with hard surface and railroads Fabricated assemblies {see para. 841.1.9(] Pipelines on bridges [see para. 841.1.9(0}] Prossure/flow control and metering facilities [see para, 861.1.9(0] Compressor station piping Near concentration of people in Location Classes 1 and 2 [see para. 840.3(0] 

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Table 841.1.8-1 Temperature Derating Factor, T, for Steel Pipe ‘Temperature Derating Temperature, °F (°C) Factor, T 250 (121) or less 1.000 300 (149) 0.967 350 (177) 0.933 400 (204) 0.900 450 (232) 0.867 

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۱ Steel Pipelines and Mains to Operate at Hoop Stresses of 30% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength of the Pipe 1 3 3 4 5 6 os Pressure Test Prescribed Design Factor, Permissible Test Pressure Test Prescribed aximum allowable Operating Location Class F Medium Minimum ‘Maximum Pressure, the Lesser of 1 Division 1 os Water 125 x MOP None TP = 1.25 or DP 1 Division 2 072 Water 1.25 x MOP None ۳ or DP 072 Ai of Gas 1.25 MOP 1,25 x DP TP = 1.25 of DP (Note ()) 2 9۶ Water 1.25x MOP None TP = 1.25 or oP 06 Air (Note (1) 125 x MOP 1.25 x OP TP = 1.25 or OP 3 [Note (23} os Water (Note (3) 1:50 ۷ ۷۸۵۶ None P= 15 or DP 4 04 Water (Note ()] 1.50x MOP None TP = 1.5 or OP design pressure ‘maximum operating pressure (not necessarily the maximum allowable operating pressure) test pressure 2 a Are uv NORD 

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Chapter V Operating and Maintenance Procedures eee’ #400 ۷ ae 

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Basic Requirements Each operating company having facilities within the scope of this Code shall (a) have a written plan covering operating and maintenance procedures in accordance with the scope and intent of this Code (b) have a written emergency plan covering facility failure or other emergencies (c) operate and maintain its facilities in conformance with these plans (d) modify the plans periodically as experience dictates and as exposure of the public to the facilities and changes in operating conditions require a for employees in procedures establiapy, 

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e Investigation Each operating company shall establish ‎to analyze all failures and accidents for‏ ار ‎o£‏ ‎determining the cause and to minimize the ‎possibility of a recurrence. ‎at ‎ ‎ 

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Prevention of Accidental Ignition Smoking and all open flames shall be prohibited in and around structures, or areas under the control of the operating company containing gas facilities (such as compressor stations, meter and regulator stations,and other gas handling equipment), where possible leakage of gas constitutes a hazard of fire or explosion. ‎Fav ae‏ #406 ته 

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illance of Pipelines Asa ‘means of maintaining the integrity of its 7 ۲ ‏مصنله‌وزم‎ system, each operating company shall 2 establish and implement procedures for periodic surveillance of its facilities. 

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Pipeline Patrolling Each operating company shall maintain a periodic pipeline patrol program to observe surface conditions on and adjacent to each pipeline right- of-way, indications of leaks, construction activity other than that performed by the company, natural hazards, and any other factors affecting the safety and operation of the pipeline. Patrols shall be performed at least once every year in Location Classes 1 and 2, at least once every 6 047 ( 

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Leakage Surveys Each operating company of a transmission line shall provide for periodic leakage surveys of the line in its ing and a le coe 55-6 wn) 

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Definition of Injurious Dents and Mechanical Damage (a) Dents are indentations of the pipe or distortions of the pipe’s circular cross section caused by external forces. (b) Plain dents are dents that vary smoothly and do not contain creases, mechanical damage [such as described in para. 851.4.1(c)], corrosion, arc burns, girth,or seam welds. (c) Mechanical damage is damage to the pipe surface caused by external forces. (d) Plain dents are defined as injurious if they exceed a depth of 6% of the nominal pipe ee ‎———Tyv NORD‏ 2 ته 

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Permanent Repairs of Injurious Dents and Mechanical Damage (a) Injurious dents and mechanical damage shall be removed or repaired by one of the methods below, or the operating pressure shall be reduced. The reduced pressure shall not exceed 80% of the operating pressure experienced by the injurious feature at the time of discovery. Pressure reduction does not constitute a permanent repair. ‎Fav ae‏ 70 ته 

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Permanent Repairs of Injurious Dents and Mechanical Damage (b) Removal of injurious dents or mechanical damage shall be performed by taking the pipeline out of service and cutting out a cylindrical piece of pipe and replacing same with pipe of equal or greater design pressure; or by removing the defect by hot tapping, provided the entire defect is removed. ‎Fav ae‏ #7۹ ته 

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Permanent Repairs of Injurious Dents and Mechanical Damage (c) Repairs of injurious dents or mechanical damage shall be performed as described below. (1) Plain dents, dents containing corrosion, dents containing stress corrosion cracking, and dents affecting ductile girth welds or seams may be repaired with either a full encirclement steel sleeve with open ends or with ends welded to the pipe. (2) External mechanical damage, and all dents affecting acetylene girth welds or seam welds that are known to exhibit brittle fracture characteristics, may be repaired rv With full encirclement steel sleeve with ends a 

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Permanent Repairs of Injurious Dents and Mechanical Damage (3) External mechanical damage, including cracks, may be repaired by grinding out the damage provided any associated indentation of the pipe does not exceed a depth of 4% of the nominal pipe diameter. Grinding is permitted to a depth of 10% of the nominal pipe wall with no limit on length. ‎Fav ae‏ 79 ته 

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Permanent Repairs of Injurious Dents and Mechanical Damage Grinding is permitted to a depth greater than 10% up to a maximum of 40% of the pipe wall, with metal removal confined to a length given by the following equation: (US. Customary Units) “[[- سقيس )مم أده (st unite ۱ ‏ی‎ ‎١ ~ ef» (ton) -'j | ‏هت سر‎ 5 ‏مم مصدروديم ماقف سم صدرة موده لحمل 0 دبي‎ Hom: enatiemannsallowablo longitudioal caer the 0 Gas) ‏وروی عم ی وی ار سم‎ ته 706 Fav hae 

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Pressure Testing for Integrity Assessment of In-Service Pipelines The integrity of an in-service pipeline may be determined by pressure testing for strength and leaks. Following the strength test period, a leak test should be performed. The leak test pressure should be at least 1.10 times the MAOP of the pipeline. ‎Fav hae‏ 76 ته 

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Nonmandatory Appendix N NONMANDATORY APPENDIX N RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR HYDROSTATIC TESTING OF PIPELINES IN PLACE ‎Fav ae‏ 719 ته 

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PLANNING When the test pressure is above 400 psig (2 760 kPa), appropriate precautions shall be taken to keep people not engaged in the testing operations out of the testing area while conducting the hydrostatic test. Selection of Test Sections and Test Sites. The pipeline may need to be divided into sections for testing to isolate areas with different test pressure Tequirements, or to obtain desired maximum ahd nanos. 800 =, NORD 

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PLANNING Water Source and Water Disposal. Awater source, as well as location(s) for water disposal, should be selected well in advance of the testing. Ambient Conditions. Hydrostatic testing in low temperature conditions may require (1) Heating of test medium. (2) The addition of freeze point depressants. ‎Fav hae‏ 76 ته 

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Pressurization (1) Raise the pressure in the section to not more than 80% of anticipated test pressure and hold for a time period to determine that no major leaks exist. (2) During this time period, monitor the pressure and check the test section for leakage. Repair any major leaks that are found. (3) After the hold time period, pressurize at a uniform rate to the test pressure. Monitor for deviation from a straight line by use of pressure- volume plots (logs or automatic plotter). (4) When the test pressure is reached and stabilized from pressuring operations, a hold period may commence. During this period, test medium may be added as required to maintain the minimum test pressure. _— 28 ته 

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آزمایش خطوط لوله سس ‎at‏ سح ته ‎ 

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آزمایشات هیدرواستاتیک خطوط لوله بعد از اتمام عملیات لوله گذاری و قبل از بهره برداری آنها انجام می گردد . توضیح اینکه خطوط لوله هایی قابل آزمایش هستند که در عمق بیش از ۴۰ سانتی متری زیر خاک مدفون باشند. ‎at‏ ی( ‎ ‎ 

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دستگاهها. وسایل و ابزار مورد نباز - اتصالات کمکی موقت نظیر شیرها و فلنج ها و غیره - کمیرسور در ظرفیت های مختلف - پمپ پرکن جهت پر کردن خط لوله - یمپ فشار جهت افزایش فشار خط - حرارت سنج دیجیتالی با سنسورهای قابل نصب بر روی سطح لوله - وسایل ثبت کننده فشار و درجه حرارت - فشارسنج وزنه ای - فشارسنج عقربه ای my) 766 at 

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دستگاهها, وسایل و ابزار مورد نیاز آزمایش - کنتور آب (ترجیحاً دیجینال) د واد - مخز = مواد:خندزنک» ضدیخ»خشنک کننده و وسایل تزریی این موادابه داخل خط لوله (دو: سورت تیاز) - ژنراتور برق - وسایل و لوازم ایمنی مورد لزوم - تویک (310) های مختلف نمیز کاری . اندازه گیری . پرکن و نخلیه آب با کاپ های کاملا سالم و از نوع مناسب و 0 

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دستكاهها. وسايل و ابزار مورد نیز آزمایش ی - تله هاى موقت فرستنده و 5 935 55 ‎(TEMPORARY TRAPS)‏ - تجهیزات جداکننده قطعات تست (۴۸۲5ظ ‎(HEADERS/TEST‏ ام 

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- تميز كردن خط ‎(CLEANING)‏ - ارسال صفحه اندازه (0010نآشت) - پر کردن خط ‎GILLING)‏ - افزايش فشار (682855175121216) - آزمايش عدم وجود هوا (118©19© 001۲۲ لش (STRENGTH TEST) sass oti - (LEAK TIGHTNESS TEST) ‏آزمايش نشتى‎ - - تخلیه و خشک کردن خط ‎EVACUATION & DRYING)‏ و 766 ته 

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Es ار خارج از مناطق عمومى و مسكونى مستقر كردند . - تجهیزا دستگاههای اندازه گیری بایست شیلنگ های مورد استفاده جهت تزریق آب و افزایش فتار و همجني کاملاً مهار شده و از خرابیهای احتمالی محافظت گردند. - افراد غیر مسئول می بایستی حداقل ۲۰ متر از هدرهای دو سر هر قطعه فاصله بگیرند و کلیه عملیات اجرایی داخل این محدوده می بایستی متوقف گردد. - نشت گیری فلنج ها ( آجاركشى) مى بايستى حداكثر در فشار +08 ۷ و يا 1186017 ( هر کدام کمتر باشد) انجام شود . ۳۷۳۹ at 

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شیرها و اتصالات کمکی موقت و هدرها شیرها و اتصالات لازم مربوط به نصب دستگاههای اندازه گبری. تزربق و تخلیه آب بایستی قبلاً مورد تست می بایستی بگونه ای طراحی و انتخاب گردند که فشار کاری آنها از فشار ‎an at‏ ته ‎ 

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فشار سنج ها اس الف - دستگامهای ثبات فشار ‎(PRESSURE RECORDER)‏ حدود کار این دستگاه بایستی از صفر تا ۵/ ابرابر 1۳ و دقت کار آن ۱/ کل دامنه دستگاه بوده و کافذ نمودار تغییرات فشار آن از نوع ۲۴ ساعته و دستگاه هفته کوک باشد. 4 ‎(PRESSURE GAUGE) (2. Jur ee lS‏ حدود کار این نوع فشارسنج ها از صفر تا ۵/ ابرابر 12 و دقت آن بایستی ۱ ۸ دامنه دستگاه باشد . چ- دستگاه فشارسنج وزنه لی ‎(DEAD WEIGHT TESTER)‏ حدود کار این دستگاه از صفر تا ۵/ ابرابر 1۳ و دقت آن ۰/۱ پوند بر اینچ مربع باشد . ۳۷۳ at 

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پمپ فشار قوی این پمپ بایستی قادر باشد با توجه به قطر و طول لوله افزایس به شرح ذيل را تامين نمايد. 19 > 8." ‏ليتر در دقيقه‎ ٠ ۰ لیتر در دقیقه ۴۸۳ > ۲ > ۲۰۷ ۰ لیتر در دقيقه "۴۸ < 1 at با دبی مناسب در خطوط لوله 

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‎ner) at‏ ته ‎ 

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Chapter VI Corrosion Control ۴71۳۳ rere ‏که‎ ۱۳۳9 

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ASME B31G anual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines ‎hae‏ بر یسم ‎ 

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‎ges at‏ ته ‎ 

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#66 مهس 

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‎GOO)‏ لهس 

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IC PROTECTION least 0.85 V as measured between the structure surface and a saturated Fe tee contacting the electrolyte. jegative (cathodic) voltage shift of 150 mV, produced by the application of protective current 22 RIGS at 

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Chapter VII Intentionally Left Blank ۳7۳۳ ase ۷ ae 

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Chapter VIII Offshore Gas Transmission ae Satine) ‏“سح سم‎ 6 

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Chapter VIII Sour Gas Service ۳7۳ “Tov. ۳ 

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OUR GAS TERMS AND DEFINITIONS chloride stress corrosion cracking: cracking of a metal under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of chlorides and an electrolyte (usually water). hydrogen blistering: the formation of subsurface planar cavities, called hydrogen blisters, in a metal resulting from excessive internal hydrogen pressure. Growth of near-surface blisters in low-strength metals usually results in surface bulges. ‎re —‏ ته 

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OUR GAS TERMS AND DEFINITIONS hydrogen induced cracking (HIC): a cracking mechanism of susceptible materials caused by atomic hydrogen diffusion in the metal. The atomic hydrogen usually is created by the corrosive reaction of hydrogen sulfide on steel in the presence of water. hydrogen sulfide (H2S): a toxic gaseous impurity found in some well gas streams. It also can be generated in situ as a result of microbiologic activity. microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC): corrosion or deterioration of metals resulting from the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Such corrosion may be either initiated or accelerated, or both, by microbial activity ‎Fav hae‏ 7164 ته 

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166 هس 

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MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS Materials must meet the requirements of NACE MRO175/ISO 15156... 

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at » Sour gas service shall be thoroughly ‘metal on the inside surfaces from the weld bevel 2066 

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off any hydrogen in the metal. Heating shall be done just prior to welding. 

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general, temper bead welding, peening procedures, or low-temperature postweld heat treatment does not provide the equivalent protection from service cracking as does a full thermal stress relief. my) 7166 at 

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مس مهو ۱ general, temper bead welding, peening procedures, or low-temperature postweld heat treatment does not provide it protection from service cracking as does a full thermal stress relief. g is normally performed at a temperature 1,100°F (593°C) for carbon steels and 1,200°F (649°C) for ferritic alloy steels. ‎jan at‏ ته ‎ 

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ی ts on Sour Gas Piping d road crossings, 100% of all field welds shall be checked by nondestructive inspection. 

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toH2S calculation: X = [(1.589) MQ)" X = [(0.4546) MQ] 425 و 2 ته 

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ure (ROE) toH2S Tables Hs Mot Fraction 0.05 985 0.05 0.05 0.05 oa oa oa oa oa 02 02 02 02 02 Table B850.1-2 500-ppm ROE Release MMsceD 14,000,000) اساي 8 8 8 عرس 8 8 8 Sear ROE 533 1.458 2,250 3472 4476 22 2,250 3,672 5357 6,908 1288 3472 5357 8,266 10,654 ee Table B850.1-1 100-ppm ROE Release ۹۵ ‏و‎ 09,00 1 5 10 20 30 ROE. tt 1,165 لد 4924 7597 9,792 1,798 492% 7397 31723 15,108 2775 7597 723 18090 23,315 

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بازرسی خطوط لوله گاز بر اساس استاندارد ‎ME B31.8‏