پاورپوینت شهر هوشمند،smart city متیو کرمونا

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SMART CITY روش ها و فون طراحى شهرى؟ + موضوع شهر هوشمند 2۳7 استاد. 

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11. Smart cities, social networks and the Internet of Things Andrew Hudson-Smith Data, its collection and analysis is central to our under- Bees standing of place and space. The city is becoming a series of sensors, providing streams of information relating to its occupants’ movements and use of space. These data streams, largely via the rise in the Internet of Things and social networks, are changing the way we view the city. At the heart of this is the local scale fabric of the city, building the backbone ofa citys data infrastructure andjoining up the es data feeds via location. From its core functions, through to insights on the emotional level about how we perceive space, data is opening up new research directions for understanding the city and new tools for its analysis - the smart city. S 11 وتف 

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معرفی گوردون مور در مقاله خود 6۲30۳01۳9 را بيش بينى كرد رایانه های متصل کنترل خودکار برای اتومبیل و تجبیزات ارتباطی در بافت شييرى باتی ۲۰۵۰۱۱۹۹۷ همه چیز را پیش بینی کرد که در اطراف ما نوعی اكامبيوتر وجود دازة بيش بينى باتى: به اصطلاح شير قابل محاسبه بود مكان ها و فضا ها به موبایل متصل می شوند. ارتباطاتی که توانایی ادرس دهی در شیرهای هوشمند حمل و نقل ,تاسیسات و ساختمان های هوشمند بالغ بر ۶۷میلیارد دلا تا سال ۳۰۲ INTRODUCTION In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted in his paper ‘Cramming more components onto integrated circuits’ that integrated circuits would eventually lead to such wonders as home computers — or at least terminals connected to central computers, automatic controls for automobiles and personal communications equipment. These circuits are increasingly weaving themselves into the city and the fabric of urban. form. Batty (1997) predicted by the year 2050 everything around us would be some form of computer, computerised highways are in prospect and smart buildings are almost upon us. Arguably the prediction by Batty, defined under the term ‘Computable City’ is already nearing fruition, Places and spaces are increasingly becoming connected with mobile communications valued at an addressable market value in smart cities, transport, utilities and intelligent buildings amounting to $67.bn by 2020 (GSMA 2012) 

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شهر هوشمند مترادف با عملکرد حون یک شهر برنامه های ‎yal‏ همراه به عنوان یک وسیله راهبردی تعریف مکان و فضا که اجازه می دهد نمایی از فرد خرد تا جمع کلان از نحوه عملکرد یک شهر هوشمند از شهروندان هوشمند و طراحی هوشمند که به موجب آن محیط جریان میابد و با دیتاها سازگار می شود. در آين قصل © بررسی دي شبكه شهر طراعى و اس متحول کردن شکل اینده شهر In this context the term Smart City has become synonymous with how well a city is performing in the current climate of mobile applications (apps), data streams and social networks, As Caragliu (2009) states, it has been introduced as a strategic device to encompass modern urban, production factors in a common framework and to highlight the growing importance of Information and Communication ‘Technologies (ICTs), social and environmental capital in profiling the competitiveness of cities. Yet it is wider than this, at its heart is the definition of place and space, allowing a view from the micro individual up to the macro collective of how city operates. The smart city is one ofa smart citizen and smart design whereby the environment senses, streams and adapts to the data. In this chapter I explore the digital network of the city, how social networks are shaping urban design and how connecting everything via an ‘Internet of Things’ has the potential to transform not only our understanding of the city bur also its future shape and form, dell 

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BIG DATA Every day wecreate 2.5 quintillion bytes of data ~somuch that 90 per cent of the data in the world today has been created in the last two years alone. This data comes from everywhere: sensors used to gather climate information, posts to social media sites, digital pictures and videos, purchase transaction records, and cell phone GPS signals to name but a few (IBM 2013). This data can, compared to traditional data sources, be defined as ‘big. Cities and urban environments are the main sources for big data, every minute 100,000 tweets are sent slobally, Google receives 2,000,000 search requests and users share 684,478 pieces of contenton Facebook (Mashable 2012) An increasing amount of this data stream is geolocated: from Check-ins via Foursquare through to tweets and searches ‘via Google Now, the data cities and individuals emit can be collected and viewed to make the data city visible. This not ‘res Londo tarp Ns 203) اطلاعات بزرک تنیا در دو سال کذشته دیتاهایی جمع ؟آوری شدند: حسکرها برای اطلاعات آب و هوا شبکه های اجتماعی سایت های رسانهای‌تصاویر و فیلم های دیجیتال اي سل ‎y ids our understanding of how usban systems opera SNe ee ee‏ در سراسر جیان ۲ میلیون در خواست جستجو کاربر در توکل ‎ee ee ee‏ ‎nat opens up the possibility ofa real-time view ofthe city at ۳‏ تقریبا ۶۸۶ هزار پست در فیس بو" .)2035 ‎large (Hudson-Smith‏ دیتاها از طریق 011۲5018۲6] وارد میشوند. از طریق 00۷۷ 900961جستجو ويه أفرلد مت ۲ 08 = .تنبا به درک ما از نحوه عملکرد سیستم های شیری کمک می کند. امکان نمای لحظه ای شیر هم به ما نشون می دهد. ا 3 

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در سال ۲۰۰۶ ایجاد شده حاوی پیوند هایی به سایر محتوای مبتنی بر وب شامل نام کاربری موقعیت مکانی انواع تکنیک های و ابزار هاى ‎ie‏ شبکه اجتماعی Almost all the main social network providers allow access to data feeds via an Application Interface (API), allowing data to be collected or mined; these APIs are key to the current ability to make sense of these growing streams of data One of the most popular current social networks is Twitter, created in 2006 the network now has 500 million registered ‘users with over 340 million tweets made daily (Twitter 2012). ‘Twitter allows users to send a message up to 140 characters in length which can contain links to other web based content, user name and a user's location. At The Bartlett Centre for ‘Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA) we have developed a ‘variety of techniquesand toolkits to mine and track: this social network data. Part of this research is an emerging ‘Bigdata Toolkit’ (http://bigdatatoolkit org) thatallows the systematic mining of tweets and other social media feeds within a set radius of a location, This allows us to map, not only the density of tweets, but also to collect the text for sentiment section of a map charting Twitter activity in London in which Soho represents the peak of activity with various transport hubs and urban centres identifiable. 

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جمع آوری داده های بزرک برنامه ها اغلب محدودیدت دارند بسیاری از شبکه های اجتماعی اجازه خروجی گرفتن نمی دهند. توئیتر استریم ۴۱توسط توئیتر ارائه شده اجازه ® دسترسی به یک درصد برخی پارامترهارو میده اجرا توسط چند سرور درصد ت رو افزايش می دهد که به عنوان حوزه تویتر میتونیم مشاهده و استفاده کنیم Collecting Big Data Application Interfaces are often limited - many social network services do not allow you to simply collect all the output. The “Twitter Streaming API, for example, is a capability provided by Twitter that allows anyone to retrieve at most a1 per cent sample of all the data by providing some parameters (Morstatter et al. 2013). Running multiple cloud- based servers can increase the percentage of tweets collected and, depending on the number of servers operated, millions of tweets can be collected in a short period of time. These can be viewed asa sample of the Twitter sphere and thus used for analysis of the city. Systems such as the big data toolkit are opening up the ability to collect social media, via doud- based servers, to professionals in the built environment field های جمع آوری شده 12۱ SMART CITY 

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7 از یک نوشته و مکان شامل نام کاربری زمان و سایر موارد شکل ۱۱:۳ جزئیات زبان را نشان می دهد. اين شير بيش از سه ميليون تويت داره | | شيل در مقاله خيابان به عنوان سكو؛ پایه خاکستری‌تویبت های انکلیسی نمى توانيم ببينيم خيابان در يك تكان غوطه ور ‎ula‏ كفعقمات اكز تشاطوسن اخراج ۱ فرانسوی:قرمز نلوزیونی که به داخل منتقل می شوند. ‎ohn‏ نوع جدیدی از داده ها الكوهاى دقیق رفتار وعربی‌سبز خیابان ها در حال 5 The collection of social media is more than just text and location; it also includes username, time and any pictorial or media link. By linking the collected data to text analysis systems it is possible to determine the language of a tweet, allowing the demographics of an area to be quickly determined. Figure 112, the city extracted from over three million tweets usi for example, details the language of Goosle foundation of the map is formed from the majority of English tweets. Other n, ‘Translatorsofiware, The gre’ ionalities in Spanish (white) French (ced), Turkish (blue) and Arabic (green) and other nationaliti order of the most to least prolific include As Hill (2008) notes in his article on “The street as 2 Platform’ we can't see how the street is immersed in a twitching, pulsing cloud of data. This is over and above the well: established electromagnetic radiation, crackles of static radio waves conveying radio and television broadcasts in digital and analogue forms, police voice traffic. This is a new kind of data, collective and individual, aggregated and discrete, open and closed, constantly logging impossibly detailed patterns of behaviour. The behaviour of the street. dail 

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_Atthe current time crowd-sourced datais dominant when compared to infrastructure style feeds. Transport data still, Jnmany cites lose off owned by private companies and not pt of any data stre ore feed. A similar position exists on ‘nesgyusage gmeral utilities and wider citylogstice ystems, Pubic data, by contr, is increasingly being opened up bur private companies are for either logistical or commercial reasons slowerte openup fees and share data, However the public, manly ia mobile technology ar taggingand sharing data reach an extene that participatory sensing llows con sourced datasets to replace the traditional view of city based information sources, Putz (1003), for example, noted in the paper ‘interactive information services using world wide ‘web hypestent’ that although most World Wide Web servers, ‘oday perform primarily as hypertext le servers, there is an. Increasing trend towards more dynamic information services ‘where custom documents are assembled and delivered to ‘user on request, The Intemet has of course transformed Since the 1000s into a largely dynamic system with a myriad of feeds and data, The current smart city can axguably be ‘compared fo the Internet in 1995 it is starting to form into ‘a dynamic infomation service but most current aspects are standalone units, not connected to the network or linked. {many meaningfil way. Location ie one potential key to this linkage, once linked to a location this data can be merged wth anyother data fee or ste, ‘The smog of digital data we are emitting is growing, so with text analysis and data increasingly being tagged with our location, we are rapidly moving towards the point where we can obtain a real rime view of the city. This might encompass collecting not only the more traditional data sets such as transport, air pollution and building energy use but also personal data, giving us @ real-time census of the population ina city. Such tagging raises numerous ethical considerations but with suitable safeguards in place for data sharing it opens upa new view on who, where and how people are using the While the discussion of smart cities urban spaces of the cit and smart places often focuses on the wider concepts of place and space, it is the citizen, or as Correia and Wiinstel (202) define them, the Smart People (social and human capital), پوتز: در مقالة. مات اطلاعات تعاملی با استفاده از سراسر جبان. سرور ها امروژه به عنوان هایپر تکست عمل می | با این وجود روند رو به رشد پویاتر است that are key to the concept of smart citi 3 SMART CITY 

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مشاهده دیتاهای سطح شهر فروشگاه ‎yal Las‏ به عنوان یک سرور ابرمتن شیری اولیه درحال توسعه به عوان بخشی از شیرهوشمند در سراسر اروپا شناخته شده یک 025۳003۲0 ۷ توسط 56المر کز ملی تحقبقات شامل:آلودکی هوا تقاضای انرژی جربان رودخانه و تعدادی اتوبوس در حال خدمت. لندن تا حد زیادی جامع ترین نسخه هست که هر دو ثانیه بروز این دیوار به عنوان آی پد برای دفتر سباست شهردار لندن ‘TALISMAN ie node of the National Cente for Research Methods (NCRM) and is funded thiough the Economic and Social Reseaich Council (ESRC) as part of a sccategy to improve the standard of research methods across the UK social eclnce comtinity The sPad sll develope the concept of viewing live data buts aimed specifically t policy makers, “The Mayorof London fs able to gain an overview of the citys wwollasbeingable to tap’ a screen forthelast 24 hours of data, پروژه معروف به ‎TALISMAN‏ ‏از مركز ملى تحقيقات و از طریق اقتصادی تامبن سراسر بریتانا جامعه علوم اجتماعی توسعه و سیاست کذاران را هدف شهردار لندن دید کلی از شیر دیتا این نمایش برای ۲۶ پروژه ای به عنوان 617۷ Viewing City-Wide Data [At the foreftont of city based data providers isthe Greater London Authority (GLA) and The London Data Store, perhaps viewed as an eatly city hypertext server. With on: going development as part of 2 Furepean-wide Smart Cities project known as iCity, the Date Store has stimulated over 70 mobile applications linking co the soo datasets and a combination of the 27 real-time live traffic and transport data feeds (GLA 2013). Through these feeds we have created 4 CityDashboand (Figure 313) (http:|/wwwecieylashboard ‘org) funded by JISC and the National Centee for Researeh Methods, The dashboard collates and simplifies over ‏مد‎ ‎live feeds fiom air pollution through ro energy demand, river flow, the FISE and the number of buses in service. ‘The dashboard extends to other cities in the UK, including Birmingham, Brighton, Cavdif, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds and Manchester andl in many ways provides a glimpse of the availability of fed fom city o city (OF these, London is by far the most comprehensive version with data updated every to seconds Such data hae the porentialro impact policy and the management of a cty an a version of the dashbootd has been converted into an Pad display wall for the Mayor of London's Policy Office. signed around 12 ‘Pads, each with ice own data display, both live and historic, che dashboard sean easly example of calling and visualising data feeds to provide a view of how city is currently performing for policy makers, in this case the Mayor of London. Figure n.4ilustates the iPad Wall, created as past of a GeoSpatial Data Analysis and Simmlation project inom as TALISMAN, 

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‘THE INTERNET OF THINGS ‘As Batty and Hudson-Smith (2013) argue, cities are becoming their own sensors at their most elemental level, as their physical fabric is being automated ‏موجه‎ that enable us to ‘monitor their performance and use, These streams of data arguably require a nev skillset and new insight into the operation and role of urban design. This is of paiticular note for stteet furniture and the sanall scale urban fabric that is forming the backbone of the connected city via the Internet of Things (loT). A term attributed to the Auto-ID research group at MIT in 1999, the Internet of Things denotes the Idea that in furure every object will have an online presence (de Jode et al, 201), Taformation from usage races and proximity through co ambient cemperacure can be collected using censors linked to loT, combined with location and time attributes it moves from the hyper local view of the sensor tduough to the macio scale of an urban system. 1oT is still, in its infancy with systems ranging from Xively (https:// sively.com/) and an aray of numerical dara through to Tales of Things (hrrp://Wrwwalesafthings.com) and its narrative based take on abjects. Iris however estimated that over six billion objects will be connected to the Internet by 2015, (Anita Bunk 2013). OF these objects a central number will be objects relating to streetscape from singular components through to local areas with data viewable according to any ‘number of ataibutes; the most important being ‘time: = 12 

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Tales of Things Tales of Things was developed as a means of tracking the history of any abject oer time via Near Feld Communications (NEC) orsimple barcode (QRCode) technologies: Funded by the Digital Economy Research Councils UK it ean be viewed ‏عد‎ a mix of the Antiques Roadshow eBay and Facebook ‘here items are able to communicate cheir past and allow current history to be recorded. Such tagging andl scanning ‘opens up the ability to track the fill life eyele of an object: ‘fiom production through to ownership, resale an ultimately ‏ممعم م‎ The project has parmered with Oxfam to explore ‏كت‎ ‎the concept of tagging second hand objects which provides a glimpse af» furune whereby every tem is connected, via ite ownership and location, providing a new layer to the city’s infiaetractuse, ‏د‎ layer that includes history. In adkltion to ‏"بان‎ sls am igs tagging objects for Oxfam the system has also been used in the concept af ‘pop up shope' with a focus om exploring the تاریخچه هر شی در طول زمان از طریق ارتباطات فن آوری های )۱۱۴ fiture of retail. The link to the tntemet of Things expans = the boundaries of the normally bounded unit into the ‏توسط اقتصاد دیجیتال انگلستان‎ surrounding space. I changes the way we think of space in terms of both configuration and time. One example of this is ‏سر گذشت چرخه زند کی کامل یک شی‎ ‏بون ارو مذ اهاز‎ representing a scan ofa tag placed ona wall in London's Camden Town. The wall, next to che ‏از تولید تا مالکیت و موقعیت های مکانی‎ Roundhouse event vente in Camden, was ance host to one ‏ی‎ nig Jee ent nue Raney ss minted over by Cavnden Cornel scamming at, placed om os ‏د برجكه در‎ : = thal bya lta alder ‏بنكسى -خدمتكار اتاق عم وه نموه ری مس‎ 1 a ‘wall circa 2007. This ability to scan a tagged item in the city ‏یک نمای پانورما روی دیواز‎ allows anyone wit a mobile phone to pan around the actual location and view an historic capture of the space. [۱ 

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وس عو مسسيبك- ببسيس | تعدادی از اقلام در لندن از جمله درختان ‎See se ee sae‏ با همکاری یک شر کت حمل و نقل نروژی ابايكشيلى براق اتويوس ها توسط شر کت /اادر اروبا و برزيل “ales of Things conten being wed bythe GLA tog ‏سي‎ of tems acon London. ining tees, nese ttt ne acest ‏مسا اس ریسفت‎ Iaeen developed ing the Tales of Things APL tbls on ‘workin clluboration with Norwegian ‏سج‎ compen, Kelumbas the public eanport company for Rogan ou: Norway: Tales of Things has ben using Kolumbus sea exiting OR coder to alle pacenger ‏مها‎ ‎fer ene another When a pasenger vss one of Rolie snore than gcoo bur tops they find = OR clench wher scanned with 2 Tales of Things app on 2 Sexsphone wll ‘ot ony link them te timetsbl information, ft alo alone ‘hem to leave a message on the bus sup. Each op coals unique code 0 the timetable infrmation and tales are the pecifi.Themagh Ts of Tings. pases ca ere messages about experiences they hive had i the aes anealotes about places they are going. leeve a message for 2 ened ane or maybe lear x teamie for fiend, Each ofthe bu stop alto able fo tunet when message il, ‘llowingsticet furniture to communicate is rape to the vier won ۳ ‏هسه ی‎ service, but without the soil er isto foes. The largest of thew i Connecthings (tpn connethngs coe) company providing NFC mobile services to mor ces in Enmope and in Beri Thaneands of NEC rag have been ployed around cee aimed. at devering content on teanaport vents shopping an tourim, The company alo promdes imegrted offers sich a tonite and shopping pasts implementing NFC-eabledrihating and couponing ‏مسد‎ Sillastatesthe Cannectingeratem with RCo and NFC aps providing information on transport links in Seacbour 

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2 CITIZEN SCIENCE Applications such ae Tales of Things rely on cowlsourcing, corcitizen science. Ae Haklay (2010) states using citizen science can take a form in which volunteers put their efforts co a purely scien endeavour, such as ‘mapping galaxies, oF a diferent form that might be termed ‘community science in which scientific measurements ond analysis are caried out by members of acl communities 50 they con develop an evidence bose and set action plans to deal with problems in her are With the almost ubiquitons mobile phone ownership in turban areas ‘the crow! i becoming both a provider and tee of datas Mary ernrd-soureed applications are stil in protompe stages but sith the ability to ask a crowd to share ther location as they move aos a city they haw core Spar ke lohan ue Gol ‏ع ون‎ Piguet Ag pee of ‏تا اس سم اس‎ data during the Lod Mayors Show in London in 200. The agoregted dara of al parcpating visors is used vo create a realtime overview of the crowd densiy at an event location ‘Organisers subsequentivusethesptemsoutputo densify potential hot spots bene they tur into hazids Situations ‘an thus be defused by sending vistors location-based advice cicheris pas noifcation or SMS tee (SIS 253), => نییزت 

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Applicationssuchas Mappiness ae, of course subjective Our levels of happiness depend on a wie range of factors rather chan simply our environment, The process of asking ‏د‎ question of how we feel in turn introduces bias to the ansver: The nest step is the use of crow sourced devices that monitor our emotions in the city allowing us peshaps finally to understand the nature of design in the creation ‘of place and space. n the science fiction novel Do Androide Dream of Electric Sheep? (Dick 1968), and the subsequent 28 film. Blade Runner, a machine is usd to test whether an individual is human or an artificial repicant. Known as the Voight Kampif t measures body functions such as respiration, Slush seoponse’ heat rate, and eye rsorement in respanse to emotionally provocative questions (Sammon 1966: 79-80). Outside of science fiction these emetions can bbe caprued and recorded using bran imaging technologies such as electroencephalography (EEG). Once confined to ‏مها رده اجه مها ایو موب‎ 25a low-cost peipheral that attaches toa laptop computer sncouraging ite wee in many reseasch contest outside of the clinic (Mavtos et al 201). At CASA we are working on 2 -ariety of projects using consumer level EEG headsets, such sstheesamplellusnaredinFiguien 8. Thus PhDresearchby Panos Mavtot is explering how vatiou types of urban space snake us feel By monitoring participants with the Emeciv [Newroheadset, emotions can be tracked as the users walk ‘dyough the ciey: Consceutively another emerging project ~ Creating and Exploring Digital Empathy ~ is developing techniques to enable the communication of empathetic feelings va the digital nerwouk. This represents a promising ates for fuute research, Measuring Emotions ‘olunteer location shang i sarin nate ‏لله د‎ location to your social network traffic: i allows anew ‏كل ملسي‎ data miners and data ecient to collect aud map location, expanding the view of how we not ony se space and place but via additonal information, how we peteene apace The measurement of happiness, emotions aed welhbeng in pace is ax emerging Bld bat one that is ‘tal to trben design. Ore exemple ‏تس ای سا‎ it the London School of Economics “Mapines’ (hp simapinessong ul) MappinessaniPhone application that asks users at candor points during the day the extent to which they ae feeling happr The application associates ‘cach rexponte with ey spatial al exvrenmentalincaters ‘sng the GPS location data Asthe authors (MacKerron and Moorato aes) tte they calcalte dhe habitat ype at each reported point cation into nine broad habitat categories tweed in the UK National Ecmjstem, Using deta for ‘Weather Underground which cllates daca from So weather scrote acto the UN, they lnk cach repenne with weather onuiions reported by the station nearest the response ect ‏مس عن‎ ered hs pape ‏جع‎ ‎They alo calulte wheter st was dalgh tthe response ‏ما‎ eine and lation. Fully. the application allows the ter #0 econ 4 sample of rou and i ake a pice of ‘hei Ioaton. The aplication has ove thee mon ‏مت‎ ‎sed san comple of eeracting ‏اسقط يه عه ممم‎ tang mobile devises The mapping of emotions opens up our aby to explore ner seul feel abo os bale — 131 دوه 

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ظیور شبکه های اجتماعی با حر کت های ما ارتباط برقرار مى کنند به سمت چیزی که می توان آن را به عنوان یک شخصیت دیجیتال تعریف کرد ما در حال برقراری ارتباط و بخش داده های دیجیتال هستیم در حال ایجاد یک دامنه د: ال جدید. زمینه تحقیقات محیطی ساخته شده درک عمیق تر از شیر ایجاد یک شهر هوشمند از طریق شبکه های اجتماعی شیروندان هوشمند و اینترنت اشیا CONCLUSION ‘The see of socal networks communicates our moves ‏امه مسج‎ can be defined a «digital paconhond. We sae inaeasnay communicating and steaming distal data ‏سل‎ che, Citing nth cate bess eg inconporate ino the cps inatrctue and the ali collec big dats. te ae cresting ane digital domain in the Feld of bk ‏ات مه مج‎ dois sone of deeper undersnding of the cry Cesting + amast city socal netwotk, smart citizens andthe Intee of Thing Forresearchetsnusban design, thishilden yet sry veal worl rnpacts increasingly decisively om how the spaces and (arc of the cyan created and managed, and, ratherthana ‏ساف حل سي‎ ie ‏روت تحص‎ val thatthe inteesed anal responsble for the physical a socal fabric ofthe ci: become equally intetestl in thishidlenfbsicas tll The roe side by side, a do the rceach roblemet ‏نله موه لد‎ to which they Increasingly verse, This {etch sue of fsture research and innovation, 28 sone ofthe projet ad products ify discussed in this chapter ernst. TIPS FOR RESEARCHERS: ‘Aim fora tescarch in the wild approach, acrually ‘going onsite and ung out new research ideas and methods “reat the cieyas2 ving ab, eget eee eet ‏خسنا‎ ‎es yee ee Peele toe ‏الست تسم سر لال‎ ‏لد‎ shott clipe for YouTube, Explote crowl-funding opens such as KiekStarter a all innovative projects,