درس 4 کتاب زبان انگلیسی پیش دانشگاهی

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In the name of Allah English for Pre-university Students Lesson 4 Earthquakes and How to survive Them 

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Earthquakes and How to survive Them Translat ‏ات‎ ۱ ion : Lo ‏(ر‎ (practice | ( After | you | read moe your Information 

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aS read =) = paragra The Earth is made up of three main layers: the crust, .1 the mantle, and the core. The crust, the layer that you EE live on, is like the skin of an apple. It is very thin(from 6 to 30 kilometers) in comparison to the other two layers. It is broken into many pieces called plates . These plates float on the soft, plastic mantle below the crust. The core , which is at the center of the earth, consists .of heavy metals and is about 40002 centigrade. Hot 

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=) 2. The plates of the crust move along smoothly but sometimes they stick together and create pressure. The pressure increases and the rock 23 bends until it breaks. When this occurs, an earthquake is the result. on of ‏ليا‎ ‎paragra 

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ey | 3. Earthquakes happen every day. Though ۰ millions of people may never experience an earthquake, it is a very common happening on this planet. So today, somewhere, an earthquake = will occur. It may be so light that only special instruments can record its movement; it may shake houses, rattle windows, and change the place of small things. It may be strong enou 3 cause damage, injury, and death. ee 

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= 4. Itis thought that about 700 shocks each year have this power when they occur ina populated area. Luckily. Most of these destructive earthquakes occur in less populated places. yo ‏اليا‎ ‎paragra 

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=) 5. Since a large number of the world’s earthquakes each year occur along the Pacific Ocean, this is the most probable area for today’s earthquakes. But it could hit any ee because no area is entirely free of saab quakes. ليا ‎paragra‏ 

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=) 6. Saying that an earthquake is going to happen today is not really predicting earthquakes. So far, they cannot be predicted, but anyone, on any day could say this and it would be true. This is because several million earthquakes occur each year. So, thousands occur each day, although most are too small to “secated. The problem is in finding the exact on of aoe and when a strong shock will happen. Pes. 

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7. Earthquake prediction is a future possibility. Just as weather organizations now forecast floods and strong storms, the national earthquake information centers may one day predict earthquakes. This may some day become a reality, but only after much more is learned about earthquake mechanisms. و تا ‎paragra‏ 

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on of =) this ke paragra 8. Before an earthq » All family members should know how to turn off gas, water, and electricity. plan family emergency procedures, and make plans for your family to get together. know emergency telephone numbers (doctor, hospital, police, fire department, etc.) Fix heavy things strongly to walls (bookshelves, mirrors, cabinets, Never place heavy things over beds, and keep them lower than the etc.) head height of the shortest member of family. 

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9. During an Earthq|* ke * Stay calm. ۰ Ifyou are inside, stand in a doorway, or go under a desk or table, away from windows or glass doors. * Ifyou are outside, stand away from buildings, trees, and telephone and electrical lines. * Ifyou are on the road, drive away from underpasses and overpasses; stop in a safe area, and stay in your car. 

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10. After an Earthq|= ke paragra * Check for injuries. Provide first aid. =| * Check for gas, water, and electrical lines. * Check for building damage and possible problems during aftershocks. * Clean up dangerous chemicals off the floor. ٠ Wear shoes. * Turn on the radio, and listen for instructions from police and fire departments. |__» Use the telephone fore emergencies, only, __________| 

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After you read ۸ . Comprehension check 1. Check your understanding. Are these statements True(T) or False (F) or Not mentioned (N) ? ..I...1. An earthquake is the result of the crust. .....2. There are places in which no earthquakes occur. ..F...3. Earthquakes are the most common happenings on this planet. N ..4. Scientists will be able to predict earthquakes in fifty years. 5. Children need to know what to do in emergencies. 

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2. A) What does the writer try to say in paragraph 2? Choose one. 23 a ) what Earth is made of b ) how an earthquake happens c ) what happens in the crust d ) what plates are and do 

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B) In paragraph 6, The writer introduces a difficulty in earthquake prediction. Copy down the sentence here. 23 C) Complete the following sentence. Fortunately, most earthquakesu-.in less populated.places.... 

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3. Discuses the following questions in class. 1. Can you name some of the things people should do to reduce the damage of an a earthquake? 2. Do you know what countries are the most probable areas for earthquakes to happen? 3. Are earthquakes always frightening? Why? 

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B. Sentence Function Imagine that an earthquake happens while you are in the classroom. Tell your friend what to do. You can use the "WHAT TO DQY Rae ۹ Stand in doorway, go under the desk, etc. 

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C. Reading Skills 1. Look at the table below. Find a few examples for each punctuation mark in this and the previous lessons. Then write about the function of each. : Examples in this punctuation functions lesson mark To separate words in a list. 23 Use before and after clauses that give | Paragraph 9, line 2 ‘Gomme: extra information. To introduce a list of items. ۳ ocd. Paragraph 1, line 1 In direct speech. Colon To separate main clauses without Paragraph 3, line 4 comma and conjunction. Semicolon To define a word. When there is no answer. ۳ When there is no room to continue the rest of a sentence or a word. Dash 

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2. What do the following words from the text mean? Meaning Word Layer Cabinet Mechanism Underpass Overpass 

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D. Vocabulary Review Choosing a pair of words having a similar relationship as the pairs in each item. 1. happen: occur EE 11 a. bend: stick b. reduce: release 0) forecast: predict 2. entirely: completely a. surely: certainly b. smoothly: suddenly 6 exactly: probably 

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crust: earth .3 A. flood: river b. tree: garden skin: apple lazy: hard-working .4 09 A. angry: calm concerned: worried metal: hard .5 A. bone: soft weather: cold 

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Grammar Digest enough + noun(ewl) + infinitive Enough ‏مصدر باملا)‎ ( + طودامجو + (رصفده‌قید)20767 /7۵تاموز0ه مصدر با)م) ‎infinitive‏ 100 + ‏(صفد‌قی) 20767 /ع37ا30(66‎ + )0۲ + object) + infinitive 

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+ 'So + adjective/ adverb[x 820) That clause Noun + that clause USuch 2 ‏ترکیبوصفی(‎ ( + that clause 

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Grammar Practice 1. Use so, such, enough, or too in the blanks in the following sentences. 50 1. 21051 63120113165 ‏ليو©38‎ weak that they cause almost n damage. gh too 2. The building was strong .......... . It was not destroyed during the earthquake. so 3. The injured man was ....such. Heavy for me ti carry . 4. The weather was ..............6 Hot that we couldn't stay outside. 

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2. Choose the right word from the parentheses and combine the following sentences. 1. The teachor spoke ‏لگ‎ The students couldn*t ‏و‎ him.(so/ such) tha’ 2 t 2. It waged hot day. We decided to go ۳ such) h 3. That dress looks expefipive/Sheila ere oe it. (too/ enough) to مه ‎A. There is sot uch light. We'can’ t take the 0 enough)‏ enoug ۲۱ h us 5. The room is large. It can hold at teas’ guess (too/ enough) enough to 

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3. All of the following sentences contain an error. Underline the errors and then correct them. 1. The man did not have experience enough to do the job well. Kee ‏را‎ 2. The instructions weré such simple that even children could learn them easily. 50 3: ‏معرقة‎ terrible weather that we spent the whole day indoors. EE h 4. The situation after the flood/was too bad that I can‘t explain it. 0 x 5. Some people are not too-fast to take immediate action during emergencies. enoug h 

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The End