مفاهیم درس درآمدی بر ادبیات انگلیسی 1

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01018 )و سس ‎What is Literature‏ ‎Chapter | = —‏ = Se ۷ ee le ced 2108 = سا مان )اهر 

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یز سس را 4 2 بل ال سا ۱2 ‎Ui‏ caer ey Sg yn ae Fe te ee ee ce ee ‏ا ا ا ا ا ل ا‎ 00 ‏کچ(‎ سس سم لمج ‎ce‏ eee ee ee eed a 

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‎cd‏ ا ا تمرم كت ‎eras a‏ ا ‎eR dar Ore‏ ا ا ا ل ‎am‏ ا ا ل ا ا ‎Se RG)‏ ‏جنهجا اما جامجج جردت أ مجااعها اكت اسصرص !| | ‎ 

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Why do we read fiction? = The eternal answers to this question are two: enjoyment and understanding. ات کیت 6ات ار رن ۷( ۱ ‏ا‎ ne NAcn ae) CF ۳۵2۵, ۵20 AC uae etn erectus ] treet Sem ten tel Mia Rete Rate een att ti SM Selene] eM 5 200 ۸۷6۷ ۲۵۲۷ 71065 5) 56۱/6۲5۰ 0 eae tec Lee can Nace Metter ERM orn neem seamen icici ea tare eas 1 acm Manel ۱ Parle MCR CoM Uae ete ‏ات‎ ‏.كع طه عابنا‎ = These two styles are not clearly defined; many works fit both categories. 

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The Elements of Fiction There are eight elements of fiction: *Plot and Structure *Characterization *Theme *Setting ۴۳۲0/7۲ 0۴ ۷ *Style *Symbol, Allegory, and Fantasy *Humor and Irony While these elements are not all found in every work, they are critical to the understanding of each piece you read. 

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Plot and Structure Be a ee One Ree ee err Sees 0 ‏ل‎ ‎eC ern oe er | ere oe ee eee cee Re eee i eee oe ee ۱ eR are ‏بدا‎ ‎5 ‏اور ی وه ی ام رسب‎ ۱ Oe eee ee ed eee eer ‏ب‎ ‎or COleer eame ont cent ‏اال‎ ‎i ees et a ico ii ali ۱ 1۱ ene een fe cceed oer eee a ca 

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Plot and Structure cont.) Ce aC ae ‏ا ا‎ ao 00 ‏ا لل‎ ee lend ‏ا ا ا ل ا ال‎ vent he ۱ ‏لد‎ ne Bet Eee ee oe ea eso eee ea aed ene eee Oona ie cnet ررض ۱ و | اج سا سا لت سا مامت وروی من ما ۵ ارو سرت با با واه وا ‎to ovate pki hae coxo lentes oF We‏ | ek eRe ‏ا‎ ene eno ‏ضكر سعط ودين صا‎ aes ee carat ed en eee 

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Characterization ل ا ‎(tateas Setutenice‏ یر ‎۱ Ree ern ‏.كا‎ ‎Mage Ue Career ee ium om uae t tea‏ ری ری رز ‏ع8 ‎release aac ea‏ عط .مام عط غناه لمر 6 داعددعن ‏عتمم عط كه عمة عط كععاب كقط عط عأ بتمعععل ور ۱ ‎00 OMe Racca rat rem eh ‎In literary fiction, the protagonists are less easily labeled. Because ‏ای ری زیر ‎۱ ‎5 seu Tele tad orc ea ‏ل‎ ae ‏ما ها ۵۳۵6 ‎۱ ‏ار‎ a ۱ a AS CCN oes ‎١ eee eS aaa hah ‏لاقام 3 مأ كة‎ 

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Characterization (cont.) Types of Characters * Flat Characters- Usually have one or two predominant traits. The ۱۳ [tee ae She ea Cee ec Maw Ree ecm ‏ل‎ ienad ۲6۵ ۵۰ * Stock Characters- A type of flat character. The type of character ۱ Cone aceasta ta Naie Te *Static Character- A character that remains essentially the same ‏الا ۵طونا10۲0‎ ل 0 غةاناوع؟ غقط ی عمعط]. .ممع عط ومأءنك عومهطء. 96 ا ‎Saltire Reo sete a eee‏ الماك عط مأ مع 2غ ممم ۱ ‏ا ی‎ ean ar ۵۳۵16۲ ۱6 ۱ عدام مها ما >ودهط ۲۳6 ۲0۲ عصنا خحع )گنای ۵۳۵۲ )دنا زرمای ۲۳6 .3 عاطدله‌ناهط ۵ط ناک 0و2 

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Theme The theme of a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central ‏مع امم عه مع مد علا #نروطة موغهء|مععمعو ومتركتمن عم كز غا .غطوادما‎ by the story. 0 ‏ا‎ ena Iareun tars author has seriously attempted to record life accurately or to reveal ‏رت‎ arene Wegtela eta tsetse yatalaneel fone] ۱ Sameera icegeia aston ۱ ۱ ‏ا‎ terse ۱ ‏ل‎ mes ‏ا ل رز؟‎ atta تعنص عنة عنعزاءة وغ ععانا فاناهنت عن دوماطة وامطمن كعجمعمة لمعي م مومع. 10 00 ‏ا ل‎ focusing on the protagonist, the central conflict and other pieces will ۵1۵ ۲۳۵ ‏وه‎ 2567 

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Th a 88 (Ss (cont.) ‎Always keep in mind the following principals concerning‏ ل م61 ‎70 ‏و‎ deeaa Ntmen enone Ne acetone Teale subject and predicate. ‏ا 7 ‎3. Be carefullnot to make the generalization larger than is justified pincer Komerscon AUNT cage ll Nae Mea) CMe a oles Me ecg mecca daa Ed ‎۱ Theme is the central and unifying concept of a story. Therefore ‏غوف 15 ,رممغك عط 6ه كاتمعك ,وزقد عم آله هر ی از‎ . ‏وومن نزاءء عممرق همة ,دمغة عط 6ه اأماعك نزمة برط مغ 8016 ممع‎ 000 ‎35 0 0 nt Moa icin a Celene 136 200۷6 ۲6۵۵۷۱ ۲6۲۴ 6۳۷6 2۲6 0۵۲ ۲۳6 ‏:ادا دا خمعصعاهای‎ ‎3 Avoid any statement that reduces the theme to a familiar Eire ‏باه ااح ۱۵۵۲۵ ۳۵۷6 ۷۵ ا9ظ۲‎ ۵5۰ 

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Setting | eet eee oa eee] parca rtedmcrs: de oro pra. ee mie ced ete eee aac ced eee eee ۱ a en a aa ee a Re ed ee cen eo cee No ed Ce nt Tae Cee AON Na MO) es OLR ae eR ea ee ‏لعي تمسر‎ ee er oad ee Decor Res aoe eee oe Cae eo eee ee eee er eee eee Cn ee ee ee ae 

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Point of View ‎cola ee‏ عطاغ ودتااءغع ذأ مطننا لاأمدمأك 15 بلاعألا آه غمنمم ید قرلا دك اعسات ‎Oe ee an ee eee nec‏ 70 ‎CNET?‏ ۱ ‎unlimited knowledge of events and characters.‏ ‎Third Person Limited POV- The story is told in third person but from the‏ 6 6 لعأدما! 15 /001 رمك فقا م1 رعاء تروك 0/3 أادم للاعآنا ‎character's perceptions and shows no direct knowledge of what‏ ‎other characters are thinking, feeling, or doing.‏ ة ‎ee ec eaten eee rae ne‏ 3۵3/0 ‎character's head within a certain period of time.‏ ‎First Person POV- The author disappears into one of the characters.‏ ‎Shares the limitations of third person limited. Uses the pronouns‏ 7 ۰ کلام کل (۱ ۱6۵۲۵۰ 200 معع> > ۱۵۲ و۵ 56۵۲۵6 ‎enzo‏ ‎objective POV would consist of only dialogue, Forces the author‏ ۵۵ 1۱۵۱ 1617۵11 ۲0 ‎Second Person POV- Uses the pronoun “you” Infrequently used.‏ 

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Style Styleisthemannerinwhichan author useswords,constructssentences, incorporates non-literal expressions andhandles rhythm, timing and tone. ‘When asked to discuss style, youarebeing asked to describe how or explain why the words sentences,andimaginativecomparisonsare effectivein terms of what isbeing created. *Diction-centraltoanauthor'sstyle. Includes: 1-Vocabulary-Choice of words a. Simplewords- Everyday wordchoice. She wassickfora long time.) 6. Complex words- Flexing intelectual muscle (Garagesandeotton ginshadencroachedandobliteratedeven the august namesof that neighborhood.) €. Concrete words- Things wecan touch, see,etc, (Jeans, book...) 4, Abstract words- Words that expressintangi6leideas (freedom, fieritage,something) 2,Syntax-arrangement of words, their ordering, groupingandplacement within phrases, cCauses,andsentences. 

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Style (cont.) 3. Rhythm. The pattern of flowandmovement created by the choice of wordsandthearrangement of phrasesand sentences. Riythmis directly affected by the Cengthiandcomposition of sentences, the use of pauses within sentences, theuse of repetition, andthe ease or difficultyin pronouncing the combinations of word soundsin the sentences. 

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Symbol, Allegory, and ۱-۱-2 ee Oe eT eae eed ea ed es be Ron ۱ ‏ا‎ a Sed ade a -9 ‏ا‎ Aa ‏ا‎ ‎Se ae ae ‏جما روا لجفصوصج فجت‎ Ca ee ۱۳ Re ace aa 00 ea ad ‏ا‎ ore. ۱ aoe aR ae eae Reece nce eee Rec ee By 7/7 ۱ ‏ا‎ ee cee suneikn) excblee «xt hor iy aohieve pave thank eon. 

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Symbol, Allegory, and Fantasy «con I ee a Rec ean eee eee a ee Co Or cee ae ee eel cece eae ee Dee ‏(ن موس‎ ead ee 

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1 » زعمصال- ‏الة غقط كومتمقعم أه عومق ق كابلا عنوأضصاعع] كبام ,مصنط ث‎ RNG ‏ا‎ ‎MCE RGR RCC An Tae tieiCn arin anit corer eccentricity and folly. “eo + ‏عط دبرقى ععاقعمك عط طعتطيي مز طعععمك أن عنوة م -ررممما أهطمعلا‎ 0 ‏ا‎ ace reer? * Dramatic lrony- The contrast between what a character says or SLSR TM MLL gel Coo age Sa ‏ل‎ eee ees AER nea eae leet ccm ae eae eel ‏5أ أقطابنا معع نعط‎ | * Humor and irony, like many other elements, are intended to create an CORE ns ase ase a ea Re sas eat esehen 

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Humor and Iror 1 a ‏الم م ا ا ا‎ reader. Uses stock response- an emotion that has its source outside of NACE ‏اا‎ im meer aT ۱ ‏عغقعى برالقنععة مغ ومانتقط لأمية مغ‎ emotion-inducing situations in the story. A good writer draws fortl emotion by producing a character in a situation that deserves our sympathy and showing us enough about the character and ‏رات عاهم مغ را درد‎ Lael ale See ute Maen turn am eatin Rolie aOR ‏ل‎ temo ۵۷ 1۵ 66۱۰ ‏ممة لعمعغطوتعط بزاعغقعع 0 هصممما مة ومادنا -وماعاءتاعمم+‎ ‏ا ل ل ات ۱ لك‎ at 

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Bibliography = Arp, Thomas R. and Johnson, Greg. Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense. 2002 = Schakel, Peter and Rial, Jack. Approaching Literature in the 21+ Century. 2005