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(©) لالالالالا
A Brief History of
Medicine
Yu Hai
Zhejiang University School of
Medicine
yuhai@zju.edu.cn
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What is Medicine ۲
Medicine is the art and science concerned with
the maintenance of health and the
prevention, alleviation or cure of disease
0 Encyclopedia Britannica)
Medicine is the most humane of sciences, the most
empiric of arts, the most scientific of the
humanities
(Edmund Pellegrino) .
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The Origin of Medicine
000 Prehistoric Medicine 9
OOOO mythology and legends
00) archeological discovery
==]
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Prehistoric Medicine: myths and
legends
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reek [] bve chido
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resoued Prow ker woewb.
"ey xt open." و نو
Doughters: Wyceta (hyoiew) ond
سا میت
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Prehistoric Medicine: myths and
le
Opole coried the buby
ty the Orutcur
Chirva who rized
Qsclepius urd
fostrunted نا fa the ort
oP 1
Chiron-chirurgeon
5 >
-surgeon Wy
rd
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Prehistoric Medicine: myths and
legends
The rod of Asclepius
It symbolizes the healing
arts by combining the
serpent, which in shedding
its skin is a symbol
of rebirth and fertility with the
staff, a symbol of authority
befitting the god of Medicine.
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Prehistoric Medicine: myths and
legends
God of Chinese Medicine-
Shennong (Divine Farmer) -
000000 Yan Emperor
lived some 5,000 years ago,
considered to be the father of
Chinese agriculture,
He is said to have tested
اانا 2 -
medi¢
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]1 111 1[
Prehistoric Medicine: myths and
legends
0 Qareced Dele Coperor[]
(2497 BC-2398 BC)
is considered in Chinese Mythology
to be the ancestor of all Han
Chinese
Descendants of Yan & Yellow
Emperors ( (0000 Yan Huang Zi Sun
(means Chinese)
Among his many accomplishments,
Huangdi has been credited with
the invention of the principles of
Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Prehistoric Medicine: myths and
legends
Qibo 0 -“ D000” (medicine, the
study of Qi and Huang)
Qibo is said as the minister of
Huangdi, Hangdineijin is the a
book comprising the dialogues
regarding medicinal problems
between Huangdi and Qibo.
Qibo might actually have been
Hippocrates-according to
sinologist Paul Unschuld
Tongjun 00۱ Minister of
Huangdi, practitioner, and
pharmacist (Tongiut 0
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Prehistoric Medicine-archeological
discovery
* The Hemudu ([][[]) culture (5000 BC to
4500 BC) was a Neolithic culture in Yuyao,
Zhejiang
» Animal part (shells of pangolin, turtle shell)
and plant seeds , camphor leaves which are
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۳ ای body oF
جما جه ار مت موی
Durden lps it Dorkerat
م نماك ۰
ier ee عه سس سس
Pocus,
IP prce bat er ire)
رت ke tsa
are toxic to verti. parce
rena tices cater ce a ججيية
ای مه وهی ۲و
خا و sprees ero جو دا
مات ور و
(Prickurte wickura)
نگ و
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Prehistoric Medicine-archeological
discovery
* Stone and
bone needles
were
discovered
considered to
be used as
acupuncture
Ove wet) - لآ
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off the mark by Mark Parisi www.offthemark.com
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[] (Peru)
OU
trephination
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Prehistoric Medicine-
Trephination
* Trepanation is surgery
in which a hole is drilled
into the human skull to
treat epidural and
subdural hamsters e
با 1 15۳
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Trephination
(7000-3000B.C. Neolithic period)
۳ 3 -- . ١ 7
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Prehistoric medicine-witch-doctor
Prehistoric societies believed in both the
natural and supernatural being able to
variably cause and treat disease. It was
believed that evil spirits could inhabit the
body and cause illness within someone.
Medicine Men (witch-doctors/shamans)
maintained the health of their tribe by
gathering and distributing herbs,
performing minor surgical procedures
providing medical advice and
supernatural treatments, such as charms,
spells and amulets to ward off evil spirits
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13000
Evolution of the
character لا
ل
ied ates,
GLE — pI op Sim. iy
witch 5 85-5 لاك HERES
wizar CHa me 7
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1۱
The Four Old-World River Valley Cultures /
رز و
9
74 و0
Steel VY
ak ١
[ لوصول 1
indus & Ganges), 7
oe ام
۰
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]1]11]11][ Ancient Egypt
SoM Aes
* 4000 B.C. Invention of hieroglia AS (WaKA
3100 8.6: First dynast' و
a 7 ۷ Sa Pasa
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] 111] 1] 1] 1] Ancient Egypt
OOUOO (Imhotep fj
was an Egyptian polymath who
served under the Third Dynasty
king Djoser (2650 BC-2600 BC)
as chancellor to the pharaoh
and considered to be the first
engineer, architect and
physician in history known by
name.
The founder of Egyptian
medicine and the God of
Medicine
نگ و
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]1]1]1]1]1][ Ancient Egypt
The
embalming
of mummy
shows highly
advanced
the
knowledge
of human
anatomy and | |||)
preservation
technique
Brain- sinuses
ethmoidel
ace
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Ancient Egypt [الالالالانا
CT scanning for mummy
of Tutankhamun to find
the cause of death
(gangrene Per brecktry his kt ke )
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]1]1]1]1][][ ۸6۴ ۴9۷۲
2000-1500 BC [) (Papyrus) [I]
The Ebers papyrus (circa 1550 BC) is full of
incantations and foul applications meant to turn
away disease-causing demons, and also includes
877 prescriptions.
Edward Smith Papyrus is a textbook on
surgery and details anatomical observations and
the “examination, diagnosis, treatment, and
prognosis" of numerous ailments. It was
probably written around 1600 BC, but is
regarded as a copy of several earlier texts.
Medical information in it dates from as early as
3000 BC. Imhotep is credited as the original
author of the papyrus text.
Satta
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]1]1]1]1]1[][ Ancient Egypt
Other
information
comes from the
images that
often adorn the
walls of
Egyptian tombs
and the
accompanying
inscriptions.
A ceremonial
circumcision. In
the tomb of
Ankh-ma-hor of
the 6th Dynasty
(circa 2200 BC)
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Oued Cxpptica wedicat
A victim of Poliomyelitis with
typical polio-derived eqimume
19 رسمه FOSS ۵0
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۱۵ Ancient Babylon
Cradle of civilization
5000-4000 B.C Sumer
2000 B.C. Babylon
7" century Islamic
Sassanid Empire (Iraq)
tran
لحم 3 مسا 1۳
‘Dower oF Bub ۳
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Ancient Babylon لالالالالالالا
Well developed astronomy,
mathematics and medicine
The most extensive Babylonian
medical text, however, is
the Diagnostic Handbook
written by the physician Esagil-
kin-apli,
If a patient could not be cured
physically, the Babylonian
physicians often relied on
exorcism to cleanse the patient
from any curses.
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۱۵ Ancient Babylon
Code of Hammurabi (the sixth
Babylonian king1792-1750 B.C) contained
282 laws {] law 215~240 is concerned about
physicians, barbers and architect etc.
Louvre Museum
in Paris
discovered in
1901
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OOOO Ancient India
Indus Valley
Civilization back to
c.3300 BC
* Four period of ancient
Indian medicine:
Veda
Brahman
Buddhist
Hindu Q
3
2
a
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HOOO0O Ancient India
Indian Medicine
vadic period 1500 BC-500 BC
Ayurvedic period 500BC-600AD
Islamic period 1300-1600 AD
Western Medicine 1600 AD-
bree doko (ver) (Oxta, Pra, (Cops) تا
(Deter, Pre, ,)ماه cnn he 0 gre
ات ork, Or) Pry wheck hey ar
سس (Qa urtoker,
CphuFerivtunter). Orn) einen ore
اسف سول خن مر سا مرول
Sanskrit
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What is Ayurveda?
Ayurveda is grounded in a metaphysics
of the ‘five great Elements'
حي سا
(earth, water, fire, air and ether)—
all of which compose the Universe,
including the human body.
Kapha 3
Ayurveda is an ancient holistic system of medicine from India that
understands health in terms of a constitutional model. Each of us
manifests a mixture of each of the three constitutional energetic
forces — or doshas. Its aim is to provide guidance regarding specially
designed treatments, food and lifestyle so that health can be
optimized and illness healed.
“a
او سا
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][][] ال Ancient India
Sushruta (Around 800 BC)
was an ancient Indian surgeon
and is the author of the
book Sushruta Samhita, in
which he describes over 300
surgical procedures and 120
surgical instruments and
classifies human surgery in 8
categories, so he is horned as
the father of surgery.
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۱
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OOOO
Traditional Chinese Medicine
00000 Shanhaijing,
an encyclopedia compiled in
Spring-autumn and warring
period (770-221 BC)
137 drugs recorded
including 76 animal drug
and 54 plant and 7 others
with clear medical effects
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OOOO
Traditional Chinese Medicine
QOOOOO the kuangdi neijing (inner
Canon of Huangai) compiled in warring
states period] 475-221 B.CUjis the
fundamental doctrinal source
for Chinese medicine
The work is composed of two texts
each of eighty-one chapters or
treatises in a question-and-answer
format between Huangdi and his
ministers.
00 00 Qsuwen and lingshug)
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OOOO
Traditional Chinese Medicine
11111] [ Shennong
Bencaojing
First compiled in Western Han
Dynasty (202BC-26AD)
This work is considered to be the
earliest Chinese
01 ا | pharmacopeia. $i 3
It includes 365 5
ag
8
2 | ae
medicines derivec
from minerals,
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OO0000
Traditional Chinese Medicine
OOO - ۰" "الالالا
* Philosophical basis- Yingyang and 5 Element
theory
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OOOO
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Zhang Zhongjing (00
1), “the Hippocrates of
China”, who was mayor
of Changsha toward the
end of the 2nd century
AD, wrote a Treatise on
Cold Damage (Q000,
which contains the
earliest known reference
to Neijing Suwen.
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لالالالالانا
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Hua Tuo ( [JJ Eastern Han
physician (c. 140 - c. 208
AD),
who anesthetized patients
during surgery with a formula
of wine and powdered hemp (
0000. Hua‘s physical, surgical,
and herbal treatments were
also used to cure headaches,
dizziness, internal worms,
fevers, coughing, blocked
throat, and even a diagnosis
for one lady that she had a
dead fetus within her that
needed to be taken out.
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OOOO
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Huangfu Mi ( 000 the Jin
Dynasty practitioner and
advocate of
acupuncture and moxibustion
(215 - 282 AD), also quoted the
Yellow Emperor in
Jiayi jing (Q0000),
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OOOO
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Li Shizhen (00) (1518-
1593 AD) created
“Bencao Gangmu.” (000
OD It contains 1892
herbs, clas
sections, 5
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Origin of Medicine
Egypt Babylon India
China| | 4
Greek
{ ~~
Reme
Madiaeval Arabia (Islamic)
Renaissance
۴۲6-۲۱۵۵6۲۲۱ ۲۳6
سوک
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Student Presentation
* Time [3/29 and 4/1
* Topic: Any thing related to History of
Medicine
* Grouping: 3-5/group, on volunteer basis
٠ The list of each group and the name(s) of
presenter should submitted by 3/25 to
yuhai@zju.edu.cn
- Each presentation should be less than 10’
with ppt, followed by 5’ discussion,
7
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