صفحه 1:
م خلرا
¢
aw للخ
صفحه 2:
‘Ayur’‘veda’ - ‘Life’’Science’
Udai SJC - 3 March
Happy Holi
Nikhil Rasiwasia
صفحه 3:
Ayurveda - Origins
O Accurate dating is uncertain
™ More objectively identifiable after the
advent of Buddhism (c. 500 BC)
1" Invasion of Darius, Alexander brought
exchange
O Significant medical content can be
found in Rig-Veda (presumed origin c.
1500 BC)
O Early writings on perishable bhojpatra
صفحه 4:
Vedas
O Itis the bedrock upon which Ayurveda rests
O Considered to be composed around 1500-2000 BC
O Four veda
™ Rig-veda : lots of stuff
Sam-veda : Soma sacrifice
Yajur-veda : entire sacrificial rite
Athar-veda : non-relegious (1200 BC), lots of medical text
(fever, diarrhes, heart disease, jaundice, cough, leprosy)
O Authoritative supplements
= Brahmanas
Aranyakas (“the forest books", meaning treatises for sadhus
living in the wilderness.)
= Upnishads (self development spiritual text, philosophy,
Meditation, and the nature of God )
صفحه 5:
End of Vedic Period (500 BC)
O Subsequent text deriving from primary
vedic samhitas
™ Laid more emphasis on the dharma of self-
development with explicit spiritual and
philosophical content
O Vedanta - derived from Upnishads
O Ramayana
O Mahabharat, Bhagavad Gita
O Puranas - AD 320 to 520 - "tales of ancient
times"
صفحه 6:
Ayurveda and Buddhism
Buddhism
™ attempt to purify, restructure and reform older vedic
traditions.
™ Comfortable adopting Ayurveda
1" jivaka, - Taxila’s outstanding Ayurvedic physician,
buddha’s personal physicin
Ashoka (convert to buddhism established many
charitable hospitals)
Spread of Buddhism == spread of Ayurveda
Nagarjuna - AD 100, brought about significant
advances in Ayurveda - father of iatrochemistry -
preparation of medicinal mineral substances
0
oo
صفحه 7:
Westerm Medicine and Aurveda
O Hippocrates : Father of western medicine
™ Humoral theory - blood, phelgm, yellow bile,
black bile
™ Dietary therapy, influence of seasons on health
O Aristotle
™ Relied heavily on empirical observation and
naturalistic classification
™ Four prime qualities: hot, cold, wet, dry
™ Four fundamental essence: air, water, fire, earth
صفحه 8:
Chinese medicine and ayurveda
O Oldest extant chinese medical text -
Huang-di Nei-jing or Inner classic of
the Yellow Emperor (300 BC)
O Similarities - because of exchange of
ideas via Buddhism and trade.
صفحه 9:
Ayurveda and Arab Medicine (Unani
Tibb)
O Arab medicine by Avicenna (AD 980)
™ Produced Canon of Medicine, a compendium of
the previous works of Hippocrates and Galen
O Mostly based on Greek medicine (Unani)
O Reports of exchange of ideas - Ayurvedic
physicians were invited to baghdad to
teach and organize hospitals
صفحه 10:
Earliest Texts
760 BC: Charaka Samhita - herbal or plant based
pharmacopoeia
660 BC: Sushruta Samhita - Surgival approaches
7 Century : Ashtanga Sangraha of Vagbhata of Sindh
- summary of previous two
AD 100: Nagarjuna - iatrochemistry
1331: Madhava Nidana by Madhava of Kishkindha -
Ayurvedic Diagnosis
14% Century - Sarangadhara Samhita - Pulse
Diagnosis
Dee Gly ار اد te,
صفحه 11:
Ayurveda in 19% Century
Ayurveda flourished till 12‘ century, till the Muslim
invasion
Not much progress from 12" to 17" century
British invasion : 1833 virtually all ayurveda schools
closed, opening of British medical schools
1920: a national revival and resurgence of interest in
traditional Indian culture and practices
1946: Formal govt. recognition and reacceptance of
Ayurveda and resurgence of research.
Currently, however it holds a secondary place in
medicine in India
Indian 00 officially recognizes as legitimate:
Allopathy, Homeopathy, Naturopathy, Unani Tibb,
Ayurveda, and its cousins Siddha and Yoga.
By yal لل 10-4
صفحه 12:
Ayurveda vs Western Science
Philosophy لآ
wW: treats discrete disease entities ۲
A: treats subtle dysphoria, whose disruptive trends may later ™
develop into discrete disease.
O Diagnostic
W: scientific objectivity and verifiability (accumulating ™
statistically significant data) - “experience-distant”
A: pratyaksha (perceptive understanding of each individual) - ™
“experience-near”
O Treatment
W: Linear logic, categorical and uses a classification system of =
disease.
A: Maintenance of optimal health by daily proactive care, ™
continually modified according to seasonal changes
O Belief
A: Individual has the innate capacity for potential self- ™
correction and primary self healing
صفحه 13:
Why Ayurveda?
0 Health maintenance rather than disease treatment
O System of diet and lifestyle
™ enhance the quality of life by dealing with subtle
trends that might lead to actual disease
O Compatible with those whose beliefs include
naturalistic, spiritual and consciousness-oriented
approaches
O Often require intentional and sustained self-discipline,
perseverance and active personal role.
صفحه 14:
Ashtanga Ayurveda
Kayachikitsa
| Internal Medicine
Shalyatantra
= Surgery
Shalakya Tantra
۶ Otolaryngology(ENT), Ophthalmology
Kaumarabhiritya
™ obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics
Agadatantra
™ Toxicology
Bhutavidya
=” Psychiatry
Rasayana
= Antiaging and rejuvenation
Vajikarana
™ Reproductive and aphrodisiac medicine
07 8 ایا 0 0
صفحه 15:
Theoretical Foundations
O Darshanas - ideological systems
a ake
Sankhya - nontheistic creation sequence - by Kapila
3 Yoga - Gradual liberation of human spirit to attain Samadhi -
by Patanjali
O Nyaya Darshana - monotheistic system, logical approach of
apprehending the world using reason
2 Vaisheshika - postulates that all objects in the physical universe
are reducible to a finite number of atoms by Kanada
2 Purva Mimamsa (inquiry) - emphsis on discipline, ritual and
service
Uttara Mimamsa or Advita Vedanta - spiritually oriented,
0 hasizes the spiritual base of reality, human misperception
hankara (AD
. Nastika
© Buddhism
D1 Jainism
8 ۵۷۵
صفحه 16:
Epistemology
O Knowledge Process
O From Nyaya Dharshana philosophy
O Four cognitive faculties
™ Manas - mind as it experiences sensations
™ Chitta - transmitter from manas to higher cognitive functions
= Ahamkara - self-identity that provides the individual with the
experience of relative constancy.
™ Buddhi - most refined, discerning ability, intellect, wisdom
o ات techniques of knowing
Pratyaksha - direct sensory perception
: Anumana - inference
Sabda - authoritative statement
™ Upmana - Analogy
صفحه 17:
World View
Essentially unitary and dynamic, integrated coherence
with actively interdependent aspects
Dynamic aspect is fueled by constant interaction
amongst three doshas -
Vata : movement نا
™ Pitta : transformation
™ Kapha : consolidation
Othe fundamental regulatory principles of the body’s
physiological functioning
Interplay between them modulates the interaction of
the Gurvadi Gunas (10 pairs of opposite qualities)
™ Characterize all perceptible substances
0
0
صفحه 18:
Gurvadi Gunas
Shita/ushna
Snigdha/ruksha
Guru/laghu
Sthula/sukshma
Sandra/drava
Sthira/chala
Mandaj/tikshna
Mridu/kathina
Slaksha/khara
Picchila/sishada
۲7 ۲7 ۲ 0 ۵ ۲7 ۲ ۲ 5 5
صفحه 19:
English please.
Shita/ushna - cold/hot
Snigdha/ruksha - wet,oily/dry
Guru/laghu - heavy/light
Sthula/sukshma - gross/subtle
Sandra/drava - dense/liquid
Sthira/chala - stable/mobile
Mandaj/tikshna_ - dull/sharp
Mridu/kathina ۲-3 0
Slaksha/khara - smooth/rough
Picchila/sishada - sticky/clear
۲7 ۲7 ۲ 0 ۵ ۲7 ۲ ۲ 5 5
صفحه 20:
Vedic Standards
O Four basic life goals (purushartha)
®™ Dharma - individual's abidance with the
inherent lawfulness in universe -
purpose, duty, justice
™ Artha - possessions
™ Kama - Pleasure
™ Moksha - liberation
صفحه 21:
Sankhya Model of Creation
O Avayakta
™ pure existence in its unmanifest state
™ Absolutely transcendental, indescribable
™ Essence
O Satyam - essential truth
O Ritam - deep structure, self-correcting
O Brihat - vast breath of its being
™ Two components
0 Purusha - primal immaterial matrix out of which
all else emerge, pristine consciousness
O Prakriti - when ‘purusha’ spontaneously moves,
then at that moment the first material energy,
prakriti, comes into being.
صفحه 22:
Maha Gunas
O Three axiomatic attributes that are
inherent to maha gunas (subtle)
™ Sattva - pure, clear, harmony
® Rajas - dynamic movement, agitation
™ Tamas - interita, dullness
O Highly rarefied potentials that impart
direction and create a unique character.
صفحه 23:
Ahamkara
0 Next step in the developmental
process of prakriti
OA giant leap which eventually
becomes most characteristically
individualized in human experience
O Experience of personal sense of self.
0 Next all steps are material
صفحه 24:
Pancha Mahabhuti
O Ether/Space
OD Air
O Fire
O Water
O Earth
صفحه 25:
Birth of Doshas - Vata
LN CL SN كته
Chest region
Thoracic and throat
region
Hearth and navel region
Hearth and circulatory
vessels
Pelvic region
Prana Vata
Udana Vata
Samana Vata
‘Wana Vata
Apana Vata
Vata Airand
نس Akasha
صفحه 26:
Pitta
posi exenenss Jouavosins oun |
Pitta (Bile) ۵ Pachaka Pitta Liver and pancreas
Water
Ranjaka Pitta Liver and spleen
Sadhaka Pitta Hearth
Alochaka Pitta Eyes
Bhrajaka Pitta Skin
صفحه 27:
Kapha
Kledaka Kapha Stomach
Avalambaka ۷۵۵۲۸, chest and lower
Kapha hack regions
Bodhaka Kapha Mouth, Tongue and
throat
Tarpaka Kapha Head (cerebrospinal
fluid)
Sleshaka Joints
Kapha
Water and
Earth
Kapha
(Mucus)